Chapter 101995 - 2001

Internet Time

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1995 - 2001

Netscape + InternetMicrosoft + LawsuitsUNIX – GNU + LINUXDot com

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Microsoft and Apple 1984 Mac TV Commercial

Not IBM, but Microsoft problem Early days, Apple & MS worked together

BASIC for Apple Mac

Magnificent interface; no applications MacPaint and MacWrite MS Multiplan – MS spreadsheet 1982 – MS had agreed to develop software for Mac 1985 – MS Excel for Mac

MS programmers learned to program for GUI Charles Simonyi, Xerox PARC, GUI WP Bravo for Alto 3

In the meantime… MS wanted Mac interface for 8086

Separate products, common interface

MS reputation not goodLotus 1-2-3, WordPerfect

were betterLotus was developing suites

Symphony for PC, Jazz for Mac

Other sw being developed

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How did MS beat Apple?

MS, Intel licensed productsResult: clonesVariety and less cost

Windows GUI MS Office – 80% of Mac capability at

much lower price 1995: MS/Intel became standard

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1984

Microsoft Lawsuit

Anti-Trust / Monopoly – like IBM Filed 1997 – settled November 2001 Several states & European union

refused to go along – pending As with IBM, will advances in

technology negate court actions?

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SW Development at MS Charles Simonyi, Hungary

1970’s – Xerox PARC – BRAVO – WYSIWYG WP

“Hungarian” ProgrammingTo manage large, complex projects & large

teamsAll code for a project submitted to central file at

end of day; compiled into a daily “build” If your part caused crash, you had to fix it“Build” was basis for next day’s workOnce functional, team had to use it

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SW Development at MS (cont.)MS Results: No social or family life, eating from vending

machines, “death march” to fix build Steady stream of “improved” versions of

Windows & an ever expanding suite of applications

MS had purchased many applications then rewrote for Windows

MS Office8

Internet Explorer & Legal Problems Bundled Internet Explorer with Windows Bought license for Spyglass, a browser

A descendent of Mosaic Prevented Spyglass from selling a

Windows version of the browser Internet Explorer 4.0 released 1997

Netscape & Justice Department claimed “tight integration” was contrary to anti-trust laws

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Legal Precedent

“Look and Feel”1987: Lotus vs. Paperback S.W.Copied “look & feel” → illegal

FUD – “Fear, Uncertainty, & Doubt”1960’s: Data General vs. IBMAnnounced IBM 360 just to “scare”

customers of Data General

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Legal Precedent (cont.)

Tie-InWell-established in anti-trust

legislation“Tie-in” required customer to

purchase another product to get desired one

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Charges Against MS

1990: FTC investigated agreements with IBM – OS/2 development

1990: FTC – MS gained access to a prototype pen-based computer by GO – MS announced at a trade show it would integrate pen-based input into Windows

Never did; GO folded (FUD)

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Charges Against MS

1994: Justice Department – bundling products into Windows – threats onlyConsent Decree: would not “tie” sales of

one product to another (i.e. require purchase of another product)

Would also release API details to other SW developers

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Charges Against MS By 1995 – customers seldom “bought” Windows

Came on the computer Made distribution costs lower Consent Decree: MS could NOT require h.w.

company to install Windows – but did charge per chip; not per install

1995 – MS announced planned purchased of Intuit (Quicken), one of few application companies with a significant market share Dropped when Justice Department objected MS Programmers had learned much about product

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Charges Against MS 1997: Internet Explorer 4.0 – bundled

Netscape claimed a MS “tie-in” 1994 – Netscape posted free Navigator on Web

(individuals) Business paid small fee “Lock-in” customers to pay for additional products Their stock soared

1996 – AOL chose IE over Navigator Violated consent decree – “tie in” Since free – cutoff Netscape’s revenue

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Charges Against MS

1998: “Look & Feel” of Mac in Windows 2.0Apple had licensed

interface for v. 1.0More than year,

dropped, both needed cooperation

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Microsoft Defense???

1997: Steve Ballmer “to heck with Janet Reno”

1998: Gates deposition nervous & evasive

MS internal e-mails very embarrassing

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The Prosecution

Judge Thomas P. Jackson: In an interview stated prejudice

against MSCaused most of his judgment

overturned in 2001Was removed from case

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MS and Networking 1995: Introduced MSN – proprietary n.w. 1996: Exchange – groupware

communications system Outlook: e-mail Free Services

Yahoo, Hotmail – portals 1997: MS bought Hotmail - $400 million

Runs on UNIX MS presence on Web grows

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ARPANET and Internet

William Wulf, May 1993:

“I don’t think any of us know where this is going anymore, … but there’s something exciting happening, and it’s big.”

-Former DEC Engineer

-NSF in late 1980’s

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Paul Ceruzzi

November 1997 Shaquille O’Neal billboard

www.Shaq.com Internet was now part of

entertainment, consumer spending, and popular culture

Mainstream America

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Acceptable Use Policy – NSF - 1990 NSFnet: 1988 – 1995 “NSF backbone services are provided

to support open research & education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.”

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Acceptable Use Policy – NSF – 1990

Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not advertising of any kind”

Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use”

Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use”

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Growth of Internet

By 1992 – restrictions lifted Jan. 1992 – one trillion bytes/month Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion bytes/month 1995 – NSF net “dissolved”

Structure for commercialization was already there

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Internet Legislation 1999: Al Gore – CNN interview “… took

the initiative in creating the Internet.” 1992: Congressman Rick Boucher, Va.

Amendment to support networks for purposes other than research & education

When signed by President Bush (#1) – ended “acceptable use policy”

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Congress’ Vision of Internet

Summary pg. 322 Opposite of what happened High-speed government n.w. for research Researchers would pay for use Telecommunications companies would

build and charge

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Java

Bill Joy – SUNNeed a new languageAdvances of C++, with low-level of C or

assembly

1991: James Gosling at SUNOak – renamed JavaAnnounced March 1995

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Java #2 Could run on almost any computer Web designers: animation,

movement, interactivity “Write once – Run anywhere” UCSD – p-system – 1980’s

Pascal based2 stage translation – failed

Now HW was faster

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Java Hype

Media: way to break MS hold on personal computing

MS got license from SUNYet another lawsuit – MS broke agreement

Embraced by those wanting to sell via Internet

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Early dot.com Sites Amazon – 1995

Jeff Bezos1995 – 100 orders/day2000 – 100 orders/minuteDec. 99 – Bezos Times Person of Year

eBay – 1995Pierre Omidyar2001 – 7 million on-going auctions

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Policing the Internet

AmazonCustomers wrote book reviews

eBayFeedback on buyers & sellers

Individuals provided control & screening service that the company could not

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Search Engines & Portals

Sites to help users navigate the web 1994 – Yahoo! – Filo & Yang

Students at StanfordKey-word index

Altavista – early search engine Google

Sergei Brin & Larry PageRanks based on other links

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Web Critics Tim Berners-Lee

Not tailored for personal use

Doug Englebart, Ted NelsonWhy must we all use http?Web is one-way, shouldn’t be

Scientific use has been forgotten

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Tragedy of the Commons 1968 – Garrett Hardin, biologist Contrasts benefits to individuals vs.

damage to common resource Only regulation will prevent tragedy Internet hasn’t come close to tragedy

Worms, viruses, Y2K, 9-11,dot.com collapse

Pollution – pop-ups, porn, spam34

Linux Linus Torvalds – Finland – born 1969 1991 – goal to write PC version of UNIX Studied Minix – Tannenbaum’s version Discussion Group

Asked for likes/dislikes of MinixPosted Linux in 1992

Continued to grow in size & quality due to contributions of many

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GNU

Richard Stallman, MIT GCC – GNU C Complier

Used for Linux

Asked for public support for free GNU software system

GNU General Public License

Place GNU in public domain All modifications must also be placed

in public domain SW using it must be in public domain Can sell it, though MS Criticism: not the “American way”

of free enterprise

What has happened since 2001?

New devices New apps What next??

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Chapter 101995 - 2001

Internet Time

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