chapter 10€¦ · chapter 25 section 1 the cold ... states’ rights, and western expansion...

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins

Section 1

Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion

Chapter 10

Union in Crisis


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Contrast the economies, societies, and political views of the North and the South.

• Describe the role of the Free-Soil Party in the election of 1848.

• Analyze why slavery in the territories was a divisive issue between North and South and how Congress tried to settle the issue in 1850.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands won from Mexico

• Free-Soil Party – a political party that promised free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men

• popular sovereignty – followers believed a territory’s voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• secede – to break away, especially from the Union

• Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed to avoid division between North and South over slavery

• Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves

Terms and People (continued)


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over slavery?

As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve. Different economies and viewpoints of the North and the South hindered compromise.


The Cold War Begins

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The North, a manufacturing society

The South, an agricultural society

• Cities and towns were trade centers

• Factories and farms produced goods

• Paid labor source, few slaves

• Many immigrants

• Cities and towns were few and far between

• Large plantations and small farms were source of wealth

• Enslaved labor force of African Americans

• Few immigrants


The Cold War Begins

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The North and the South had very different views of slavery.


The Cold War Begins

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Slavery and the North Slavery and the South

Few people had slaves and slavery ended by 1860.

Slavery was an integral part of life with over 1 million

enslaved African Americans.

Early in the 1800s, some northerners began to work for the abolition of slavery.

Many believed God intended blacks to provide labor

for whites.

Many northern states limited the rights and migration of free

African Americans, so many white northerners had little contact

with them.

Southerners claimed that enslaved people were healthier

and happier than northern wage earners.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The North and South had different views about new territories.

The South wanted the new territories to be

slave states.

The North wanted the new territories to be

free states.

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The Cold War Begins

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Keeping a balance between free and slave states became the focus of Congress.

It was defeated, but it brought the slavery issue into public debate.

In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso stated that all lands acquired from Mexico would be free territories.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


In the election of 1848, the two political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, split over the issue of slavery and a third party was formed, the Free-Soil Party.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The Free-Soil party lost the election but had a large influence on politics before the Civil War.

Platform Impact

“Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.”

It won 10 percent of the vote

Keep slavery out of the western territories.

It raised the question as to who would decide the slavery issue.

A national platform of “freedom.”

Tensions increased when California sought to join the

Union as a free state.


The Cold War Begins

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The Democrats and Whigs were forced to address the slavery issue.

Both parties supported popular sovereignty, having voters in a territory decide whether their territory would be free or slave.

Having voters decide had wide appeal since it seemed to keep with the tradition of American democracy. It would also remove Congress from the controversy.


The Cold War Begins

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Daniel Webster from the North

John Calhoun from the South

Henry Clay from the West

Once again, the slavery issue was debated in the Senate by three political leaders.


The Cold War Begins

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Henry Clay proposed a compromise balancing the number of free states and slave states in Congress known as the Compromise of 1850.


The Cold War Begins

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Calhoun and Webster’s positions on Clay’s compromise during Senate debate:

Calhoun

Webster

• Clay’s compromise did not give the South enough protection.

• The South would break away from the Union if it did not get its demands on the slavery issue.

• Any state had the right to secede if it disagreed with national laws.

• The states should rally to the cause of unity.

• Sectional compromise was needed in order to preserve the Union.

• Webster supported popular sovereignty.


The Cold War Begins

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The North The South

California would be admitted to the Union as a free state.

Congress would pass a stricter fugitive slave law.

The territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide on slavery

by a vote.

Slavery would be enforced in Wash., DC, although the slave

trade would be abolished.

The compromise brought calm to the nation, but larger crises loomed.

The Compromise of 1850 finally became a law stating that:


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Section Review

Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz

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The Cold War Begins

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Section 2


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Analyze why the Fugitive Slave Act increased tensions between the North and South.

• Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen differently by the North and South.

• Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas and the effects of that conflict.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• personal liberty laws – laws passed in the North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act

• Underground Railroad – a secret network of people who helped slaves escape the South

• Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into freedom through the Underground Railroad

• Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote a best-selling novel that condemned slavery

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery

• John Brown – a New York abolitionist who used violence

• “Bleeding Kansas”– term used to describe Kansas, where there was violence between proslavery and antislavery supporters



The Cold War Begins

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The Compromise of 1850 resolved the slavery issues only for a short time.

The slavery issue turned violent with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


By the mid-1800s, the issue of slavery was a national issue in which every American - North, South, and West, had an opinion.


The Cold War Begins

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The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850, required all citizens to catch and return runaway slaves.


The Cold War Begins

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• nullified the Fugitive Slave Act.

• enabled state officials to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping free African Americans.

• increased northern white support of abolitionism.

Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws:


The Cold War Begins

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The map shows the routes “conductors” used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom.

Free blacks and Northern abolitionists organized an escape network called the Underground

Railroad.


The Cold War Begins

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A fugitive slave from Maryland, Harriet Tubman, was called the “Black Moses” because she led so many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad.


The Cold War Begins

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• White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin that gave readers compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom.

• Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in which the enslaved Blake chooses to rebel violently against slavery.

Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining northern support for abolition and infuriating the South.


The Cold War Begins

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Tensions greatly increased between the North and the South as:

• African Americans increased their resistance.

• the abolitionist movement grew stronger in the North and West.

• the question of whether a new territory should become a slave or free state arose again.


The Cold War Begins

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• The legislation divided Nebraska territory into two separate areas.

• Residents of both Kansas and Nebraska voted to allow or outlaw slavery.

• Congress assumed Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska a free state.

• Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to influence the vote.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

was enacted in the spring

of 1854.


The Cold War Begins

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• Pro-slavery Southern Border Ruffians from Missouri attacked the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.

• Northern abolitionist John Brown responded by killing five pro-slavery settlers.

• Both sides armed and readied for battle.

Passage of the Act set off violence between Northerners and Southerners.


The Cold War Begins

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Describing the violence in Kansas, reporters called the territory “Bleeding Kansas.”


The Cold War Begins

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The dispute over Kansas:

The South wanted Kansas to be a slave state. The North wanted Kansas to be a free state.

In 1861, after the Civil War started, Kansas joined the Union as a free state.


The Cold War Begins

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Violence over the slavery issue broke out in the U.S. Senate. Southern Representative Brooks badly beat Northern Senator Sumner.

The national tension over slavery grew wider and deeper, with violence spreading even to Congress.


The Cold War Begins

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Section Review



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The Cold War Begins

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Section 3


The Cold War Begins

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• Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected the nation’s politics.

• Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery.

• Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on the slavery debate.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Know-Nothings – members of anti-immigrant movement

• Republican Party – political party founded in 1854 that opposed slavery

• Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom

• Roger B. Taney – chief justice of Supreme Court that ruled against Scott

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins

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• Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Stephan A. Douglas – an Illinois politician, rival to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution that would destroy slavery



The Cold War Begins

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By the mid-1850s, events caused a deep divide between sections of the nation that seemed unable to be resolved through negotiation and compromise.

As the westward expansion continued, these deep sectional differences threatened to tear the nation apart.

What developments deepened the divisions between the North and South?


The Cold War Begins

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In the presidential election of 1856 there were 5 political parties.

Whig Party Failed to nominate a candidate

Republican Party Won one-third of the popular vote and 11 northern states

Know-Nothings Put up a candidate but dissolved over the slavery issue

Democrats Won with James Buchanan promising to stop the “agitation of the slavery issue”

Free-Soil Party Absorbed into the Republican Party


The Cold War Begins

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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved man who had lived in a free state and sued for his freedom.

Within a year of the election, another event intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery.


The Cold War Begins

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Chief Justice Roger B. Taney handed down the controversial decision in March, 1857.


The Cold War Begins

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• ruled against Scott.

• said slaves were property and not allowed to sue in court.

• said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

• pleased the South.

• angered the North and abolitionists.

The Dred Scott decision:


The Cold War Begins

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In 1858, in a race for the Illinois senate seat, Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debated the issue of slavery.

The seven debates got national attention.


The Cold War Begins

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Lincoln Douglas

Spoke with direct and deliberate tone focusing on how slavery was a struggle between right and wrong.

Had an energetic, commanding voice and spoke of the political issues.

Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, and the Scott decision.

Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty.

Opposed the annexation of Texas.

Supported the annexation of Texas.

On the issue of slavery:


The Cold War Begins

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Douglas won the Senate seat by a slim margin.

The debates gave Abraham Lincoln national recognition that was important in the 1860 presidential election.

Both candidates believed the issue of slavery had to be resolved peacefully, within the framework of laws.


The Cold War Begins

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His goal was to inspire local slaves to join a revolution that would defeat slavery.

John Brown organized a small party of men and attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia.


The Cold War Begins

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John Brown’s raid failed but intensified national division.

Most abolitionists (black and white) refused to join Brown although a few sent money for guns.

Brown was arrested, tried, and executed.

Lincoln and other Republicans condemned Brown.

The South was on alert and many prepared for war.


The Cold War Begins

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The possibility of war between the North and South loomed.

Near the end of the 1850s, attempts at compromise over slavery had failed.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Section Review



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The Cold War Begins

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Section 4


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Compare the candidates in the election

of 1860, and analyze the results.

• Analyze why southern states seceded from

the Union.

• Assess the events that led to the outbreak

of war.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


• Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became president of the Confederacy

• John C. Breckinridge –Southern Democrat nominated for president in the 1860 election

• Confederate States of America – formed in February 1861 by seven states that left the Union

• Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional amendment allowing slavery in all territories south of the Missouri Compromise line

• Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


How did the Union finally collapse into

a civil war?

Disagreement between the North and South over

slavery continued, despite last-minute attempts such as

the Crittenden Compromise.

With the election of Lincoln to the presidency, the crisis

came to a head.


The Cold War Begins

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The election of 1860 had four candidates.


The Cold War Begins

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He believed the federal government must protect slavery.

A Democrat, John C. Breckinridge

was from Kentucky.


The Cold War Begins

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He believed popular

sovereignty should decide

the slavery issue when

territories became states.

A Democrat, Stephen A. Douglas was from Illinois.


The Cold War Begins

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He believed slavery should not be allowed in the territories.

A Republican, Abraham Lincoln was from

Illinois.


The Cold War Begins

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He believed the federal government should support slavery and defend the Union.

Constitutional Unionist John Bell was

from Tennessee.


The Cold War Begins

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With no national candidate dominating the campaign, Lincoln won with just over half of the electoral votes needed and 40 percent of the popular vote.


The Cold War Begins

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The vote for

Abraham Lincoln

was mostly a vote

for moderation

toward the issue

of slavery and a

vote for the Union.

However, the

South felt it no

longer had a voice

in the national

government and

did not see how it

could remain in

the Union.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


South Carolina was the first southern state to leave the Union.

At a state convention held six weeks after Election Day, legislators voted to secede. It was a unanimous vote.

X


The Cold War Begins

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Outgoing President Buchanan publicly condemned South Carolina’s action.

However, he did not use force to prevent it.

Within weeks, six other Southern states followed South Carolina.


The Cold War Begins

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The states with the largest enslaved populations seceded.


The Cold War Begins

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• closely resembled the U.S. Constitution.

• stressed the independence of each state.

• implied that states had the right to secede.

• forbid importing new slaves from other countries.

The constitution of the

Confederate States of America:


The Cold War Begins

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Jefferson Davis, former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederate States of America.


The Cold War Begins

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• he urged peace between the Confederacy and the Union.

• he decided to try to hold on to the Union forts the Confederacy claimed, such as Fort Sumter.

When Lincoln took office:

However, Confederate forces attacked and

captured the fort in defiance of Lincoln.


The Cold War Begins

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After

Fort Sumter

fell, Lincoln

declared that

insurrection

existed.

Four more southern

states immediately

joined the Confederacy.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The issue of slavery had

long divided the nation,

even at the Constitutional

Convention in 1787.

A Nation Divided by Civil War

The economic sectional differences in the mid-

1800s also greatly contributed to the national

division.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Predictions

were the Civil

War would be

short, but it

lasted for four

terrible years.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Section Review



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chapter 10€¦ · chapter 25 section 1 the cold ... states’ rights, and western expansion...

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