Intelligence

INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION SLIDES FOR INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY

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Table of Contents

Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Intelligence and Creativity Emotional Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Principles of Test Construction Intelligence: Genetic and Environment Group Differences in Intelligence Bias in Intelligence Testing

Exceptionally creative architects, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers usually score no higher on intelligence tests than do their less creative peers.

Highly educated people die with more synapses than their less-educated peers.

Today’s Americans score higher on intelligence tests than Americans did in the 1930s.

Recent research findings support a “Mozart effect,” that is, that having infants listen to classical music boosts their cognitive ability.

Aptitude scores, such as SAT scores, are a much better predictor of the college performance of white students than it is of black students.

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Intelligence and Labels

Intelligence Testing

Intelligencemental quality consisting of the ability to: • learn from experience • solve problems • use knowledge to adapt

to new situations

Intelligence Issues

Is intelligence a specific ability or a cluster of abilities?

Is intelligence a product of nature, nurture, or both?

Are there gender and racial

differences in intelligence?

Do creativity and emotion play a role

in intelligence?

Can intelligence be assessed

accurately, without bias?

Intelligence as a general ability—associated with Spearman

In this view, intelligence can be described as a single factor called general intelligence, or the g factor.

Theories of Intelligence

Multiple Intelligences—associated with Gardner

Similar to Thurstone, but expanded definition of intelligence as a plural phenomenon: eight general intelligences that involve different abilities to solve problems or different creative abilities, each valued within a cultural setting or settings.

Theories of Intelligence

Linguistic intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence

Musical intelligence

Spatial intelligence

Body-kinesthetic intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence

Intrapersonal intelligence

Naturalist intelligence

Three forms of intelligence—associated with Sternberg

In this model “successful” intelligence (intelligence which facilitates success in everyday life) involves three types of mental abilities: analytic, creative, practical

Theories of Intelligence

Components of creativity expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsically motivated creative environment

Intelligence and Creativity

Creativity—the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas—is often correlated with intelligence and can be considered an aspect of intelligence in its own right.

Savant: Music

being in tune with one’s emotions and the emotions of others can be considered an aspect of intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence

Aspects of Emotional Intelligence▪ Identify or perceiving emotion

▪ Understanding emotion

▪ Manage emotion ▪delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards

▪ Using emotion

▪Read emotion in others

Assessing intelligence

▪ Binet develops first widely accepted intelligence test; originates concept of mental age.

▪ Terman develops Stanford-Binet test in U.S.; lays basis for intelligence quotient (IQ) as measure of general intelligence.

Assessing Intelligence: The Development of Intelligence Tests▪Wechsler develops WAIS, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale, incorporating the belief that intelligence reflects variety of mental abilities.

Principles of Test Construction

Principles of Test Construction

Eliminate Bias ▪ Give the test to representative sample of

people ▪ Make sure they take the test following the

same procedures ▪ Compare the scores with the standards define

by the sample

Principles of Test Construction

Standardization: administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested “standardization group” Example: a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.

Principles of Test Construction

Reliability: Ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions.

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used.

Test scores will match pretty consistently over time

Example: Take an aptitude test for computer programming at one company and 6 months later take the same test for another company and post score that are almost identical.

Principles of Test Construction

Validity:

Ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. Example: Math test with math questions and no English questions.

Assessing IntelligenceAchievement Test: ▪ A test designed to assess what a

person’s learned knowledge and skill ▪ To assess learned knowledge or skills

▪ Bar exam, MFT exam, reading comp tests

Assessing IntelligenceAptitude Test: ▪ Aptitude is the ability or capacity to learn

new skills

▪ A test designed to predict a person’s ability to learn new skills (future performance).

Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Brain scans show similarities in gray matter and brain areas associated with intelligence among identical twins. Recent research has identified chromosomal regions important to intelligence and specific genes that appear to influence intelligence..

Is intellectual ability mostly inherited?

A variety of twin studies demonstrate similarity in intelligence scores among the most genetically similar people.

Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Children from impoverished environments exhibit deficits in intellectual development. Interventions to relieve infant malnutrition have led to cognitive improvement. Enriched early education experiences can positively influence intellectual development.

Is intellectual ability molded by environment?

Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Heritability—the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity Currently, the heritability of intelligence for the general population is estimated at approximately 50 percent.

Is intellectual ability mostly inherited or molded by environment?

Conclusion: Intelligence is the result of a complex interaction

between heredity and the environment.

Male and female average scores for overall intelligence are nearly identical. Gender differences have been demonstrated in specific abilities (females better at verbal memory, males at spatial abilities). Researchers cite evolutionary, brain-based, cultural explanations for gender differences.

Group Differences in Intelligence: Gender

As a group, whites score higher than Hispanics or African-Americans, though the gap is narrowing. Evidence suggests that environmental differences are largely, perhaps, entirely, responsible for group differences. More variation exists within groups than between groups.

Group Differences in Intelligence: Race

Genetics research reveals that the races are remarkably alike. Race is not a neatly defined biological category. Infants of all races have scored equally well on infant intelligence measures. In different eras, different ethnic groups have experienced periods of remarkable achievement.

Group Differences in IntelligenceFurther considerations against race as a factor in intelligence:

Critics argue that intelligence tests reflect cultural knowledge and values of dominant cultures, leading to lower scores among minority groups. Stereotype threat can lower test scores in people who are aware that they belong to negatively viewed groups.

Bias in Intelligence Testing

SLIDE DESCRIPTION CREDITSlide 1 Brain graphic NLshop/Fotolia.comSlide 4 Fill-in test iStockphoto/ Thinkstock

College students in a big lecture hall Corbis Super RF/ AlamySlide 5 Intelligence test Stockbyte/ ThinkstockSlide 7 Painter Comstock/ Thinkstock

Man and guitar Jupiterimages/ ThinkstockMichael Jackson iStockphoto/ ThinkstockPresidential speech iStockphoto/ ThinkstockMath problem blackboard iStockphoto/ ThinkstockMan speaking to group Pixland/ ThinkstockPicture of Rene Descartes (cropped) Leonard de Selva/ CorbisPicture of Charles Darwin Vintage Images/Alamy

Slide 8 Illustrating logic: children with yellow die moodboard / SuperStock Illustrating math: equation on blackboard moodboard / SuperStock

Slide 9 Cartoon: “Everyone held up their crackers...” Reprinted with permission of Paul SoderblomSlide 10 Man on soapbox Michael Blann/ Digital Vision/ ThinkstockSlide 14 Photo of people taking a test in a big classroom/

lecture hallJack Hollingsworth/ Photodisc/ Thinkstock

Slide 15 Twins James Woodson/ Digital Vision/ ThinkstockSlide 16 Kids in Head Start classroom playing games Jacques Chenet/ Woodfin Camp & AssociatesSlide 17 Cartoon: "I don't know anything about the bell

curve...."©The New Yorker Collection 2001 David Sipress from Cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved.

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