chapter 1 what is behavior modification?. behavior simple action can be overt (observable) can be...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1
What is Behavior Modification?
Behavior
• simple action• can be overt (observable)• can be covert (not directly observable)• covert behavior must be inferred from overt
responses
What is Not Behavior?
• interpretive descriptions of a personality trait• diagnostic labels• outcome of behavior
Origins of Behavior
• learning: some behavior develops as result of experience
• hereditary factors: some behavioral responses are based on inherited characteristics
Learning
• learning is a permanent change in behavior that results from experience
• learning processes include:– respondent conditioning– operant conditioning– modeling– cognitive processes
Respondent Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
• antecedent, behavior, and consequence define behavioral situations– antecedents set the occasion for the behavior– behavior is what organisms do– consequence influence the future occurrence of
the behavior
Operant Conditioning (continued)
• the three-term contingency is the relationship among antecedent, behavior, and consequence
• operant and respondent conditioning often have concurrent influence on a single behavior
Concurrent Influence of Operant and Respondent Conditioning
Modeling
• modeling is learning through observation of others
• also called social, observational, vicarious, and imitative learning
• Bandura showed modeling influenced aggression• modeling influenced by observation of
consequences
Modeling (continued)
• modeling can:– initiate behavior– teach new task– influence response rate– teach emotional responses
Cognitive Processes
• cognition is thought• thought can be considered a covert antecedent• self-efficacy appears to be positively correlated
with the likelihood of success
Behavior Modification
• focuses on behavior• emphasizes influences of learning and the
environment• takes a scientific approach• uses pragmatic and active methods to change
behavior
Focus on Behavior
• avoid interpretive labels and diagnostic systems• focus on behavioral deficits or behavioral excess
Learning and the Environment
• behavior changes as a result of learning• changing antecedents and consequences can lead
to behavior change• learning approach may be limited by physiological
and cultural influences
Scientific Orientation
• use empirically validated therapy techniques• therapy outcomes evaluated objectively
Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior
• therapy techniques selected based on effectiveness• some methods based on operant conditioning,
respondent conditioning, and modeling research and theory
• cognitive methods are based on our understanding of how our thoughts lead to actions
Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior (continued)
• participants take a more active role in therapy
Early Theory and Research
• John Locke (tabula rasa)• Pavlov (respondent conditioning) • Thorndike• John Watson (father of behaviorism)• Watson and Rayner (Little Albert)• Mary Cover Jones (Peter)
Emergence and Growth of Behavior Modification
• 1950s: behavior modification gains acceptance• 1960s: the establishment of the Journal of Applied
Behavior Analysis• 1970s: behavior modification expands to include
cognition
Effective Applications of Behavior Modification
• parenting and parent/child relationships– oppositional behavior– bed-wetting
• education– programmed instruction– PSI– peer tutoring– classroom conduct
Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued)
• health and sports– health risks– compliance with treatments– enhanced athletic performance
• employment settings– increase productivity– reduce losses– improve safety
Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued)
• self-management– learn behavioral techniques to control own
behavior