chapter 10 memory new reg. psych 2011 no video
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter Ten
Memory and Thought
Information Processing
Input - The information you receive from your sensesCentral Processing - The storing (in memory) and sorting (by thought) of input in the brainOutput - The ideas and actions that result from processing
Taking In Information
Selective Attention– Picking and choosing from the
sensory input available to you
Broadbent (1960)
Theory of Selection
Dichotic Listening Task
Treisman (1964)
Attenuation Theory– Filter doesn’t eliminate, merely
suppresses…• Like Picture in Picture
Criteria for Selective Attention
ImportanceNoveltyInterest
Taking In Information Cont.
Feature Extraction– Analyzing the information that
selective attention sends to us
Feature Extraction
IdentifySortCategorize
Separated at Birth?
Semantic Feature Theory
Word meaning is a cluster of features that comprises our complete definition of a word
Rosch (1973)
Theory of Prototypes
Which one is the dog???
Storing Information
Sensory Storage– The memory system into which inputs
from the senses are received
Sperling (1960)
Demonstrated the phenomenon of sensory storageDuration: one second maxStorage Limit: 7-9 items
Tachistoscope
A device resembling a microscope, which allows control of visual input down to fractions of a second
Storing Information cont.
Short-Term Memory– Receives inputs from sensory storage– Input is analyzed and identified for
later storage in long-term memory– Duration: rarely longer than 20
seconds– Rehearsal - input must be repeated if
you want it to stay in short-term memory
Miller (1956)
Chunking - grouping similar inputs together to compact space– “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or
Minus Two”
Storing Information cont.
Transition to Long-Term Memory– Rehearsal– Intent to learn
Storing Information cont.
Long-Term memory– Input stored according to features– Reconstructed or reassembled when
needed
Other Models of Memory
Tulving 1972– Semantic Memory
• Knowledge of language and how it works• Includes grammar, syntax, diction,
denotation and connotation
– Episodic Memory• Events and experiences which are
completely unique to you• Includes flashbulb memories
LR Squire (1972)
Declarative memory• AKA explicit memory• Combination of semantic and episodic memory• Descriptive
Procedural memory• AKA implicit memory• Knowledge of how to perform the steps of a task• Demonstration• Priming • Conditioning -Takes place without conscious awareness
of the subject
Memory and the Brain
Learning - a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
Theories of Change
Theory #1 - physiological changes in the structure of neuronsTheory #2 - physiological changes in either the molecular structure or the chemical structure of the brain
Where Memory Takes Place
Declarative memories are stored in the amygdala and the hippocampusProcedural memories are stored in the striatum, in the frontal lobes
Thompson (1987)
Simple memories are stored in one specific location in the brainLimits of plasticity
Selective Memory Problems
Prospagnosia - inability to recognize familiar faces (Larry from the video)
Visual agnosia - inability to recognize faces, words, or other visual cues (John from the video)
Neuronal Activity Research
NeuropsychologistsMemory and agingNeurological basis of ADHD
Retrieving Information
Retrieval• The process of finding a stored memory
– Recognition• The ability to say whether something is
familiar• Function of declarative, or explicit,
memory
Retrieving Information Cont.
IndexingThe process of identifying a stimulus in a variety of ways
Retrieving Information Cont.
Eyewitness Testimony– Uses recognition– Unreliable
Retrieving Information Cont.
Loftus (1974)– Mistaken identity in courtroom and
lineup identification– Distortion of eyewitness testimony
(auto accident video) – Stress impacts the ability to create a
strong, clear memory of an event (1979)
Retrieving Information Cont.
Recall– The active reconstruction of
information stored in memory• Influenced by:
– Knowledge– Attitudes– Experiences– Passage of Time
Retrieving Information Cont.
Inhelder (1969)– Bottle drawing experiment
Retrieving Information
Variations– Simplified– Enriched– Distorted– Confabulation
Eidetic Memory
Memory storage as accurate as a pictureRequires no reconstructionPossessed by less than 5% of the population
Relearning
Learning something againFunction of procedural (implicit) memoryQuicker than original learning
Forgetting
Information which is stored in long-term memory, but cannot be retrieved
Inhibiting Memory Retrieval
Decay• Fading away of sensory or short-term memory
Interference– Proactive Interference
• Old learning inhibits the acquisition of new learning
– Retroactive Interference• New learning inhibits the recall of old learning
Repression• Freudian concept of the pushing down by consciousness
of a traumatic memory into the subconscious
Improving Memory
Mood– Braid - hypnosis– Sirhan Sirhan - state-dependent
memory– Bower - validates state-dependent
memory
Improving Memory Cont.
Meaningfulness– More meaning means easier recall
Improving Memory Cont.
Association– Known items– Strong emotion– Fragrance experiment
Improving Memory Cont.
Dissociation– Opposite of association– Roth (1990)
Improving Memory
Lack of Interference– Overlearning– Divided studying
Mnemonic Devices– Aid to memorizing lists– Word play
• HOMES
Central Processing of Information
Thinking– Units of Thought
• Image - A mental picture of a specific object or event
• Symbol - A sound, design or word that represents an object or a quality
• Concept - A symbol for a whole class or category of objects that we have decided to group together (Rosch/Prototypes)
• Rule - A statement about how concepts are related to each other
Central Processing of Information
Kinds of Thinking Cont.
Metacognition– Thinking about thinking– Thinking about thought processes
Problem-Solving
Strategies• Segments• Backward• Brainstorming• Experience
Set• A response that has become habitual
because it works
Rigidity
Functional fixednessFallacious assumptionInability to segment
Creativity
The ability to take what you already know, and use it in a way that is new or original– Characteristics
• Flexibility The degree to which you are able to overcome rigidity in thinking
• Recombination The ability to take information you already have, and rearrange it to make something new
• Insight– The sudden emergence of a solution to a problem through
recombining– The “A-HA” experience
Wolfgang Kohler
German psychologistContemporary of Max Wertheimer and Kurt KoffkaThese three founded what became Gestalt psychology
Kohler (1925)
Demonstrates the existence of insight in animals (chimps)
Alpert (1928)
Demonstrates the existence of insight in young children (playpen)
The EndThe End