THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Chapter 10, Section 1

Do Now

Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?

Chapter 10 Timeline 1543 – Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body 1610 – Galileo’s discoveries are published 1628 – Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood 1632 – Galileo faces the Inquisition 1637 – Descartes publishes Discourse on Method 1702 – First daily newspaper published in London 1714 – The Hanoverian dynasty is established 1721 – Robert Wadpole becomes cabinet head in Britain 1730s – Rococo style spreads 1740 – War of Austrian Succession begins 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 – Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws 1756 – The Seven Years’ War erupts 1757 – William Pitt the Elder becomes cabinet head 1762 – Rousseau publishes The Social Contract 1762 – Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia 1763 – Voltaire writes his Treatise on Toleration 1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed 1776 – Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations 1776 – The American Revolution begins 1783 – Treaty of Paris recognizes American Independence

The Scientific Revolution

Turning Points - Bill Blakemore

Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works

PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle

Studying led to diverse ideas

Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)

LiteracySpread of ideas

Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry

InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope

MathematicsRediscovered ancient worksDeveloped new theories

Astronomy Geocentric Model

Ptolemaic system (2nd century)Earth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres

Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ system (16th century)Sun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits

Nicholas Copernicus Polish mathematician 1543 Publication

On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System

Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician Disproves Ptolemy

Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement

Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets

Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope

Inventor/developer Made regular observations of the

heavens Discoveries

Mountains on the moon 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean moons) Sunspots Heavenly bodies have substance

Issues with the church Threatened church’s conception

(idea/portrayal) of the universe.

What did Galileo see?The 4 Galilean Satellites in a photo montage at left

An amateur image of the moons below (like what Galileo would have observed)

Sir Isaac Newton Brilliant mind

United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background

Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor

PublicationMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyAka Principia

Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe

Newton - Glencoe

Medicine Developments Antiquity

Galen (100 AD)Greek physician

Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body

William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins

Chemistry

Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law

○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied

Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry

Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish

English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters

○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name

Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position

○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman

Philosophy and Reason

Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeology

○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefore I am” certain

Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century

RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method Francis Bacon

English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist

“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”

Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing

evidenceMajor element of modern science

Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking

Scientific Method

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Chapter 10, Section 1