Chapter 10: Chapter 10: MotivationMotivation

What is motivation?What is motivation?1.1. What do you guys think?What do you guys think?

2.2. Motivation is the driving force Motivation is the driving force behind a given behavior behind a given behavior

3.3. It is the ‘why’ behind what we do. It It is the ‘why’ behind what we do. It has biological, social, and cognitive has biological, social, and cognitive roots.roots.

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation1.1. Drive-reduction theoryDrive-reduction theory

2.2. Arousal theoryArousal theory

3.3. Maslow’s HierarchyMaslow’s Hierarchy

Another Motivating Another Motivating factor: factor: The Need to BelongThe Need to Belong

1.1. Cooperation increases survival – what Cooperation increases survival – what type of psychological perspective is this?type of psychological perspective is this?

2.2. It makes us feel goodIt makes us feel good

3.3. Social acceptance & self-esteemSocial acceptance & self-esteem

4.4. Still don’t think it is NECESSARY? Still don’t think it is NECESSARY?

Achievement & Achievement & MotivationMotivation

1.1. This is the top of Maslow’s hierarchy This is the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of motivation – our internal drive to of motivation – our internal drive to do welldo well

2.2. There seem to be both emotional There seem to be both emotional and cognitive roots behind and cognitive roots behind achievement motivationachievement motivation

3.3. Encouragement (pep talks) seems Encouragement (pep talks) seems to increase this brand of motivationto increase this brand of motivation

HomeostasisHomeostasis1.1. This is Latin for ‘same state’This is Latin for ‘same state’

2.2. It is referring to a set of internal It is referring to a set of internal processes that keep the body processes that keep the body operating within a fixed range on a operating within a fixed range on a number of different variablesnumber of different variables

Who can think of a good example?Who can think of a good example?

Sex: PhysiologySex: Physiology Sexual behavior has 4 distinct Sexual behavior has 4 distinct

stagesstages1.1. ExcitementExcitement

2.2. PlateauPlateau

3.3. OrgasmOrgasm

4.4. RefractoryRefractory

Two hormones are important (and Two hormones are important (and required) for normal sexual activity: required) for normal sexual activity: estrogen and testosterone estrogen and testosterone

Sex: PsychologySex: Psychology1.1. Exposure to outside stimuli (real or Exposure to outside stimuli (real or

imagined) increases feelings of imagined) increases feelings of sexual arousalsexual arousal

2.2. Sexual Dysfunction – inability to Sexual Dysfunction – inability to experience normal sexual activityexperience normal sexual activity

Erectile dysfunctionErectile dysfunction Premature ejaculationPremature ejaculation Orgasmic disorderOrgasmic disorder

Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation There are a number of biological There are a number of biological

factors that may influence our factors that may influence our sexual orientation:sexual orientation:

1.1. Research has shown there does seem Research has shown there does seem to be some brain differences between to be some brain differences between homosexuals and heterosexualshomosexuals and heterosexuals

There is still a ‘chicken or the egg’ There is still a ‘chicken or the egg’ problemproblem

2.2. Genetic influenceGenetic influence

3.3. Exposure to atypical prenatal Exposure to atypical prenatal hormones may change the hormones may change the ‘sexualization’ of the brain‘sexualization’ of the brain

Hunger: Physiology & Hunger: Physiology & PsychologyPsychology

Did you know there are actual biological Did you know there are actual biological constraints on what we eat?constraints on what we eat?

1.1. Dairy & lactose intoleranceDairy & lactose intolerance

2.2. Teeth!Teeth!

3.3. Sweet vs. bitterSweet vs. bitter

There are also psychological influences There are also psychological influences on what we eaton what we eat

1.1. Taste, experience, & cultureTaste, experience, & culture Conditioned aversionsConditioned aversions

Physiology: Physiology: MetabolismMetabolism

Your Your basal metabolic ratebasal metabolic rate is the is the body’s use of energy to carry our body’s use of energy to carry our daily bodily maintenance – just to daily bodily maintenance – just to keep things running keep things running

Set-pointSet-point is determined by: is determined by:1.1. MetabolismMetabolism

2.2. Food intakeFood intake

3.3. Energy outputEnergy output

What makes us feel What makes us feel full?full?

1.1. Would the Willie Wonka gum Would the Willie Wonka gum actually make us feel satisfied?actually make us feel satisfied?

2.2. Or could we just fill our stomachs Or could we just fill our stomachs with nutrients and be satisfied?with nutrients and be satisfied?

Energy Feedback Energy Feedback SystemSystem

1.1. What does the body use as fuel? What does the body use as fuel?

2.2. When you eat, your body produces When you eat, your body produces insulin to help you get that glucose into insulin to help you get that glucose into your cells, makes you less hungryyour cells, makes you less hungry

What happens in diabetes?What happens in diabetes?

3.3. The The hypothalamushypothalamus plays a very plays a very important role in this systemimportant role in this system

Hunger: PsychologyHunger: Psychology1.1. Why is it so hard to get kids to try new Why is it so hard to get kids to try new

foods?foods?

2.2. We tend to eat different foods depending We tend to eat different foods depending on how we are feelingon how we are feeling

3.3. Some foods are culture specificSome foods are culture specific

Serious Problems with Serious Problems with Eating and NutritionEating and Nutrition

Obesity –is the most common Obesity –is the most common problemproblem

Eating Disorders:Eating Disorders:1.1. Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

2.2. Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa

ObesityObesity1.1. Obesity is defined as being 20% Obesity is defined as being 20%

over your ideal weightover your ideal weight

2.2. About 25% of adults in the U.S. are About 25% of adults in the U.S. are obeseobese

3.3. Major health problems – Type II Major health problems – Type II diabetes, heart diseasediabetes, heart disease

4.4. Genetics, life style & stress are all Genetics, life style & stress are all contributorscontributors

AnorexiaAnorexia1.1. This is basically controlled This is basically controlled

starvation of one’s selfstarvation of one’s self Fewer than 800 calories per day, Fewer than 800 calories per day,

usually from a restricted number of usually from a restricted number of foodsfoods

Much more common in women than in Much more common in women than in menmen

More common in upper socio-economic More common in upper socio-economic & Caucasian women& Caucasian women

2.2. It is considered to be an anxiety It is considered to be an anxiety disorder – intense fear of becoming disorder – intense fear of becoming fatfat

More about AnorexiaMore about Anorexia Characteristics of girls who develop Characteristics of girls who develop

anorexia:anorexia:1.1. Come from overbearing/controlling Come from overbearing/controlling

parentsparents

2.2. Anxious personality traits – shyness, Anxious personality traits – shyness, perfectionism, social anxietyperfectionism, social anxiety

3.3. Loss of a family member early in lifeLoss of a family member early in life

4.4. DepressionDepression

Anorexia is not just about wanting Anorexia is not just about wanting to be thin, it is about feeling out of to be thin, it is about feeling out of controlcontrol

BulimiaBulimia1.1. This disorder is typified by intense binge This disorder is typified by intense binge

eating, followed by purgingeating, followed by purging

2.2. Purging is usually through vomiting, but Purging is usually through vomiting, but can also be achieved through improper can also be achieved through improper use of laxativesuse of laxatives

3.3. Psychological aspects of the disease are Psychological aspects of the disease are similar to those of anorexiasimilar to those of anorexia

4.4. Often more difficult to diagnose – Often more difficult to diagnose – secretive behavior and less obvious secretive behavior and less obvious resultsresults

Consequences of Eating Consequences of Eating DisordersDisorders

1.1. DeathDeath

2.2. OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

3.3. Heart and other cardiovascular Heart and other cardiovascular problems, including strokeproblems, including stroke

4.4. Damage to the esophagus, Damage to the esophagus, stomach, teeth, mouthstomach, teeth, mouth