chapter 10- a changing nation 1815-1840
TRANSCRIPT
Section 1: Building a Nation The Era of Good Feelings
The War of 1812 resulted with the Republicans in control of the government.
Republican candidate, James Monroe, won the 1816 presidential election in a landslide!
This was a huge defeat for the Federalist Party and in a few years the party had disappeared.
President Monroe’s major belief was promoting national unity.
A local newspaper coined this new sense of national unity as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
Monroe was reelected in 1820.
Building the National Economy
There was a growing belief that the federal government should increase economic prosperity.
This belief came from different regions. Three major Congress members who favored federal action were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.
Henry Clay Spoke for the people
located in the West. Better roads and canals
to transport goods from one region to another.
Wanted to three regions of the country to trade with one another
John C. Calhoun Spoke for the people in
the South Believed in the idea of
states’ rights. Opposed tariffs because
they raised the price of goods that southerners bought.
Daniel Webster
Spokesperson for the Northeast
A supporter of high tariffs as a way of protecting industry.
The Second Bank of the United States
Due to the Bank of the United States‘ charter running out, the economy suffered.
In 1816, a second Bank of the United States was established.
This control of the money supply gave a boost to American businesses.
The Tariff of 1816 After the War of 1812, British
manufacturers looked to the United States to sell their products.
The British had the factories to produce goods at a lower price than the American companies.
The British’s ability to sell goods below market price drove several American businesses out of business.
Congress answered the angry business owners with the Tariff of 1816.Protective tariffs on foreign textiles,
iron, leather goods, paper, and other products.
Even higher tariffs were passed by Congress in 1818 and 1824.
Popular in the North. Resented in the South.
Clay’s American System American System- high tariffs
and a federal program of public works that would help the three regions.
The wealth produced by tariffs would allow northerners to buy farm products from the West and South.
Government revenue would be used to build up the infrastructure in the South and West. Roads, bridges, and canals.
The South was not convinced.
Section 2: Dealing with other Nations Relations with Spain. At the time of the War of
1812, Spain controlled more territory in the America’s than any other European country. However, this power was steadily weakening.
Spain’s control was especially weak in Florida due to having no control of slave escapees joining the Seminole Nation.
Andrew Jackson (soon to be 7th president) was sent by the U.S. to recapture the slaves.He captures the escaped
slaves, destroyed Seminole villages, seized two Spanish towns, and caused the governor to flee Florida.
It was clear that Spain could not protect Florida.
Spain ceded Florida to the United States in the Adams -Onis treaty of 1819.
Spanish Colonies win Independence The American and French revolutions
were causing movements in almost all Spanish colonies. There was an uncontrollable tension calling for change in Latin America.
It was in 1821 that Spain agreed to Mexico’s independence.
By 1825, most areas in Latin America had thrown off European rule.
Monroe Doctrine President Monroe and his
Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, were concerned that several European powers were going to assist Spain to regain its colonies.
United States and Britain wanted to remain trading partners with Latin America.
The doctrine states that new European settlements would not be allowed. Any attempt would ne considered “dangerous to our peace and safety.”
The Monroe Doctrine boosted the influence of the United States in the region.
Section 3: The Age of Jackson John Quincy Adams and
Jackson in Conflict Andrew Jackson was a
wealthy man when he took the role as president. However, he began life with very little.
“Old Hickory” The idea that ordinary
people should participate in American political life
I am tough as a
hickory tree!
The Election of 1824 Four people ran for president in 1824,
including: John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay William Crawford
NO candidate won a majority of electoral votes
The choice was between Jackson and John Quincy Adams
Election had to be decided in the House of Representatives
Speaker of the House Henry Clay made a “corrupt bargain” with John Quincy Adams . John Quincy Adams became president. Clay became Sec. of State.
FYI: Another political party developed…The Anti- Jacksons (called the Whigs)
The Presidency of John Quincy Adams Although John Quincy Adams
had ambitious plans, he accomplished very little. Supported Clay’s American
System and wanted the federal government to play a larger role in supporting the economy
He lacked the political skill to push his programs through Congress.
John Quincy Adams only served one term due to the fact that he could never win the trust of the American people.
A New Era in PoliticsSuffrage
○The right to voteVoters chose the presidential electors
Democracy in the Age of Jackson Ordinary people should vote in elections
and hold public office. Did not trust the government Supporters called themselves
JacksoniansSuspicious of banks
Bell work:
Place the state http://
www.sheppardsoftware.com/states_experiment_drag-drop_Intermed_State15s_500.html
Click on the state http://
www.sheppardsoftware.com/USA_Geography/USA_G0_click_1024.html
Map movie http://
www.animatedatlas.com/movie-vers-e.html
New Political Party The two party system returned after ending briefly
during the Era of Good Feelings. Republican party was spilt:
- John Quincy Adams -> National Republicans - Jackson -> Democrats
Jackson vs ClayJackson was victorious! Two major political parties: Democrats and Whigs
○ The Whigs wanted the government to improve the country’s economy. These were the rich business people and southern farmers.
○ The Democrats included the average people, frontier farmers as well as factory workers.
Election Changes Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson’s supporters wanted to make the voting system more democratic:○ Eliminated the caucus system
Political candidates chosen by Congressmen
○ Created nominating conventionsDelegates selected a party’s
candidate based on the people’s voteJackson did the best in the West and
South
Jackson’s InaugurationVictory for the “common man” “It was the People’s day, and the People’s
President, and the People would rule.”
The Spoils of Victory “To the victory go the spoils…” Jackson replaced some government officials
with his campaign supporters. He believed that he was expanding
democracy by these actions.
Section 4: Indian Removal Native American of
the Southeast10,000 Native
Americans still lived east of MS ○ Many were
farmers or lived in towns
Cherokees’ leader Sequoyah
Established a government based on written constitution (1827)
Conflict over land Native Americans lived on
fertile land Forced Movement
The Indian Removal Act (1830) carried out by President Jackson to help the U.S. expand westward
Remove Native Americans from land east of the Mississippi River
Relocate them to the “Indian Territory”—land west of the Mississippi River, present day Oklahoma
Removal of Choctaws ○ The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of
1830 (Choctaws) ○ Unfair to Natives○ Lots of suffering and thousands died along
the trips westwardCherokee Removal
○ Still had their land in 1837 (Jackson’s presidency)
○ President Martin Van Buren forced the Cherokees to move.
○ Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/akh10.socst.ush.exp.trail/trail-of-tears/
Black Hawk WarApril-August, 1832
Who was involved? Native Americans(led by Black
Hawk)-chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo tribes VS Americans.
Where?Illinois and
Wisconsin
What happened? The Native Americans had land in Illinois and
Wisconsin. In the 1820’s, the U.S. took it away. They forced
Black Hawk’s people to sign treaties giving up their land.
Black Hawk began raiding white settlements. U.S. troops (General Henry Atkinson) pursued the
tribe. Black Hawk surrendered, but Atkinson's men opened
fire anyway, killing 200 women, children and warriors. Black Hawk was captured and imprisoned for a year.
Then he rejoined the remnants of his tribe on a reservation in Iowa.
Did you know… Abraham Lincoln
enlisted in an Illinois militia unit during the Black Hawk War. He became a captain, but did not see action.
Jefferson Davis (Confederate President) Also fought in the war.
Section 5: State’s Rights and the Economy The Bank War
The Second Bank of the United States earned strong support from business people.
On the other hand, many Americans disliked the Bank. They opposed the way the bank restricted loans made by state banks. This limited the amount of money the banks could lend, which angered farmers and merchants.
The Bank’s most powerful enemy was Andrew Jackson, who called the Bank “the Monster.”
The Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, was having Congress renew the Bank’s charter. “The Bank. . . Is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!” –
Jackson Immediate veto!
○ Although many Americans thought Jackson took too much power as president, most agreed with his veto of the bank and he won reelection in 1832. John c. Calhoun ->VP
○ Shortly after he was reelected he decided to “kill the bank!”
○ He withdrew all government deposits and the bank was forced to shut down.
Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun were once friends. They became fierce opponents in a quarrel over state's rights, or the right of the states to limit the power of the federal government.
The Nullification Crisis The South was still upset about the high
tariffs that were put into place in 1828. The South responded by trying to nullify
the tariffStates had a right to nullify, or cancel, a
federal law it considered unconstitutionalSome southern states wanted to secede, or
break away from the U.S.Basically this was a conflict over how much
power the federal government should have
Arguments for Nullification John C. Calhoun
○ The union grew from an agreement between the various states. Each state kept certain powers
○ If the federal government could enforce this unjust law, could it also use its power to end slavery?
Arguments against Nullification Senator Daniel Webster
○ The Unites States had been formed by the entire American people, not states.
The Vice President Resigns Calhoun soon
afterward resigned his office of Vice President. Martin Van Buren became Jackson’s Vice President in 1833.
I am the new Vice-President
of 1833.
South Carolina Threatens to Secede Congress passed this to try to solve the problem in
the southIt was a lower tariffIt did not please the south
South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs They also warned the federal govt. not to use force
to impose the tariffs Jackson was furious. He issued a “Proclamation to
the People of South Carolina.” It said that the Union could not be dissolved
Unable to win support from other states, South Carolina then repealed its tariff nullification
The End of the Jackson Era Jackson retired from office after two long
terms. Martin Van Buren
Jackson’s choiceHe was Jackson’s secretary of state and vice
president. Elected in 1836 over the Whig party
○ The Whigs were a group of people who disliked Jackson and had tried to prevent any candidate from receiving a majority of electoral votes.
○ However, Van Buren received a majority of both the electoral and the popular vote.
The Panic of 1837During his term in office, a
depression occurred. ○ Hundreds of banks went
bankrupt. The people who had supported
Jackson turned against Van Buren and the Whigs gained ground
The Election of 1840Van Buren vs. William Harrison
(Whig candidate) ○ Harrison won!
The Whigs were in power and the Age of Jackson was over.