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CHAPTER 11 GENETICS

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AGENDA DO NOW REVIEW Test Reflection Preview upcoming unit -Video -News Article with Quiz -Foldable Closing Reflections

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WHAT IS GENETICS? https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_ detailpage&v=bVk0twJYL6Y

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PREVIEW READING Chapter 11 Outline the chapter Write down subtitles Write down key points in BOLD Write down key words in BOLD You are NOT reading the chapter Look at the pictures Do you recognize any pictures? If so which ones.

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Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes. Students know plant and animal cells contain thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.

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AGENDA: DAY 1 Do Now Essential Questions Start Human Trait Lab Notes Finish Part to of Lab Exit Ticket

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DO NOW What is inheritance? Your GENES

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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS SOME IDEAS Why is my brother taller than me? Why is my sister prettier?

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HUMAN TRAIT LAB Noise Level-Quiet Work with partner Use a pencil WORTH 50 points! 10 minutes to answer #1-4 then STOP

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CLASS DATA COLLECTION Number of students with Form #1 A. Earlobes B. Dimples C. Chin D. Hairline E. Finger hair F. Thumb Number of students with Form #2

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FINDING FREQUENCY (# of students with trait Divided by Total #of students in the class) X100 Example: 4 students have Form 1 of Earlobe, class size 20 4/20=0.2 0.2X100= 20

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HOW TO MAKE A BAR GRAPH 1 st collect data 2 nd Draw X and Y axis 3 rd Label the X axis 4 th Label the y axis 5 th Draw your Bar Graph 6 th Interpret data *THEN STOP USE PENCIL!

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NOTES REMINDER : During notes you are silent while the teacher is talking. If you have a question or comment raise your hand and wait silently to be called on. Write notes on your note template and attach it to your notebook WHITE BOARDS WILL BE USED

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GREGOR MENDEL Father of Genetics Principles of inheritance Principle of segregation Principle of independent assortment

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INTRO TO GENETICS Fertilization: part of sexual reproduction where male and female reproductive cells join together to form a new cell.

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TRAIT A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to the next Think Box: What are some examples? *Mendel studied different traits such as seed color & plant height

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PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE Some Alleles are dominant and others are recessive Dominant - will always exhibit the trait

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True breeding: organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self pollinate Cross Pollination: Cutting away the pollen-bearing male parts and dusting pollen onto another flower

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HYBRID Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits * Mendel crossed green and yellow seed EXAMPLES

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GENES & ALLELES Genes: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait Ex: Height Alleles: one of a number of different forms of a gene Ex: Tall or Short

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SEGREGATION Alleles segregate from each other during the formation of the sex cells Gametes =Sex Cells

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NOW FINISH LAB Complete Page 2 with you partner Quietly DUE ON TUESDAY 2/17 * see me during my office hours if you need extra help

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EXIT TICKET Complete Silently When the bell rings turn it in to the bin Explain your answers

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AGENDA DAY 2 Probability and Punnett Squares Do Now Review Exit Ticket IBE: Finish Lab IML Notes AP: Punnett Squares Practice Closure: Exit Ticket

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DO NOW Table of Contents 2/17 Genetics P.__ Who is Gregor Mendel?

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WHO IS GREGOR MENDEL?

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FINISH LAB REPORT! If you are finished help a classmate! Get your work checked by Ms. Meek

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NOTES REMINDER : During notes you are silent while the teacher is talking. If you have a question or comment raise your hand and wait silently to be called on. Write notes on your note template and attach it to your notebook

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PROBABILITY The likelihood that a particular event will occur Example: Coin Flip or 50% Think Box: If you flip a coin three times in a row what is the probability that it will land head up every time? ANSWER: X X = 1/8

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PRINCIPLES OF PROBABILITY Using the principles of probability can be used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses

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PUNNETT SQUARES Used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross Letters in the Punnett square represent alleles Capital Letters (T)= Dominant alleles Lower case Letters(t)= Recessive alleles

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HOMOZYGOUS VS. HETEROZYGOUS Homozygous: have two identical alleles for a particular trait Ex: TT or tt (true breeding) Heterozygous: have two different alleles for the same trait Ex: Tt (hybrids)

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PHENOTYPE VS. GENOTYPE Phenotype : Physical characteristics (OBSERVABLE) Genotype: genetic make up

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PROBABILITIES PREDICT AVERAGES The larger number of offspring the closer the resulting numbers will get to expected values Think of the coin flip

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DETERMINING TRAITS Practice with Punnett Squares Complete Worksheet individually Compare answer with your lab partners

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EXIT TICKET Independently Silently Turn into the bin when you finish

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STUDENTS SHOULD KNOW 3b: Students know the genetic basis for Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. 2:3 SWBAT define allele and gene, and explain how a dominant allele is expressed, and a recessive allele remains hidden. 2:4 SWBAT diagram how alleles sort into separate gametes (Mendels law of segregation). 2:5 SWBAT explain that during meiosis, alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation (Mendels law of independent assortment).

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DAY 3 Do Now Review Exit Ticket Preview Article Notes WS from book 3-2-1

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INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Independent assortment: Genes segregate independently Example: genes for seed shape and seed color in pea plants do not influence each others inheritance

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PRINCIPLE INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT States that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Gametes = sex cells Helps account for many genetic variations observed in plants, animals and other organisms

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EXCEPTIONS Majority of genes have more than 2 alleles Many traits are controlled by more than 1 gene Some alleles are not dominant or recessive

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE One allele is not completely dominant over another Example: Four o clock plants RR-RED WW-WHITE RW-PINK

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CODOMINANCE Both alleles contribute to the phenotype EXAMPLE: Chickens BB-BLACK WW-WHITE BW- Black and White

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MULTIPLE ALLELES Many genes have more than one allele More than two possible alleles exist in a population Single Gene-at least four alleles Example: Humans- Blood Type

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POLYGENIC TRAITS Means having many genes Traits controlled by two or more genes show a wide range of phenotypes Example: Skin color in humans More than four different genes control this trait

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DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Common Fruit Fly *produce plenty of offspring very quickly

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EXTRA REVIEW The next few slides have extra examples Please pay attention and be ready to answer questions

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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE INHERITANCE In dominant and recessive inheritance, there are two alleles and one is dominant over the other. It masks the form of the trait of the recessive allele.

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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE INHERITANCE Example Problem: In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant over white flower color. A male homozygous dominant flower is crossed with a white flower. What is the probability of their offspring having white flowers? Pp Answer: all offspring have a genotype of Pp and a phenotype of purple flowers. There is a 0% probability of their offspring having white flowers.

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DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE INHERITANCE Practice problem: Cross a parent that is heterozygous for purple flower color and a parent that has white flowers. Write the percentage of all the phenotypes and genotypes. What is the probability that their children will have purple flowers? 50% probability Pppp Pppp Phenotypes: Purple 50% White 50%

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CODOMINANCE In codominance, there are two alleles and neither is dominant over the other. They are both expressed.

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CODOMINANCE Example problem: A species of pig can be white (WW), black (BB), or white with black spots (WB). A white male pig is bred with a black female. What are the likely genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? WB Answer: WB 100% probability White with black spots 100% probability

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CODOMINANCE Practice Problem: Two pigs, both white with black spots, reproduce. What percentage of their offspring do you expect to be black? WWWB BB Black phenotype is produced by BB genotype. There is a 25% chance that the offspring would be black.

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Incomplete dominance is when two alleles are expressed as a blend of the two.

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Example problem: In humans, there are two alleles for hair type: curly (C) and straight (S). If an individual has one curly and one straight allele (CS), they will have a wavy phenotype. A father with curly hair (CC) and female who with straight hair (SS) reproduce. CS Answer: All offspring have a genotype of CS, which produces a phenotype of wavy hair.

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Practice problem: There are three types of a species of fish: blue (BB), yellow (YY), and green (BY). What two parents will produce only green offspring? BY In order to produce all green offspring, the parents must be blue (BB) and yellow (YY)

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DAY 4 Do Now Review/ Announcements Genetics Review Open Note quiz Instant Feedback RAFT Period 3,5 Sub Review from last Friday Period 2,4,6,7 Sub News for Friday and Video

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RAFT Role: Student Audience: Ms. Meek Format: Formal Letter Topic: Reflect on your current grade. How can you help yourself improve? How can Ms. Meek help you? In at least 5 complete sentences

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DAY 5 MEIOSIS Students know meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction in which pairs of chromosomes separate and segregate randomly during cell division to produce gametes containing one chromosome of each type.

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DAY 5 AGENDA Do Now: Do you think all cells divide the same? why Announcements Need IBE Video (11 minutes) Practice: Worksheet Exit Ticket: Write about it

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THINK ABOUT IT

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MENDELS PRINCIPLES Each organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from each of its parents When an organism produces is own gametes, those two sets of genes must be separated from each other so that each gamete contains just of set of genes.

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FERTILIZATION AND SEX CHROMOSOMES

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OBJECTIVES SWBAT explain how unique genetic combinations in diploid zygotes are created through fertilization of haploid gametes. SWBAT explain why half of an individuals DNA comes from each parent. SWBAT to explain how an individuals sex is determined.

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AGENDA 3/10-3/11 Do Now Review Lab Key Points IBE-video Notes Activity-Stand up if Exit Ticket- RAFT genetic engineering

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VIDEO Answer these question for each video What is this video about? What organisms were mentioned? Do you agree with the video? Write one question you have

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WHY GENETICS In the future, doctors and scientists hope to use our genetic information to diagnose, treat, prevent and cure many illnesses. Genes are instructions, which tell your body how to make all the proteins it needs to survive and grow. By identifying each of these proteins, scientists hope to better understand how your body works, and what is happening when it doesn't work properly. They hope this knowledge will eventually lead to more effective medicines and treatments.

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NOTES Take out note template

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KARYOTYPE : COMPLETE SET OF CHROMOSOMES IN A CELL, ORGANIZED BY NUMBER, SIZE, AND TYPE

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TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES Autosomes = 44 of total Sex chromosomes = 2 of total

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AUTOSOME any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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SEX CHROMOSOME Determine sex Male = XY Female = XX

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WHO DETERMINES THE SEX OF OFFSPRING? Males sperm because the male can either give offspring an X or Y chromosome.

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WHO DETERMINES THE SEX OF AN OFFSPRING? Male=XY Female=XX X XX Y

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PEDIGREE CHART Shows the relationship within a family Think Box: Imagine you are a genetic counselor Help solve the question on p.343

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PRACTICE

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GENES AND ENVIRONMENT Phenotype of an organism is only partly determined by a genotype Many traits are strongly influenced by environmental, or nongenetic factors including nutrition and exercise

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SEX- LINKED GENES Genes located on the sex chromosomes Scientists know of more than a 100 sex-linked genetic disorders on the X chromosome

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COLORBLINDNESS 3 Genes associated with colorblindness on the X chromosome Red-green colorblindness is found in 1 in 10 males and 1 in 100 females Why do you think it is more common in males? Males just have one X chromosome. Thus, all X- Linked alleles are expressed in males even if they are recessive.

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CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER Change in the number of chromosomes or thestructure of chromosome(s) that leads to aphysical abnormality. Occurs because of errors during meiosis. Nondisjunction : not coming apart homologous chromosomes fail to separate

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NORMAL KARYOTYPE

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DOWN SYNDROME

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KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME

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TURNERS SYNDROME

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EDWARDS SYNDROME

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PATAU SYNDROME

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VIDEOS Careers in genetics! Genetic engineering

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EXIT TICKET

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AGENDA 3/12-3/13 Review Day Do Now Review Clicker Game Preview Test Study Guide

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AGENDA 3/16,3/17,3/18 TEST!!! PREVIEW NEXT UNIT ECOLOGY

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2b: Students know only certain cells in a multi cellular organism undergo meiosis. 1:4 SWBAT describe the types of cells that undergo meiosis in multicellular organisms.

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2c: Students know how random chromosome segregation explains the probability that a particular allele will be in a gamete. 1:7 SWBAT explain the process of crossing over during prophase 1 of meiosis. 1:8 SWBAT describe the consequences of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis. 2:6 SWBAT produce gametes from monohybrid and dihybrid genotypes. 2:7 SWBAT calculate the probability of a particular allele being found in a gamete.

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2d: Students know new combinations of alleles may be generated in a zygote through the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization). 2:1 SWBAT define fertilization and describe chromosome number during fertilization.

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2e: Students know why approximately half of an individual's DNA sequence comes from each parent. 2:2 SWBAT explain that during fertilization, half the DNA of the child comes from the gamete of one parent, and the other half comes from the gamete of the other parent.

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2f: Students know the role of chromosomes in determining an individual's sex. 2:15 SWBAT define autosomal and sex chromosomes, and locate them on a karyotype. 2:16 SWBAT predict the possibility of producing a male or female based on the parents sex chromosomes (and a Punnetts Square).

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2g: Students know how to predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic makeup of the parents. 2:8 SWBAT define and give examples of genotypes and phenotypes. 2:9 SWBAT define and give examples of heterozygous, homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive genotypes. 2:11 SWBAT predict possible genotypes of children based on the genotypes of the parents using autosomal inheritance (and a Punnetts Square).