Name:_________________________ Date:________________

Chapter 10 Student Guided Notes

10.1 Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat

General Information The __________________________________ explains that all matter is made up of tiny particles.

• These atoms and molecules are ___________________________________. • Kinetic energy is _____________________________________________.

The particles of a substance move differently for different states.

• In solids, ____________________________ __________ but do not change position.

• In liquids, particles ____________________ ______________________ within a set volume.

• In gases, particles ____________________

_____________________________________________________ Solids, liquids, and gases behave differently according to the kinetic molecular theory.

Temperature is _______________________________________________________ of a substance.

• The movement of particles is what we measure as temperature. • Temperature is measured using a Fahrenheit, Celsius and/or Kelvin scale.

Thermal energy is __________________________________________________ in a substance.

• ______________ = _____________________ + _________________________ • Kinetic energy is the energy of movement. • Potential energy is the energy of position = how much the particles vibrate, and

therefore how much space they take up. Heat is the ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

The picture below will help explain KMT further

Thermal Energy Transfer Conduction is _________________________________________________________.

• Heat is transferred from ___________________ temperature, higher kinetic energy, of particles ______________temperature, where particles have lower kinetic energy.

• For example, a cold spoon warms when placed in a cup of hot coffee. • Thermal ___________________________, while ________________________.

Convection ___________________________________________________________

• Convection is the movement of heat from ______________________ within a fluid, or the movement of hot liquid to an area of cold liquid.

• Because there is a density difference, hot fluid (low density) moves to cold. o This is how ________________________________ form.

Radiation is __________________________________________________________

• What we feel as heat is generally called infrared radiation. • Earth’s interior thermal energy comes from the core, plus some radioactive

element decay.

•

10.2 - Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere General Information Earth’s _____________________ is a key factor in allowing life to survive here.

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

• This narrow band of air has the right ingredients and maintains the correct temperature, to allow life to form and survive.

• _______________, Earth’s atmosphere was very different and had ________________.

• Scientists think that oxygen first came from the breakdown of water by sunlight, then later from photosynthesis by plants.

• The _____________ of the atmosphere ____________________________________.

Layers of the Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is made up of five layers.

• The _________________: closest to Earth’s surface, 8 km to 16 km thick o ____________________ layer because all other layers compress it. o Almost all water vapour in the atmosphere is found here.

Therefore, this is where _________________________________. Solar energy and thermal energy from Earth keep air moving

o Temperatures range from average of +15ºC at the bottom to –55ºC at the top.

• The __________________: the second layer, above the troposphere o 10 km to 50 km above Earth, warming from –55ºC as altitude increases o The air is

_______________________________in the stratosphere.

o Strong, steady winds, ______________________ to avoid turbulent troposphere.

o The __________________________ is found here, which blocks harmful UV radiation.

The remaining three layers are known as the upper atmosphere.

• The _____________________: 50 km to 80 km above Earth

o Temperatures are as low as –100ºC o This layer is where space debris burns up when it

begins to hit particles. • The ______________________: 80 km to 500 km above

Earth o ________________________________________ o This is where the ______________________,

aurora borealis, are found. Charged particles in Earth’s magnetic field

collide with particles in the thermosphere. • The _________________________: 500 km to 700 km above Earth where the

atmosphere ___________________________.

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

Radiation & Conduction in the Atmosphere ______________________________________________________________________

• Yet, this is only a small fraction of the solar radiation that reaches Earth. • Most thermal energy is transferred near the ______________, which receives a

________________ source of solar radiation. • _________________ = amount of solar radiation an area receives, measured in

W/m2 o Insolation decreases if there are particles of matter (dust, smoke) in the

way or if the angle of incidence of the solar radiation is too great. • Solar radiation does not heat the atmosphere directly.

o Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation, heats up, then radiates the thermal energy into the atmosphere.

This provides 70 percent of the air’s thermal energy.

o __________________ in the air spread the thermal energy around.

Angle of incidence

The Radiation Budget The _______________________ is used to explain where all of the solar radiation that reaches Earth actually goes.

• If all 342 W/m2 of solar radiation that reaches Earth was stored in the atmosphere, it would be far too hot to support life as we know it.

• Earth’s ______________________=______________-___________________ • Of the of the solar radiation that reaches Earth, 15 percent is reflected by clouds

back into space, 7 percent is reflected by particles back into space, 20 percent is absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere, and 58 percent reaches Earth’s surface

o 9 percent of this amount is reflected back out into space by Earth’s surface

o 23 percent drives the water cycle, 7 percent creates wind, and 19 percent is re-radiated from Earth’s surface.

_____________ refers to the

_____________________________________________. • __________________ surfaces (snow, sand) have a ______________ and

reflect energy.

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

• ____________________ surfaces (soil, water) have a ________________ and absorb energy.

What is Weather? Weather is ____________________________________________________________.

• “Weather” describes all aspects of the atmosphere and is closely related to the transfer of thermal energy.

• __________________________, measured with a __________________, is the amount of pressure the molecules in the atmosphere exert at a particular location and time.

o Atmospheric pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa) = 1 N/m2 Our bodies equalize pressure = why our ears pop with pressure

change o At sea level, atmospheric pressure = 1 kg/cm2, and as you increase

altitude, the pressure drops. o _____________________________________________ than cool air and

so warm air has a ___________________ than cool air. _____________________ (air with more water vapour) has _______________________ than dry air.

• When pressure drops moist air is arriving in the area. • Specific humidity = ________________________________

________________________________________________ • Dew point = _____________________________________

_______________________________________________ • Relative humidity = ________________________________

________________________________________________ o 45 percent relative humidity means that the air is

holding 45 percent of the water vapour it could before reaching its dew point.

Convection in the Atmosphere ______________ is the _____________________________ __________________________________________.

• An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout.

• Air masses take on the conditions of the weather below. • Air masses can be as large as an entire province or even

larger. ____________________ systems form when an air mass ________________.

• This usually occurs over cold water or land.

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

• _______________________ around the centre of the system. ___________________ systems form when an air mass ________________________

• This usually __________________________________ _____________________.

• Winds blow ______________________ around the centre of the system. • _____________________ usually bring __________________________.

Prevailing Winds Prevailing winds are____________________________________________________ _____________________.

• Winds in British Columbia usually blow _______________________________. • Precipitation falls as air is forced up the mountain slopes. • ______________________________________, continuing to drop precipitation. • Dry air rushes down the far side of the mountains into the prairies.

The prevailing winds off British Columbia’s coast, crossing into Alberta.

Coriolis Effect _____________________________________________________________________.

• In a simple model, air would warm in the tropics and rise. • Cooler air from the north would rush in below to fill the empty spot. • The warm air at higher altitudes would move north to replace the cooler air. • This occurs at several latitudes as we move north.

As Earth rotates, these winds are “bent” ____________ ________________________

• The equator moves much more quickly than do the poles.

Wind systems develop.(3 of them)

Name:_________________________ Date:________________

• ______________________________________________ • ______________________________________________ • ______________________________________________

Jet Streams, Local Winds & Fronts _____________________________________________________________________.

• The boundaries between the global wind systems have very strong winds. • In the upper troposphere, between warm and cool air, are the jet streams.

o The polar jet stream can move at 185 km/h for thousands of kilometres. o Planes flying east across Canada “ride” the jet stream and avoid it flying

west.

_____________________________________________________________________. • In British Columbia, sea breezes blow inland (onshore breeze) when the land

warms in the morning and outward (offshore breeze) when the land cools in the evening.

_____________________________________________________________________. • Cold air forces warm air to rise, so fronts usually bring precipitation.

Extreme Weather Air masses often have very large amounts of thermal energy.

• _________________________ can arise under certain conditions as this _____________________________________.

• _________________________________________________________________________________ (which releases even more energy), building the thunderhead even higher.

o ___________________ can be built up and released as _____________. o Sea breezes in the tropics and energetic cold (and even warm) fronts can

cause thunderstorms.

Tornadoes form when thunderstorms meet fast horizontal winds. • A “funnel” of rotating air may form, which sometimes extends all the way to the

ground with winds of up to 400 km/h.

The tropics, with their intense heat, can often have severe weather. • Large masses of warm, moist air rise quickly and cool air rushes in. • ________________________________________________________________

___________________________. Hurricanes = tropical cyclones = typhoons