chapter 10 – thinking and language reading map

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Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map • Thur, Jan 12 chapter 9 SG & Cards • Thur, Jan 12 385 – 395 • Fri, Jan 13 395 – 401 • Mon, Jan 16 401 – 417 • Tues, Jan 17 SG and Cards due (no quiz) • Wed, Jan 18 review for Final Assessment

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Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map. Thur, Jan 12chapter 9 SG & Cards Thur, Jan 12385 – 395 Fri, Jan 13395 – 401 Mon, Jan 16401 – 417 Tues, Jan 17SG and Cards due (no quiz) Wed, Jan 18review for Final Assessment. Thinking (385). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language

Reading Map• Thur, Jan 12 chapter 9 SG & Cards• Thur, Jan 12 385 – 395• Fri, Jan 13 395 – 401• Mon, Jan 16 401 – 417• Tues, Jan 17 SG and Cards due (no quiz)• Wed, Jan 18 review for Final

Assessment

Page 2: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Thinking (385)

• Cognition – mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering and communicating

• Cognitive Psychologists study cognition and the logical/illogical ways we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions and form judgments

Page 3: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Concepts (386)

• Mental groupings of similar objects, events and people

• Simplify our thinking and expression

Page 4: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Concepts (386)

• Concepts are formed by

– Definition

– Prototypes

Page 5: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Concepts (386)

by definition

A dog has four legs and hair.

by prototype

The best example of a dog is a labrador retriever.

Page 6: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Solving Problems (387)

• We are rational because we can solve problems to cope with new situations.

Page 7: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Methods to Solve Problems (387)

1.Trial and Error – try every possible (puzzle pieces)

2.Algorithm – follow set steps that guarantee a solution (lego instructions)

3.Heuristics – use strategies (finding ketchup) – faster but more errors happen

4. Insight – sudden flashes of inspiration (Eureka!)

Page 8: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Obstacles to Problem Solving (388)

Confirmation Bias

- Tendency to search for information that confirms our ideas

Fixation

- Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

- Past success can help us solve new problems but it might also interfere with finding new solutions

Page 9: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Mental Set (389)

• Is the tendency to repeat solutions that worked in the past

• Is a type of fixation• A perceptual set

predisposes what we perceive. A mental set predisposes how we think.

Page 10: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Functional Fixedness (389)

• The tendency to see an object’s function as fixed and unchanging.

Page 11: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Making Decisions & Forming Judgments (389)

Do we use systematic reasoning?

Do we follow our intuition?

Page 12: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Overconfidence (391)

• Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments

• Overestimating what our performance was, is or will be

• Being more confident than correct

• Overconfidence is adaptable

Page 13: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Using and Misusing Heuristics (389_

Representative Heuristic

- We judge the likelihood of something in terms of how well it represents a prototype.

- We assume the professor is the poetry lover not the truck driver.

Availability Heuristic

- We base our judgments on the availability of information in our memories.

- The faster we can remember something, the more likely we expect it to reoccur.

Page 14: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Risks/What do We Fear? (392)

• What our ancestors feared.

• What we can’t control.

• What is immediate.

• What is most available to our memory.

• What are most vivid memories.

Page 15: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Framing (394)

• Framing is the way we present information.

• Framing has a huge effect on our thinking.

• Do you want 75% lean beef or 25% fat beef?

• Do you wonder if the original price is fair, or are you swayed by the 10% OFF SALE PRICE.

Page 16: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Belief Bias (394)

• is the tendency to seek confirmation of our hunches or existing beliefs.

• We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that counter our beliefs.

• Our beliefs distort our logic and make invalid conclusions seem valid.

Page 17: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Belief Perseverance Phenomenon (396)

• The tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.

• We are more ready to accept evidence that supports our belief (and reject evidence that counters our beliefs).

• 9 minute clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoCqftOYHX4

Page 18: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Artificial Intelligence (397)

• The aim is to design computers to perform operations that mimic human thinking and “do” intelligent things.

• 2 goals of AI

• Practical – robots that can sense their environment

• Theoretical – computers that mimic human thinking

• Computer neural networks mimic the brain’s interconnected neural units.

Page 19: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Language Structure (401)

Phonemes – basic sounds – “ch” – “t”

Morphemes – smallest unit of language that has meaning – “s” – “un”

- 100,000 morphemes and 616,000 words in English

“UN” “DESIR” “ABLE” “S”

Page 20: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Grammar (401)

Semantics

Rules to give morphemes, words and sentences meaning

Ie, adding “ed” makes a verb in the past tense

Syntax

Rules used to order our sentences.

Ie. Adjectives come before the noun

Page 21: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Language Development (402)

• Children acquire simple then complex language.

• At 4 months, children discriminate speech sounds, read lips to match sound and babble.

• Babble is not based on the baby’s home language. Clip ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqUTJAfy48

• At 10 months the babble reflects the house’s language and the baby loses the ability to recognize and say phonemes from other languages.

Page 22: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Language Development (402)• 1 year old ----- 1 word stage• 18 months ---- learn a word a day• Twin clip -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY&feature=relmfu

• 2 years -------- 2 word stage ---- telegraphic speech (mostly nouns and verbs) ‘want juice” --- use nouns and verbs in correct syntax (order)

• There is no 3-word stage. Most kids go directly to rather complex longer phrases.

• Clip on Apraxia of Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqMZ2musuoQ

Page 23: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Explaining Language Development (404)

• 3 theories of language development

• Skinner – Operant Conditioning theory

• Chomsky – inborn universal grammar theory

• Cognitive Neuroscientists – Statistical Learning theory

Page 24: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory of Language (404)

We learn language by:•Association - of things to words•Imitation - of words/syntax modelled by others•Reinforcement – rewards for saying words

Page 25: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Chomsky’s Theory of Language (404)

• Says children have inborn, universal grammar

• Children learn their environment’s language, however, they acquire untaught words and grammar at too extraordinary of a rate to be explained solely by learning principles – therefore the grammar is considered to be “inborn”

• Children make over-generalization mistakes – “I hurted myself”

Page 26: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Cognitive Neuroscience Statistical Learning Theory of Language (405)

• Says that there is a critical period for mastery of grammar (1 to 7 years of age)

• Says that the mind is a blanker slate than Chomsky claims

• Language develops through a gradual change of network connections based on experience

• Second language learned early in life activate the same frontal lobe areas as the first language does

Page 27: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Thinking & Language (409)

• Linguist Benjamin Whorf - linguistic determinism - language determines the way we think

• Different languages impose different concepts of reality ---- ie there are lots of English words for angry and lots of Japanese words for sympathy

Page 28: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Thinking Without Language (411)

• Procedural Memory – we have a mental image of how to do something (turning tap on) but we can’t explain it in words

• We can mentally practice and improve our performance on tasks.

• We can mentally imagine a result (1989 Grey Cup)

Page 29: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Thinking without Language

• Much of our information processing occurs outside of consciousness, beyond language. Processing happens in parallel – functioning automatically – remembered implicitly – only occasionally to surface as words.

Page 30: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Animal Thinking and Language (413)

• Monkeys can do numbers

• Monkeys have insight not just conditioned learning – use a stick to reach food

• Bee dances show the way to honey

Page 31: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

The Case of the Apes (415)

• A chimp’s closest relative is a human not an ape

• Gardner (1969) taught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32 – “water bird”

• Koko clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5tsSyrTy0g&feature=related

• We think that speech evolved after gestures

• For apes and humans and chimps communication involves gestures

Page 32: Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map

Can Apes Really Talk? (415)

Skeptics say:

•Not like children who effortlessly soak up language

•Just behavior and reward

•Syntax problems

•Just mimicking their trainers

•Humans have a perceptual set and interpret ape language how they expect it to be

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Big picture

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Big picture