CHAPTER 10

The Years of Andrew Jackson

1829 – 1836

“Our Union: It must be preserved.” President Andrew Jackson [during a toast at a Jefferson Day dinner, April 13, 1830]

Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun, reacted to this toast [since it was clear he had lost Jackson’s support of the Southern cause of

nullification] with the following words: “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. May we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting

the rights of the States and by distributing equally the benefits and burdens of the Union”

“The majority rules and law rests on numbers, not on intellect or virtue. . . while theoretically holding that no vote of the majority can authorize injustice, we practically consider public opinion the real test of what is true and false; and hence, as a result, the fact which Tocqueville has noticed, that practically our institutions protect, not the interest of the whole community but the interests of the majority.”

Abolitionist Wendell Phillips

"Advocates of capitalism are very apt to appeal to the sacred principles of liberty, which are embodied in one maxim: The fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate."

Bertrand RussellEnglish Logician and Philosopher (1872-1970)

Andrew Jackson speaking to crowd after his election

Politics in the olden time – General Jackson, President – elect, on his way to Washington.

 Indian Removals

The fixed policy of the Jackson administration and pressure from the states forced Native Americans in the 1830s to migrate from their eastern homelands to a special Indian reserve west of the Mississippi River

Trail of Tears

For the Cherokees, the Trail of Tears stretched 1,200 miles from the homeland in the East to what became the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.

Jackson vs. the Bank

This Democratic cartoon portrays Jackson as the champion of the people attacking the Bank of the United States, a many-headed monster whose tentacles of corruption spread throughout the states.

Whig Campaign Banner

This cotton banner used by the Whigs in the campaign of 1840 celebrated their ticket as the friends of common Americans who had been raised in a log cabin. Smithsonian Institution / Office of Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services

Chapter Review

Describe the background of Andrew Jackson and identify which parts of his background would be most appealing to Americans in the early nineteenth century.

Describe the rise of the Democratic Party and explain why Jackson is called the first “people’s president.”

Describe the national mood regarding the issue of slavery in the 1820s and 1830s. Describe the role played by free blacks.

Define the doctrine of nullification as expressed by John C. Calhoun. Describe the foreign relations policies of Jackson’s presidency, and

explain how they impacted Native Americans. Describe American relations with Mexico during the Jacksonian era. Evaluate Andrew Jackson as a U.S. president. Explain the 2nd Party system.

Concepts

2nd Party System -- Anti-Masons, Whigs, Jacksonian Democrats Albany Regency, Martin Van Buren Bank War of 1832 [veto of 2nd Bank bill] Black Hawk’s War, Osceola of Seminoles Dorothea Dix, Horace Mann Gag rule, John Quincy Adams Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears of Cherokee Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, Charles Grandison Finney, Book

of Mormon Nat Turner 1831 Nullification Crisis, tariff, John C. Calhoun Peggy Eaton, Specie Circular – only purchase Western land with specie Spoils system The Alamo [1836], Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Goliad, San Jacinto William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator [1831]

 Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections, 1824–1840

Fort Pierre [South Dakota] and the Adjacent Prairie, 1832

Lithograph from ''Travels in the Interior of North America.'' Karl Bodmer (1809-1893), traveled through the territory of the United States, and recorded what he saw. His 1832 view of Fort Pierre, in what is now South Dakota, shows its location along the Missouri River, as well as Sioux encampments.

Poster circulated in Philadelphia to discourage the railroad

Not all Americans welcomed the industrial revolution in the 1830s and 1840s. Residents in several American cities protested both the noise and smell of the railroad. In Charleston, South Carolina, citizens forced city council to stop the railroad tracks a great distance from the wharves, as trains would ''disturb'' the lives of those living in the city.

Teton Sioux horse races in front of Fort Pierre, South Dakota.

The sport of horseracing was as popular among Americans as it was among the Sioux. Karl Bodmer (1809-1893) sketched these Teton Sioux from life, as they raced in front of Fort Pierre in 1833.

The Grand National Caravan Moving East

Andrew Jackson rides a horse in front of a horse-drawn carriage with several passengers in a historic political cartoon.

William Henry Harrison Campaign Poster

Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, the ''hero of Tippecanoe,'' is depicted as a farmer with a log cabin, a barrel of hard cider, and a plow in a poster for a rally during the 1840 presidential campaign.

I. Andrew Jackson Takes Charge

Jackson becomes “the people’s president” Jackson balances his cabinet well but relies only on those he

completely trusts Cabinet appointment of John Eaton hints at future problems for

Jackson and vice president John C. Calhoun Jackson’s inauguration brings out worst in the “common

man” Jackson is labeled as president most associated with “spoils

system”

II. Struggles Over Slavery

The tariff, nullification, and states’ rights cause major conflicts

Abolitionist strength grows Nat Turner’s slave revolt frightens Virginians and divides

the state

III. Political Turmoil and the Election of 1832

Anti-Masons, labor groups, and states’ rights radicals in South Carolina pose problems for Jackson

Most divisive issue of election becomes future of the national bank Henry Clay turns the bank into an issue Jackson wins easily, viewing his victory as a mandate to “kill the

bank” Whig party emerges for the purpose of opposing Jackson

IV. The Indian Peoples and the Mexican Nation

Jackson’s attitude toward Native Americans mirrors that of most Americans Cherokees adopt white ways but are removed to Oklahoma anyway Some Seminoles escape to Florida’s swamps, and some Cherokees

to North Carolina mountains Conflict also occurs with Mexico over Texas, where

independence does not equal peace Davy Crockett, Col. Travis, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston The Alamo [The Mexican War begins in 1846 due to US annexation of

Texas]

Removal of the American Indians

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V. Revival

Protestant revivalism is rooted in evangelism, with preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney urging people to repent

Joseph Smith begins to instruct his followers in the Mormon faith

VI. Character Development

“Cult of domesticity” emerges, but mostly among middle and upper class women

Middle class American women become interested in reform movements

Abolition gains more support than any other reform effort