chapter 1 - william stallings, data and computer ...netopia.knu.ac.kr/datacom/hak_2007_1/01.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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강좌개요강좌개요
목표 : 컴퓨터네트워크의기본개념과동작원리습득교재 : Data and Computer Commun 8th ed.
Chapters 1-2, 18-24
강의자료: http://netopia.knu.ac.kr평가방법중간고사 40%기말고사 40%과제물 10%출석 10%
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목차목차1장 데이터통신, 데이터망, 인터넷
1.1 오늘날의데이터통신과네트워킹1.2 통신모델1.3 데이터통신1.4 네트워크1.5 인터넷1.6 구성예제
2장 프로토콜구조, TCP/IP, 인터넷기반응용2.1 프로토콜구조의필요성2.2 TCP/IP 프로토콜구조2.3 OSI 모델2.4 프로토콜구조의표준2.5 인터넷기반의통적응용2.6 멀티미디어
18장 인터넷프로토콜18.1 프로토콜기본기능18.2 인터네트워킹의원리18.3 인터넷프로토콜의동작18.4 인터넷프로토콜18.5 IPv6 18.6 기상사설망과 IP 보안
19장 인터네트워크동작19.1 멀티캐스팅19.2 경로배정프로토콜19.3 통합서비스구조19.4 차등서비스19.5 서비스레벨협약19.6 IP 성능기준
20장 수송프로토콜20.1 연결위주수송프로토콜메카니즘20.2 TCP 20.3 TCP 혼잡제어20.4 UDP
21장 네트워크보안21.1 보안요구사항및공격21.2 전통적암호화에의한기밀성21.3 메시지인증과해시함수21.4 공개키암호화와디지털서명21.5 안전한소켓계층과수송계층보안21.6 IPv4와 IPv6의보안21.7 Wi-Fi의보호접근
22장 인터넷응용 -전자우편및네트워크관리22.1 전자우편: SMTP와 MIME22.2 네트워크관리: SNMP
23장 인터넷응용 -인터넷디렉토리서비스및웹23.1 인터넷디렉토리서비스: DNS 23.2 웹접근: HTTP
24장 인터넷응용 -멀티미디어24.1 오디오및비디오압축24.2 실시간트래픽24.3 IP 기반음성및멀티미디어지원 - SIP 24.4 실시간수송프로토콜 (RTP)
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1 –– OverviewOverview
The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point
- The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Claude Shannon
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A Communication ModelA Communication Model
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A Communication ModelA Communication Model
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Communications TasksCommunications TasksTransmission system utilization
Addressing
Interfacing Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction
Network management
Flow control
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Transmission system utilizationTransmission costs still high, hence interest in efficiency improvements전송설비의효율적사용 (multiplexing, 혼잡제어)
Interfacing전송시스템과의인터페이스
Signal generation전송시스템과수신기의요구조건에적합한신호특성
Synchronization신호의타이밍 (수신기는신호의시작과끝위치및신호요소의길이)
Exchange management양방간의협력작업동시전송또는교대전송한번에전송하는데이터양데이터의형식은어떻게할것인가오류가발생하는등의돌발사태에대해서는어떻게대처할것인가
Communications TasksCommunications Tasks
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Error detection and correction헤드에 Cyclic Redundancy Check or Frame Check Sequence 포함재전송 (backward) 또는 Hamming code등의오류정정코드사용(forward)
Flow control수신측의 overflow 방지
Addressing목적지의식별자지정
Routing특정경로선택
Recovery작업이중단된시점부터다시시작하거나또는최소한작업의시작위치이전의조건으로시스템의상태복원
Message formatting데이터의형태에대한협정
Security무결성, 보안성
Network management시스템구성, 상태감시, 결함및과부하대처
Communications TasksCommunications Tasks
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NetworkingPoint to point communication not usually practicalDevices are too far apartLarge set of devices would need impractical number of connections
Solution is a communications networkTwo broad categories of communications networks:
Local Area Network (LAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Simplified Network ModelSimplified Network Model
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Wide Area Networks
Large geographical areaRely in part on common carrier circuits
Crossing public rights of way
Alternative technologiesCircuit switchingPacket switchingFrame relayAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversationComprising a sequence of physical links with a dedicated logical channeleg. telephone network
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회선회선 교환교환목적지와연결한후정보교환이끝날때까지독점적으로회선을사용하여정보를교환하는방식
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Medium/Link/Channel/CircuitMedium/Link/Channel/CircuitMedium아스팔트, 콘크리트, 비포장도로
Linkmedium+protocol10번도로 = 아스팔트 + 교통법규시설
Channel10번도로의 1차선
Circuit전체경로
경북대학교 – 20번도로 1차선 -북대구 T/G - 1번도로 2차선 –대전I/C - 3번도로 1차선 - … - 전주T/G – 32번도로 1차선 -전북대학교
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Packet Switching
Small chunks (packets) of data at a timePackets passed from node to node
between source and destinationTwo options
Virtual circuitDatagram
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패킷패킷 교환교환 -- 데이터그램데이터그램 방식방식
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패킷패킷 교환교환 -- 가상회선가상회선 방식방식
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X.25X.25가상회선패킷교환방식
1976년 ITU-T에의해개발연결설정, 유지, 해지에필요한절차규정
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X.25X.25의의 문제점문제점데이터링크계층과
네트워크계층의오류
검출과흐름제어
중복 (개발당시오류발생률이높은전송
매체를전제)마지막목적지로부터
ACK를받을때까지발신지에서원본
패킷을보유하여야함
트래픽의¼만
메시지데이터
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Frame RelayFrame RelayPacket switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errorsModern systems are more reliableErrors can be caught in end system데이터링크계층에서오류검사나확인응답요구않음
오류검사는트랜스포트계층에서수행
Frame Relay provides higher speeds with most error control overhead removed
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프레임프레임 릴레이릴레이 망망
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FR FR 동작동작
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Asynchronous Transfer ModeAsynchronous Transfer Mode
Evolution of frame relayFixed packet (called cell) length with little overhead for error controlAnything from 10Mbps to GbpsConstant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple virtual circuits
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Local Area NetworksSmaller scope
Building or small campus
Usually owned by same organization as attached devicesData rates much higherUsually broadcast systemsEthernet, Wireless LANs
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인터넷인터넷 ((Internet)Internet)‘Inter’ + ‘Networks’
개별네트워크들이연동되어하나의거대한네트워크
구성
전세계적으로산재해있는컴퓨터간의정보를유통하기
위한네트워크의네트워크 “a network of networks”
TCP/IP를사용하는네트워크들의집합
TCP/IP에기반을둔유일한주소체계를사용하여전세
계적으로연결되는범세계적인정보시스템
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The InternetThe InternetInternet evolved from ARPANET
1967: 미국방성의 ARPA(Advanced Research Projects Agency) 에서각호스트를 IMP(InterfaceMessage Processor)를통하여연결하는아이디어제안First operational packet network applied to tactical radio & satellite nets
1983: TCP/IP가 ARPANET의공식적인프로토콜이됨
A need for interoperability -> Led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
1994: Browser 등장 (Mosaic, Netscape, Explorer)1995: ISP (Internet Service Provider)개시
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인터넷인터넷 구성도구성도
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인터넷인터넷 모델모델
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Internet ElementsInternet Elements
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Example ConfigurationExample Configuration
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인터넷의인터넷의 구조구조Internet service provider인터넷의접속서비스제공 –인터넷의관문역할유동 IP 주소제공서비스지역내의인터넷 POP에필요한장비와통신선로보유대규모 ISP는자체의전용선로보유
Point of PresenceISP 네트워크와가입자의접속점가입자의연결수락및인증
Netwotk Service Provider ISP에게근간네트워크서비스를제공
Network Access Point 모든 ISP를하나로묶기위하여필요한인터넷연결점
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Internet ArchitectureInternet Architecture
POP
NAP
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ExampleExample
NSP ANSP ANSP A NSP BNSP BNSP B
BobBob
T1T1
LANLAN
POPPOP
NAP
RRISP YISP YISP Y
RR
SmallSmall
T3T3
LANLAN
POPPOP
NAP
ISP ZISP ZISP Z
RR
ADSLADSL
ISP XISP XISP X
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표준표준통신에필요한상호운용성을확보하기위해제조업체, 판매업체, 정부기관및서비스업체에게지침을제공Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and softwareAllows products from different vendors to communicate
DisadvantagesFreeze technologyMay be multiple standards for the same thing
사실(de facto) 표준: 공인된기관에서승인된것은아니지만시장에서폭넓게사용됨으로써표준으로채택새로운상품이나기술의기능성을규정주로제조업체에의해만들어짐
법률(de jure) 표준: 공인된기관에의해제정된표준
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International Standards Organization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Union–Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Standards Creation Standards Creation CommitteesCommittees
ForumsForums
Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies
Frame Relay Forum
ATM Forum
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
표준표준 기구기구
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표준표준 기구기구국제표준화기구(ISO) - www.iso.ch
International Standards Organization각국에서선정된위원들로구성된다국적기구
1947년창설(현재 82개국회원)상호호환성, 품질개선, 생산성향상, 가격저하를위한모델제공과학, 기술, 경제분야헌신OSI(Open System Interconnection) 모델수립
국제전기통신연합(ITU-T) www.itu.intInternational Telecommunications Union - UN 산하기구일반전기통신, 전화, 데이터통신시스템표준ITU-R: 무선통신표준
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표준표준 기구기구((계속계속))미국립표준협회(ANSI) www.ansi.org
American National Standards Institute비영리법인 -미국의임의표준국가조정기구
전기전자공학회(IEEE) www.ieee.orgInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers전기공학, 전자공학, 컴퓨터와통신의국제표준개발
전자산업협회(EIA) www.eia.orgElectronic Industries Association전자산업발전을위해설립된비영리기관데이터통신의물리적인연결인터페이스와신호규격규정
포럼(Forum): 신기술의시험, 평가, 표준제정프레임중계(Frame Relay) 포럼북미, 유럽, 환태평양지역을대표하는 40여개국회원논의안건 : 흐름제어, 캡슐화, 변환, 멀티캐스팅결과는 ISO에제출
ATM 포럼사설교환기및중앙교환국업체중심상호운용성을위한서비스에대한표준화
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표준표준 기구기구((계속계속))
연방통신위원회(Federal Communications Commission)
법규기관
미국의모든통신기술통제
통신과관련된미국및국제교역에관한권한
라디오, 텔레비전, 유선통신을조정하여공공의이익을
보호
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국내국내 표준표준 기관기관
한국정보통신기술협회(TTA) http://www.tta.or.kr
1988년 12월설립
통신사업자, 산업체, 학계, 연구기관및단체등의상호협력과유대강화
국내외정보통신분야의최신기술및표준에관한각종
정보수집, 조사연구및보급 활용
정보통신산업및기술진흥과국민경제발전에기여
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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직
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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))ISOC(Internet Society)
1992년설립국제적인비영리단체인터넷표준제정지원IAB, IETF, IRTF, IANA등의인터넷단체관리및지원인터넷과관련된학술활동및연구담당
IAB(Internet Architecture Board)ISOC를위한기술자문위원회TCP/IP 프로토콜그룹의지속적인개발감독인터넷공동체연구원들에게기술적인조언제공IETF와 IRTF를통하여수행RFC 문서편집관리다른관련기관과의대외적인창구담당
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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)
IESG(Internet Engineering Steering Group)에의해관리되는작업그룹
운영상의문제점파악, 해결책제공인터넷표준규격개발, 검토현재 9개의작업반(working group) 활동 (applications, internet protocols, routing, operations, user services, network management, transport, IPng, security)
IRTF(Internet Research Task Force)IRSG(Internet Research Steering Group)에의해관리되는작업그룹
인터넷프로토콜과응용, 구조, 기술과관련된장기간연구주제를중점적으로다룸
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인터넷인터넷 관리관리 조직조직 ((계속계속))
NIC(Network Information Center): TCP/IP 프로토콜관련정보수집과분배책임
KRNIC(Korea Network Information Center)
www.krnic.or.kr
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인터넷인터넷 표준표준 완성단계완성단계제안표준(proposed standard)인터넷공동체를통하여많은노력과충분한논의를거친안정된규격
드래프트표준(draft standard)적어도 2번의독자적인성공과상호운용성이이루어진규격문제점은계속적으로수정이이루어짐
인터넷표준(Internet standard)구현이완전히이루어진규격
기록단계(historic)인터넷표준이되기위한단계를통과하지못한규격역사적인면에서중요한의미를가짐
실험단계(experimental)인터넷운영에영향을주지않고실험적인목적의작업규격인터넷에서구현되지않을수도있음
정보제공(informational)인터넷과관련된일반적이고역사적인튜토리얼정보
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인터넷인터넷 표준표준인터넷을통하여완전한시험을거쳐완성된규격
반드시지켜야하는협약된규약
인터넷드래프트(Internet draft)로시작하여완성인터넷드래프트는 6 개월의유효기간을갖는작업문서
드래프트를 RFC(Request for Comment)로발간(문서번호지정)
완성단계를거친후에요구수준에따라분류
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인터넷인터넷 표준표준 요구단계요구단계요구(required)모든인터넷시스템에서최소한의적합성구현
예 : IP, ICMP, TELNET권고(recommended)최소한의적합성이요구되지않음
유용성이있기때문에권고
예 : FTP선택(elective)요구도권고되지도않은등급으로시스템에유익할경우사용
사용제한(limited use)제한된상황에서만사용(실험단계RFC)
미권고(not recommended)일반적인용도에적합하지않은것(기록단계 RFC)