chapter 10 2013. objectives investigate early african civilizations analyze the geographical...
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objectivesobjectives
Investigate early African civilizationsInvestigate early African civilizations
Analyze the geographical elements and Analyze the geographical elements and how they influences the early people of how they influences the early people of Africa.Africa.
Geography of AfricaGeography of Africa
World second largest continent in both World second largest continent in both population and area.population and area.
The Savanna regionThe Savanna region
40% of Africa40% of Africa
Trees, thorn brushes, and tall grassesTrees, thorn brushes, and tall grasses
Rarely below 50*Rarely below 50*– Serengeti PlainsSerengeti Plains
The Desert regionThe Desert region
40% of the continent40% of the continent– Sahara in the north Sahara in the north
largest largest
3.5 million square miles3.5 million square miles
As big as the united statesAs big as the united states
– Kalahari in the southKalahari in the south
The Forest regionThe Forest region
Less than 20%Less than 20%
8% Rain forest8% Rain forest
Average temperature of 77*Average temperature of 77*
Never below 68Never below 68
155 inches of rain yearly155 inches of rain yearly
Daily Life in AfricaDaily Life in Africa
Earliest- hunter/ gathers- nomadsEarliest- hunter/ gathers- nomads
10,000 B. C. Agriculture10,000 B. C. Agriculture
Civilization----KingdomsCivilization----Kingdoms
Africa todayAfrica today– People still live in the rainforest and desert as People still live in the rainforest and desert as
hunter/ gather---nomadshunter/ gather---nomads
African SocietyAfrican Society
Most people lived in small villagesMost people lived in small villages
Lineage group- several extended families Lineage group- several extended families combined to make a communitycombined to make a community
PatriarchalPatriarchal– Father is head of familyFather is head of family
MatriarchalMatriarchal– Mother is head of familyMother is head of family
Religion Religion
Most believed in a supreme creator God Most believed in a supreme creator God with lesser godswith lesser gods
Some Kings were considered Gods or that Some Kings were considered Gods or that God’s spoke through the KingsGod’s spoke through the Kings
Priests who were also healersPriests who were also healers
Some believed ancestors were very close Some believed ancestors were very close to the Gods and were honoredto the Gods and were honored– By ritual ceremoniesBy ritual ceremonies
Many believed that a family’s children Many believed that a family’s children were that reborn spirits of their deceased were that reborn spirits of their deceased ancestorsancestors
Bride price or bride wealth- paid for loss of Bride price or bride wealth- paid for loss of the daughter laborthe daughter labor
Villages had social classesVillages had social classes
– Elders made up the governmentElders made up the government– Farmers and craft workers middle classFarmers and craft workers middle class– Captives (slaves) the lowest classCaptives (slaves) the lowest class
MusicMusic
Dances- elaborate, for special occasions Dances- elaborate, for special occasions such as marriages, even deathsuch as marriages, even death
Call and response patternCall and response pattern– Leader sang out a short bit of music and Leader sang out a short bit of music and
people sang it back accompanied by drums or people sang it back accompanied by drums or other percussion instrumentsother percussion instruments
Past to Present MusicPast to Present Music
African Thumb PianoAfrican Thumb Piano Modern day pianoModern day piano
Literature Literature
Folktales-traditional stories handed down Folktales-traditional stories handed down from generation to generationfrom generation to generation
Griots- people who memorized and recited Griots- people who memorized and recited important cultural and historical eventsimportant cultural and historical events
Animals tales and human charactersAnimals tales and human characters
pitting small animals against larger, pitting small animals against larger, stronger animalsstronger animals
The trickster characterThe trickster character
Chapter 10 section 1Chapter 10 section 1Page 226Page 226
Due in 13 minutes Due in 13 minutes
Critical thinkingCritical thinking– ( At least 3 sentences)( At least 3 sentences)
Write about Geography Write about Geography – ( at least 5 sentences( at least 5 sentences
Ancient GhanaAncient Ghana
First known western African kingdomFirst known western African kingdom
Richest kingsRichest kings
Salt and gold at the heart of the tradeSalt and gold at the heart of the trade
Charged a tax to pass through GhanaCharged a tax to pass through Ghana
The ships of the desertThe ships of the desert• The camelThe camel
Exported to the Exported to the NorthNorth– Paper Paper – SlavesSlaves– goldgold
Imported from the Imported from the NorthNorth– SilkSilk– CottonCotton– glass beadsglass beads– HorsesHorses– mirrorsmirrors– datesdates– saltsalt
Berbers- earliest Berbers- earliest settlers of North settlers of North Africa charted the first Africa charted the first routes across the routes across the Sahara more than Sahara more than 2,500 years ago2,500 years ago
Arab conquerors Arab conquerors spread the Islamic spread the Islamic religion throughout religion throughout North AfricaNorth Africa
Ghana fallsGhana falls
Muslim Berbers launched a jihad against Muslim Berbers launched a jihad against GhanaGhana
Two empires aroseTwo empires arose– Mali----1240-1400A.D.Mali----1240-1400A.D.– Songhai---1464-1500’sSonghai---1464-1500’s– Both Muslim citiesBoth Muslim cities
The Empire of MaliThe Empire of Mali“where the Emperor resides”“where the Emperor resides”
1230 - 14681230 - 1468
Socially, politically, and economically Socially, politically, and economically similar to Ghanasimilar to Ghana
Control of gold mines = wealthControl of gold mines = wealth
Emperor changed to IslamEmperor changed to Islam
TimbuktuTimbuktu
Mali’s most important cityMali’s most important city
Major hub Major hub – Gold Gold – SlavesSlaves– SaltSalt
Center of Islamic learningCenter of Islamic learning
MosquesMosques
150 Islamic schools150 Islamic schools
Law schoolsLaw schools
Book dealersBook dealers
Cosmopolitan communityCosmopolitan community
Mansa MusaMansa Musa(1312 – 1337)(1312 – 1337)
Wealthiest ruler ever Wealthiest ruler ever knownknown
Pilgrimage to MeccaPilgrimage to Mecca– 60,000 people60,000 people– 100 elephants100 elephants– Huge amount of gold Huge amount of gold
given awaygiven away
The Empire of SonghaiThe Empire of Songhai
(1464 – 1591)(1464 – 1591)
Great traders and warriorsGreat traders and warriors
Trade across the Sahara has included Trade across the Sahara has included African slaves.African slaves.
Conquered Timbuktu Conquered Timbuktu
Allowed African to practice their traditional Allowed African to practice their traditional religion and not have to convert to Islamreligion and not have to convert to Islam
Strict Social SystemStrict Social System
1.1. Descendants of the original Songhai Descendants of the original Songhai peoplepeople
2.2. Traders, merchants and soldiersTraders, merchants and soldiers
3.3. Prisoners of war (slaves)Prisoners of war (slaves)
Due in 13 minutesDue in 13 minutespage 231page 231
Critical thinking Critical thinking – 3 or more sentences3 or more sentences
Write about CultureWrite about Culture– 5 or more sentences5 or more sentences
AksumAksum
Located in what is now Ethiopia and Located in what is now Ethiopia and EritreaEritrea
Established around 1000B.C. by Arabic Established around 1000B.C. by Arabic peoplepeople
Christian kingdomChristian kingdom
Decline to become The east African Decline to become The east African kingdom of Ethiopiakingdom of Ethiopia
Major trading centerFirst African Civilization south of the Sahara
to use of coins made of gold, silver and coppercopper
ImportImport
Olive oil Olive oil
silver silver
GoldGold
ExportExport
IvoryIvory
slaves slaves
raw materialsraw materials
Copper, brass and Copper, brass and glass beadsglass beads
StelaeStelae– carved pillars- made from granite blockscarved pillars- made from granite blocks– Grave markers of rulers tombs Grave markers of rulers tombs – 120 stelae were found 120 stelae were found
Kingdom of EthiopiaKingdom of Ethiopia
One of the oldest kingdomsOne of the oldest kingdoms
Connection to AksumConnection to Aksum– Trade, Culture and Christian religionTrade, Culture and Christian religion
Christian kingdomChristian kingdom
SwahiliSwahili
Both a group of people and a languageBoth a group of people and a language
A mixture of Arabic and Buntu peopleA mixture of Arabic and Buntu people
Islamic religionIslamic religion
Many city-states along the coastMany city-states along the coast
Huge trading center on the east coast Huge trading center on the east coast
Fall- Portuguese Fall- Portuguese
ZimbabweZimbabwe
400 years city was completely enclosed.400 years city was completely enclosed.– Walls 16 feet thick---30 feet high.Walls 16 feet thick---30 feet high.– Not built for defense but as display of powerNot built for defense but as display of power– Control of trade and cattle herds+ wealthControl of trade and cattle herds+ wealth– Do not know for sure what happen to them.Do not know for sure what happen to them.
Over farmed—droughtOver farmed—drought
Population growthPopulation growth
Shortages in water/ trees for firewoodShortages in water/ trees for firewood