Chapter 11

GENE TECHNOLOGY

11-1 Genetic Engineering

ObjectivesDescribe the steps of genetic engineering

experiments

SCS: B-4.9

Genetic engineering – the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes- involves the use of recombinant DNA or DNA made from two or more different organisms

Steps in a genetic engineering experiment

1. DNA piece is cut from both organisms using enzymes. Piece is placed inside a vector (another organism used to carry a gene to another cell). Examples include viruses, yeast and plasmids.

2. The pieces are “glued” together producing recombinant DNA

3. Many copies of the gene of interest is made4. The cells are screened or isolated for the

gene of interest

Gel electrophoresisUsed to separate DNA fragments for

identification

11-2 Genetic Engineering in Medicine and Society

ObjectivesDescribe how genetic engineering has produced

products like medicinesSummarize the steps involved in making a

vaccineDescribe how gene therapy is being used to

treat genetic disordersIdentify uses of DNA fingerprintingDescribe the goals of the Human Genome

ProjectSCS: B-4.9

Genetic Engineering and MedicineMost genetic disorders are a result of

defective proteinsScientist can modify bacteria to produce

needed proteins in large amountsAnticoagulants (heart attacks)InsulinInterferons (viral infections and cancer)Human growth hormones (growth defects)Factor VIII (hemophilia)

Vaccines A solution containing all or part of a harmless

version of a pathogen (causes diseases)Triggers an immune response

Vaccines available

FDA approved vaccines Viral infections: Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Influenza Japanese B encephalitis Measles Mumps Polio Rabies Rubella Tick-borne encephalitis Yellow Fever

Bacterial infections:Anthrax Diphtheria Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib) Meningococcal meningitis Pertussis Pneumococcal pneumonia Tetanus Tuberculosis (BCG) Typhoid

Gene therapyA technique that involves putting a healthy

copy of the gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective

Disease being now treated with gene therapyCancerCystic fibrosisHemophiliaRheumatoid arthritis

DNA FingerprintingA pattern of dark band on photographic film

that is made when an individual's DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresisUsed in paternity cases, crime scene

investigation, identifying genes responsible for genetic disorders

Human Genome ProjectThe goal was to determine the sequence of

nucleotides of the entire human genomeCompleted in 2003

Mapping other genomesAt least 15 other genomes have been

determinedUsed in biological research

11-3 Genetic Engineering in agriculture

ObjectivesDescribes ways in which genetic

engineering has improved agricultureSummarize ways in which GE has been

uses to modify farm animalsSummarize cloning and its uses

SCS: b-4.9

Farmers have been selectively breeding crops for 1000s of yearsChose the plant with the desirable

characteristics and then bred themBenefits

Drought tolerantDisease resistantGreater yieldFaster growing times taste

Genetic engineering uses in animal farming

Controlled breedingGrowth hormonesAdding human genes to produce human

proteins

Transgenic animalsAnimals that have had foreign DNA injected

into their cells

CloningFirst clone was in 1997Other animals clones:Process:

DNA is taken from a nucleus and replaced with the desired DNA

Electric shock applied to induce the cells to replicate

Replicated mass of cells in placed in a host parent

Problems with cloningPremature agingBringing back extinct animals (is this a good

thing?)Saving animals from extinction