chapter 1 - william stallings, data and computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf ·...

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강좌개요 강좌개요 목표 : 컴퓨터 네트워크의 기본 개념과 동작 원리 습득 교재 : Data and Computer Commun 8 th ed. Chapters 1-2, 18-24 강의자료: http://netopia.knu.ac.kr 평가방법 중간고사 40% 기말고사 40% 과제물 10% 출석 10%

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Page 1: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

강좌개요강좌개요

목표 : 컴퓨터네트워크의기본개념과동작원리습득교재 : Data and Computer Commun 8th ed.

Chapters 1-2, 18-24

강의자료: http://netopia.knu.ac.kr평가방법중간고사 40%기말고사 40%과제물 10%출석 10%

Page 2: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

목차목차1장 데이터통신, 데이터망, 인터넷

1.1 오늘날의데이터통신과네트워킹1.2 통신모델1.3 데이터통신1.4 네트워크1.5 인터넷1.6 구성예제

2장 프로토콜구조, TCP/IP, 인터넷기반응용2.1 프로토콜구조의필요성2.2 TCP/IP 프로토콜구조2.3 OSI 모델2.4 프로토콜구조의표준2.5 인터넷기반의통적응용2.6 멀티미디어

18장 인터넷프로토콜18.1 프로토콜기본기능18.2 인터네트워킹의원리18.3 인터넷프로토콜의동작18.4 인터넷프로토콜18.5 IPv6 18.6 기상사설망과 IP 보안

19장 인터네트워크동작19.1 멀티캐스팅19.2 경로배정프로토콜19.3 통합서비스구조19.4 차등서비스19.5 서비스레벨협약19.6 IP 성능기준

20장 수송프로토콜20.1 연결위주수송프로토콜메카니즘20.2 TCP 20.3 TCP 혼잡제어20.4 UDP

21장 네트워크보안21.1 보안요구사항및공격21.2 전통적암호화에의한기밀성21.3 메시지인증과해시함수21.4 공개키암호화와디지털서명21.5 안전한소켓계층과수송계층보안21.6 IPv4와 IPv6의보안21.7 Wi-Fi의보호접근

22장 인터넷응용 -전자우편및네트워크관리22.1 전자우편: SMTP와 MIME22.2 네트워크관리: SNMP

23장 인터넷응용 -인터넷디렉토리서비스및웹23.1 인터넷디렉토리서비스: DNS 23.2 웹접근: HTTP

24장 인터넷응용 -멀티미디어24.1 오디오및비디오압축24.2 실시간트래픽24.3 IP 기반음성및멀티미디어지원 - SIP 24.4 실시간수송프로토콜 (RTP)

Page 3: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 –– OverviewOverview

The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point

- The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Claude Shannon

Page 4: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

A Communication ModelA Communication Model

Page 5: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

A Communication ModelA Communication Model

Page 6: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Communications TasksCommunications TasksTransmission system utilization

Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction

Network management

Flow control

Page 7: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Transmission system utilizationTransmission costs still high, hence interest in efficiency improvements전송설비의효율적사용 (multiplexing, 혼잡제어)

Interfacing전송시스템과의인터페이스

Signal generation전송시스템과수신기의요구조건에적합한신호특성

Synchronization신호의타이밍 (수신기는신호의시작과끝위치및신호요소의길이)

Exchange management양방간의협력작업동시전송또는교대전송한번에전송하는데이터양데이터의형식은어떻게할것인가오류가발생하는등의돌발사태에대해서는어떻게대처할것인가

Communications TasksCommunications Tasks

Page 8: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Error detection and correction헤드에 Cyclic Redundancy Check or Frame Check Sequence 포함재전송 (backward) 또는 Hamming code등의오류정정코드사용(forward)

Flow control수신측의 overflow 방지

Addressing목적지의식별자지정

Routing특정경로선택

Recovery작업이중단된시점부터다시시작하거나또는최소한작업의시작위치이전의조건으로시스템의상태복원

Message formatting데이터의형태에대한협정

Security무결성, 보안성

Network management시스템구성, 상태감시, 결함및과부하대처

Communications TasksCommunications Tasks

Page 9: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

NetworkingPoint to point communication not usually practicalDevices are too far apartLarge set of devices would need impractical number of connections

Solution is a communications networkTwo broad categories of communications networks:

Local Area Network (LAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)

Page 10: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Simplified Network ModelSimplified Network Model

Page 11: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Wide Area Networks

Large geographical areaRely in part on common carrier circuits

Crossing public rights of way

Alternative technologiesCircuit switchingPacket switchingFrame relayAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Page 12: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching

Uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversationComprising a sequence of physical links with a dedicated logical channeleg. telephone network

Page 13: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

회선회선 교환교환목적지와연결한후정보교환이끝날때까지독점적으로회선을사용하여정보를교환하는방식

Page 14: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Medium/Link/Channel/CircuitMedium/Link/Channel/CircuitMedium아스팔트, 콘크리트, 비포장도로

Linkmedium+protocol10번도로 = 아스팔트 + 교통법규시설

Channel10번도로의 1차선

Circuit전체경로

경북대학교 – 20번도로 1차선 -북대구 T/G - 1번도로 2차선 –대전I/C - 3번도로 1차선 - … - 전주T/G – 32번도로 1차선 -전북대학교

Page 15: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Packet Switching

Small chunks (packets) of data at a timePackets passed from node to node

between source and destinationTwo options

Virtual circuitDatagram

Page 16: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

패킷패킷 교환교환 -- 데이터그램데이터그램 방식방식

Page 17: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

패킷패킷 교환교환 -- 가상회선가상회선 방식방식

Page 18: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

X.25X.25가상회선패킷교환방식

1976년 ITU-T에의해개발연결설정, 유지, 해지에필요한절차규정

Page 19: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

X.25X.25의의 문제점문제점데이터링크계층과

네트워크계층의오류

검출과흐름제어

중복 (개발당시오류발생률이높은전송

매체를전제)마지막목적지로부터

ACK를받을때까지발신지에서원본

패킷을보유하여야함

트래픽의¼만

메시지데이터

Page 20: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Frame RelayFrame RelayPacket switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errorsModern systems are more reliableErrors can be caught in end system데이터링크계층에서오류검사나확인응답요구않음

오류검사는트랜스포트계층에서수행

Frame Relay provides higher speeds with most error control overhead removed

Page 21: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

프레임프레임 릴레이릴레이 망망

Page 22: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

FR FR 동작동작

Page 23: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Asynchronous Transfer ModeAsynchronous Transfer Mode

Evolution of frame relayFixed packet (called cell) length with little overhead for error controlAnything from 10Mbps to GbpsConstant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple virtual circuits

Page 24: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Local Area NetworksSmaller scope

Building or small campus

Usually owned by same organization as attached devicesData rates much higherUsually broadcast systemsEthernet, Wireless LANs

Page 25: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

인터넷인터넷 ((Internet)Internet)‘Inter’ + ‘Networks’

개별네트워크들이연동되어하나의거대한네트워크

구성

전세계적으로산재해있는컴퓨터간의정보를유통하기

위한네트워크의네트워크 “a network of networks”

TCP/IP를사용하는네트워크들의집합

TCP/IP에기반을둔유일한주소체계를사용하여전세

계적으로연결되는범세계적인정보시스템

Page 26: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

The InternetThe InternetInternet evolved from ARPANET

1967: 미국방성의 ARPA(Advanced Research Projects Agency) 에서각호스트를 IMP(InterfaceMessage Processor)를통하여연결하는아이디어제안First operational packet network applied to tactical radio & satellite nets

1983: TCP/IP가 ARPANET의공식적인프로토콜이됨

A need for interoperability -> Led to standardized TCP/IP protocols

1994: Browser 등장 (Mosaic, Netscape, Explorer)1995: ISP (Internet Service Provider)개시

Page 27: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

인터넷인터넷 구성도구성도

Page 28: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

인터넷인터넷 모델모델

Page 29: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Internet ElementsInternet Elements

Page 30: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Example ConfigurationExample Configuration

Page 31: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

인터넷의인터넷의 구조구조Internet service provider인터넷의접속서비스제공 –인터넷의관문역할유동 IP 주소제공서비스지역내의인터넷 POP에필요한장비와통신선로보유대규모 ISP는자체의전용선로보유

Point of PresenceISP 네트워크와가입자의접속점가입자의연결수락및인증

Netwotk Service Provider ISP에게근간네트워크서비스를제공

Network Access Point 모든 ISP를하나로묶기위하여필요한인터넷연결점

Page 32: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

Internet ArchitectureInternet Architecture

POP

NAP

Page 33: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

ExampleExample

NSP ANSP ANSP A NSP BNSP BNSP B

BobBob

T1T1

LANLAN

POPPOP

NAP

RRISP YISP YISP Y

RR

SmallSmall

T3T3

LANLAN

POPPOP

NAP

ISP ZISP ZISP Z

RR

ADSLADSL

ISP XISP XISP X

Page 34: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

표준표준통신에필요한상호운용성을확보하기위해제조업체, 판매업체, 정부기관및서비스업체에게지침을제공Advantages

Ensures a large market for equipment and softwareAllows products from different vendors to communicate

DisadvantagesFreeze technologyMay be multiple standards for the same thing

사실(de facto) 표준: 공인된기관에서승인된것은아니지만시장에서폭넓게사용됨으로써표준으로채택새로운상품이나기술의기능성을규정주로제조업체에의해만들어짐

법률(de jure) 표준: 공인된기관에의해제정된표준

Page 35: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

International Standards Organization (ISO)

International Telecommunications Union–Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Standards Creation Standards Creation CommitteesCommittees

ForumsForums

Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies

Frame Relay Forum

ATM Forum

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

표준표준 기구기구

Page 36: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

표준표준 기구기구국제표준화기구(ISO) - www.iso.ch

International Standards Organization각국에서선정된위원들로구성된다국적기구

1947년창설(현재 82개국회원)상호호환성, 품질개선, 생산성향상, 가격저하를위한모델제공과학, 기술, 경제분야헌신OSI(Open System Interconnection) 모델수립

국제전기통신연합(ITU-T) www.itu.intInternational Telecommunications Union - UN 산하기구일반전기통신, 전화, 데이터통신시스템표준ITU-R: 무선통신표준

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표준표준 기구기구((계속계속))미국립표준협회(ANSI) www.ansi.org

American National Standards Institute비영리법인 -미국의임의표준국가조정기구

전기전자공학회(IEEE) www.ieee.orgInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers전기공학, 전자공학, 컴퓨터와통신의국제표준개발

전자산업협회(EIA) www.eia.orgElectronic Industries Association전자산업발전을위해설립된비영리기관데이터통신의물리적인연결인터페이스와신호규격규정

포럼(Forum): 신기술의시험, 평가, 표준제정프레임중계(Frame Relay) 포럼북미, 유럽, 환태평양지역을대표하는 40여개국회원논의안건 : 흐름제어, 캡슐화, 변환, 멀티캐스팅결과는 ISO에제출

ATM 포럼사설교환기및중앙교환국업체중심상호운용성을위한서비스에대한표준화

Page 38: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

표준표준 기구기구((계속계속))

연방통신위원회(Federal Communications Commission)

법규기관

미국의모든통신기술통제

통신과관련된미국및국제교역에관한권한

라디오, 텔레비전, 유선통신을조정하여공공의이익을

보호

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국내국내 표준표준 기관기관

한국정보통신기술협회(TTA) http://www.tta.or.kr

1988년 12월설립

통신사업자, 산업체, 학계, 연구기관및단체등의상호협력과유대강화

국내외정보통신분야의최신기술및표준에관한각종

정보수집, 조사연구및보급 활용

정보통신산업및기술진흥과국민경제발전에기여

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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직

Page 41: Chapter 1 - William Stallings, Data and Computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf · Chapter 1 – Overview The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing

인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))ISOC(Internet Society)

1992년설립국제적인비영리단체인터넷표준제정지원IAB, IETF, IRTF, IANA등의인터넷단체관리및지원인터넷과관련된학술활동및연구담당

IAB(Internet Architecture Board)ISOC를위한기술자문위원회TCP/IP 프로토콜그룹의지속적인개발감독인터넷공동체연구원들에게기술적인조언제공IETF와 IRTF를통하여수행RFC 문서편집관리다른관련기관과의대외적인창구담당

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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)

IESG(Internet Engineering Steering Group)에의해관리되는작업그룹

운영상의문제점파악, 해결책제공인터넷표준규격개발, 검토현재 9개의작업반(working group) 활동 (applications, internet protocols, routing, operations, user services, network management, transport, IPng, security)

IRTF(Internet Research Task Force)IRSG(Internet Research Steering Group)에의해관리되는작업그룹

인터넷프로토콜과응용, 구조, 기술과관련된장기간연구주제를중점적으로다룸

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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))

NIC(Network Information Center): TCP/IP 프로토콜관련정보수집과분배책임

KRNIC(Korea Network Information Center)

www.krnic.or.kr

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인터넷인터넷 표준표준 완성단계완성단계제안표준(proposed standard)인터넷공동체를통하여많은노력과충분한논의를거친안정된규격

드래프트표준(draft standard)적어도 2번의독자적인성공과상호운용성이이루어진규격문제점은계속적으로수정이이루어짐

인터넷표준(Internet standard)구현이완전히이루어진규격

기록단계(historic)인터넷표준이되기위한단계를통과하지못한규격역사적인면에서중요한의미를가짐

실험단계(experimental)인터넷운영에영향을주지않고실험적인목적의작업규격인터넷에서구현되지않을수도있음

정보제공(informational)인터넷과관련된일반적이고역사적인튜토리얼정보

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인터넷인터넷 표준표준인터넷을통하여완전한시험을거쳐완성된규격

반드시지켜야하는협약된규약

인터넷드래프트(Internet draft)로시작하여완성인터넷드래프트는 6 개월의유효기간을갖는작업문서

드래프트를 RFC(Request for Comment)로발간(문서번호지정)

완성단계를거친후에요구수준에따라분류

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인터넷인터넷 표준표준 요구단계요구단계요구(required)모든인터넷시스템에서최소한의적합성구현

예 : IP, ICMP, TELNET권고(recommended)최소한의적합성이요구되지않음

유용성이있기때문에권고

예 : FTP선택(elective)요구도권고되지도않은등급으로시스템에유익할경우사용

사용제한(limited use)제한된상황에서만사용(실험단계RFC)

미권고(not recommended)일반적인용도에적합하지않은것(기록단계 RFC)