Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Carolus Linnaeus, 1735 Georges Buffon, 1749 Erasmus Darwin, 1749 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809

2nd to classify organisms based on

their _________traits

Proposed that species shared

________________ancestors

Proposed that more complex life forms

arose from _______ complex life forms

less

Proposed that changes in an

environment caused changes in

________________organisms

3

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809

One Of First Scientists To Understand That Change Occurs Over Time

Stated that Changes Are Adaptations To Environment acquired in an organism’s lifetime

Said acquired changes were passed to offspring

4

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Idea called

Law of Use and Disuse

If a body part were used, it got stronger

If body part NOT used, it deteriorated

5

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Proposed That By Selective Use Or Disuse Of Organs, Organisms Acquired Or Lost Certain Traits During Their Lifetime

These Traits Could Then Be Passed On To Their Offspring

Over Time This Led To New Species

6

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them

Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms)

Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)

7

8

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Inheritance Of Acquired Traits Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime

Would Be Passed To Offspring

Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

9

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

Tendency Toward Perfection Organisms Are Continually

Changing and Acquiring Features That Help Them Live More Successfully In Their Environment

Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To Fly So They Tried Until Wings Developed

10

Lamarck’s Mistakes

Lamarck Did NOT Know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes)

Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life

Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

Theory proposed by _______________________.

States that ______________________________ such as ___________ and _______________________________ have shaped ________________ and caused species to become ___________________ in the process.

CATASTROPHISM

Georges Cuvier

Natural disastersfloods

volcanic eruptionslandforms

extinct

GRADUALISMTheory proposed by ______________________.

States that the changes in landfoms resulted from ___________________ that had occurred over a long period of time.

Theory proposed by ______________________.

States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. __________________________________________________________________________________

UNIFORMITARIANISM

James Hutton

slow changes

Charles Lyell

The changes have happened in the past and are ONGOING!

13

Catastrophism

Idea proposed by George Cuvier

Studied fossil in sedimentary rock strata of Paris

Found some species completely disappeared in more recent layers

14

Catastrophism Stated that

species disappear due to a catastrophic event of the earth’s crust (volcano, earthquake…)

15

Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change

James Hutton, 1795, Scottish geologistStudied invertebrate fossils in Paris MuseumDescribed The Geological Forces That Have Changed Life on Earth Over Millions of Years (erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes…)

16

Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change

Changes in Earth’s crust due to slow continuous processes

Idea Known as

Gradualism

17

Charles Lyell

Proposed theory of Uniformintarianism

Geological processes at uniform rates building & wearing down Earth’s crust

Proposed that the Earth was millions of years instead of a few thousand years old

18

Principles of Geology Published by Lyell Just Before

The Beagle Set Sail & read by Darwin

Explained Geological Processes That Shaped The Earth

Helped Darwin Understand Sea Shells In The Andes Mountains At 12,000+ Feet Expanded Earth’s Age

1. English __________________ who wrote the __________________________

2. Developed the ___________________________

3. Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms over time.

Naturalist

Origin of the Species

Theory of Evolution

changehereditary features

Controversy

Charles Darwin traveled on the

HMS Beagle from England to the

____________________________

It is on these islands that

Darwin made his observations and

compiled __________________________________________

Galapagos Islands

evidence of the evolutionary

process.

1. _______________________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs.

________________________: Variation that occurs among members of different species

________________________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species.

2. _______________________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment.

Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a _______________________________________.

Variation

Interspecific Variation

Intraspecific Variation

Adaptation

Population over time

1. LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE

2. THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING

3. THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE

4. NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE

___________________________________________

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

TYPES OF FEET

CLAWEDWEBBED

PADDED HOOVED

TYPES OF BEAKS

FISH

NUTS FISH

INSECTS

COLORATION

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

BODY FAT AND THICK FUR

_______________________

_______________________

1. It survives 2. It passes on his traits_______________ _______________________

1. It survives 2. It passes on its traits_______________ _______________________

_____________________________

Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and what will not survive.

____________________ - ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Principles of NS

PREDATORS

WEATHER CONDITIONS

RESOURCE SHORTAGES

DISEASE

____________________________

_________________________________________

_______________________________________________

____________________________

Adaptations = traits

Traits = genes

Adaptations = genes

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

1. A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE

2. ARE NATURAL EVENTS

3. CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS

4. THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

__________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

BROWN COAT

TO WHITE COAT

The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and

reproduce.

BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT

The brown rabbit is more easily seen by

predators. It will most likely not survive and

reproduce.

__________________

__________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Species – A group of living things that can breed

with others of the same species and

form ‘FERTILE’ offspring.

Fertile – being able to reproduce by

forming egg or sperm cells

________________________________________

________________________________________

New species are formed by:

1. Animals within the same species are separated by a barrier, (water, mountains, etc).

a. They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions.

2. Natural selection takes place within the two separate regions.

3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce.

4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations.

___________________________________

______________________________

_______________

_____________________

_________

1. Seed Eaters

2. Plant Eaters

3. Insect Eaters

4. Cactus Eaters

_______________________________________________________

4545

.

Major Problem in Darwin’s Theory

• No mechanism to explain natural selection

• How could favorable variations be transmitted to later generations?

• With the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in the first half of the 20th century, the missing link in evolutionary theory was found

4646

Opposition to EvolutionOpposition to Evolution

• The upheaval surrounding evolution began with Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection

• The debate continues nearly 150 years later

HUMANS

COME

FROM

MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES

Hamadryas baboon(Africa)

Patas monkey(Africa)

Congo Gorilla

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)  

Howler Monkey

•Have tails

•Nostrils Point Upwards

•Some have tails

•Nostrils Point Downwards

•No tails

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

10 MILLION YEARS AGO

APES

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN

HOMO SAPIEN

HOMO ERECTUS

HOMO HABILIS

Walked upright, very short. “Lucy”

Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa

Lived in Europe. Continental drift?

Neanderthal

Cave Drawings, This is us!

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Did humans evolve?Ardi

Hominid Skulls

What do the differences in the skull suggest?

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

Virtual lab – Hominoid skulls

C

A

B

Supraorbital index : Using a metric ruler,

1. Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____

2. Divide the result by AC ____

Acurate measurements are taken to compare fossils.

•A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to back of skull

•A line is drawn under the eye socket from front to back of skull

•A line is drawn from the highest point on the top of skull to lower line.

What is the supraorbital index measuring? _____________________________Size of Brain / Intelligence

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

1. Remains of once-living things

2. Found in earth’s crust within sedimentary rock

Oldest Layer of Rock

Newest Layer of Rock

Simple Organisms

Complex Organisms

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

__Body Comparisons__

___Fossils______________________________________________________

__Embryos_____________________

1. Body Structure

a. Bones: (Number of bones, Length of bones, etc)

b. Skulls: (Size of, Position of, Similarities of, etc)

2. Body Chemistry

a. DNA

b. Blood

Shows common traits in organisms which determine relationships/evolution

______________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_______________________________

______________

__________

Evolution from different

______________

of animals

Evolution within same _______________ of animals

Skulls of fossil HominidaeAustralopithecus robustus

Homo habilis & H. sapiens

Homo erectus Homo sapiens neanderthalis

CLASSESORDER

Structure of organisms

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

1. The study of embryos

2. Show common ancestry

3. Show common traits

Which one is human?

How does evolution work

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

Charles Darwin traveled on the

HMS Beagle from England to the

____________________________

It is on these islands that

Darwin made his observations and

compiled __________________________________________

Galapagos Islands

evidence of the evolutionary

process.

1. COMPETITION: __struggle among living things to get their needs______________________________

2. EVOLUTION : _change in hereditary features in a group of organisms over time_________________

3. EXTINCT : _life-form that no longer exists_____________________________________________

4. FERTILE : ___can produce viable egg and sperm___________________________________

5. FOSSIL : __remains of once living things from the past_____________________________________

6. NATURAL SELECTION _something in a living thing’s surroundings will determine if it will survive__

7. NEW-WORLD MONKEY _tails that can grasp and nostrils that open upward__________________

8. OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and have downward nostrils_________________

9. OPPOSABLE THUMB: _thumb that is positioned opposite of other fingers_________________

10. PRIMATE: _have eyes that face forward and thumbs that grasp_____________________________

11. SEDIMENTARY ROCK: _form from mud, sand and other fine particles___________________________

12. SPECIES: __group of living things that can produce fertile offspring__________________________

13. VARIATION: _a trait that makes an individual different from others of its species________________

14. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE: _body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans