chapter 11. medical terminology: a living language, fourth edition bonnie f. fremgen and suzanne s....
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Endocrine glands secrete hormones Hormones regulate body activities
Metabolic rate Water and mineral balance Immune system reactions Sexual functioning
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Organs of the Endocrine System Adrenal glands Ovaries Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Parathyroid glands Pineal gland Pituitary gland Testes Thymus gland Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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acr/o extremities adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands andr/o male calc/o calcium crin/o secrete estr/o female
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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glyc/o sugar glycos/o sugar gonad/o sex glands home/o sameness kal/i potassium natr/o sodium ophthalm/o eye
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland pineal/o pineal gland pituitar/o pituitary gland thym/o thymus thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland toxic/o poison
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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–crine to secrete –dipsia thirst –prandial relating to a meal –tropin stimulate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Collection of glands Secrete hormones directly into
bloodstream Chemicals that act on target organs Increase or decrease target’s activity level
Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis Maintain stable internal environment
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Two types of glands in body Exocrine glands and endocrine glands
Exocrine glands Release secretions into duct that carries
them to outside of body Example: sweat glands
Endocrine glands Release hormones directly into bloodstream Have no ducts, referred to as ductless
glands Example: thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Adrenal glands – two Parathyroid glands – four Pancreas Pineal gland Pituitary gland Ovaries – two in females Testes – two in males Thymus gland Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Click here to view an animation of the endocrine system.
Back to Directory
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Two glands, one located above each kidney
Each gland is composed of two sections: Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.1 – The adrenal glands.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Hormones are referred to as corticosteroids Secreted by adrenal cortex Steroid hormones
Three different families of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Steroid sex hormones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Mineralocorticoid Example: aldosterone Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)
levels Glucocorticoid
Example: cortisol Regulates carbohydrates
Steroid sex hormones Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone Regulate secondary sexual characteristics
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Inner portion Secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine Epinephrine is also called adrenaline
Critical during emergency situations Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Increases respiration rate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen is responsible for: Female sexual characteristics Regulation of menstrual cycle
Progesterone Maintains suitable uterine environment for
pregnancy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.2 – The ovaries.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Located along lower curvature of stomach
Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Exocrine portion Releases digestive
enzymes through duct into duodenum
Endocrine sections of the pancreas Islets of
Langerhans Produce insulin and
glucagon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Insulin Produced by beta cells Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose
from bloodstream Lowers blood sugar level Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing
carbohydrates
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Glucagon Produced by alpha cells Stimulates liver to release stored glucose
into bloodstream Raises blood sugar levels Occurs when body needs more glucose
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.3 – The pancreas.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Four tiny glands Located on
dorsal surface of thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
If calcium levels in blood fall too low: Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood
increase Stimulate bone breakdown Releasing more calcium into bloodstream
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.4 – The parathyroid glands.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Small pine cone-shaped gland
Part of thalamus region of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Secretes melatonin Not well understood, but plays a role in
regulating body’s circadian rhythm 24-hour clock that governs periods of
wakefulness and sleepiness
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.5 – The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Small marble-shaped gland
Located underneath brain
Divided into anterior and posterior lobes
Regulated by hypothalamus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.6 – The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and posterior lobes.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Referred to as “master gland” Secretes hormones that regulate other
endocrine glands Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Regulates function of thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropin hormone
(ACTH) Regulates function of adrenal cortex
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
FSH Responsible for development of ova and
sperm Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen
LH Stimulates secretion of sex hormones Plays a role in releasing ova in females
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Growth hormone (GH) Also called somatotropin Stimulates cells to grow and divide
Prolactin (PRL) Stimulates milk production in breast
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Stimulates melanocytes to produce more
melanin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.7 – The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Also called vasopressin Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney
tubules Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery
After birth stimulates release of milk from breast
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Two oval glands located in scrotum Secrete male sex hormone,
testosterone Testosterone
Produces male secondary sexual characteristics
Regulates sperm production
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.8 – The testes.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Located in mediastinum
Part of immune system
Also endocrine gland Secretes thymosin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Thymosin Essential for growth and development of
thymic lymphocytes or T cells Critical part of body’s immune system
Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty
At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.9 – The thymus gland.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Located on either side of trachea
Resembles a butterfly in shape
Divided into right and left lobes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Thyroid hormones Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Needs iodine to make hormones These hormones:
Regulate energy production Adjust metabolic rate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Also secretes calcitonin Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
If calcium levels in blood rise too high: Calcitonin levels in blood increase Increases deposition of calcium into bone Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream
Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.10 – The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
–al adrenal pertaining to adrenal gland
–megaly adrenomegaly enlarged adrenal gland
–pathy adrenopathy adrenal gland disease
–ectomy adrenalectomy removal of adrenal gland
–itis adrenalitisinflammation of adrenal gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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hyper– –emia hypercalcemiaexcessive calcium in blood
hypo– –emia hypocalcemia low calcium in blood
endo– –ologist endocrinologistspecialist in endocrine system
endo– –pathy endocrinopathyendocrine system disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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hyper– –emia hyperkalemiaexcessive potassium in blood
hyper– –emia hyperglycemia excessive sugar in blood
hypo– –emia hypoglycemia low sugar in blood
hypo– –emia hyponatremia low sodium in blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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–al parathyroidal pertaining to parathyroid
–ectomy parathyroidectomy removal of parathyroid
hyper– –ism
hyperparathyroidismstate of excessive parathyroid
hypo–
–ismhypoparathyroidism
state of insufficient parathyroid
–ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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–ary pituitary pertaining to pituitary
hypo– –ism hypopituitarism state of low pituitary
hyper– –ism hyperpituitarismstate of excessive pituitary
–ic thymic pertaining to thymus
–ectomy thymectomy removal of thymus
–itis thymitis inflammation of thymus
–oma thymoma thymus tumor
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
–megaly thyromegaly enlarged thyroid
–al thyroidal pertaining to thyroid
–ectomy thyroidectomy removal of thyroid
hyper– –ism hyperthyroidismstate of excessive thyroid
hypo– –ism hypothyroidism state of low thyroid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids
edema excessive fluid in body tissues
endocrinologydiagnosis and treatment of conditions of endocrine glands
exophthalmos protruding eyeballs
gynecomastia development of breast tissue in males
hirsutism excessive amount of hair
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.11 – A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid
gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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hypersecretionexcessive hormone production by endocrine gland
hyposecretioninsufficient hormone production by endocrine gland
obesity having abnormal amount of fat
syndromegroup of symptoms and signs that combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Addison’s disease
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include generalized weakness and weight loss
adrenal feminization
hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal cortex in males; develops female secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia
adrenal virilism
hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females; develops male secondary sexual characteristics
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Cushing’s syndrome
hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; symptoms include weakness, edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis
pheochromocytoma
hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 11.12 – Cushing’s syndrome. (Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
Results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria
Two very distinct types:
- insulin-dependent
- non-insulin-dependent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Also called Type 1 Develops early in life Destruction of islet
cells Person makes too
little insulin Must take insulin
injections
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Also called Type 2 Develops later in life Person makes enough
insulin, but it has lost ability to regulate cells
Do not take insulin Treated by diet,
exercise, and oral medications
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Click here to view a video on diabetes.
Back to Directory
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
diabetic retinopathy
accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes mellitus
ketoacidosisacidosis due to excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus
peripheral neuropathy
damage to nerves in lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus
insulinomaislet of Langerhans tumor; secretes excessive amount of insulin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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tetany
nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism
Recklinghausen disease
hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; causes degeneration of bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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acromegalychronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities
diabetes insipidus (DI)
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia
dwarfismhyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Sue Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 11.13 – Acromegaly. The hand on the right is from a normal person, the hand on the left is a person with acromegaly. (Bart's Medical
Library/Phototake NYC)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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gigantismhypersecretion of growth hormone in child; results in very tall adult
panhypopituitarism
hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with the glands controlled by pituitary gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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cretinismcongenital hyposecretion of thyroid; results in poor physical and mental development
goiter enlarged thyroid gland
Graves’ diseasehypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 11.14 – Goiter.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Hashimoto’s disease
autoimmune destruction of thyroid; results in hyposecretion disorder
myxedemahyposecretion disorder in adult; symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy
thyrotoxicosismarked hypersecretion; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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blood serum testmeasures level of substances, such as calcium, glucose, or hormones, in blood
total calciummeasures calcium in blood; used to diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
measures levels of hormones in blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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fasting blood sugar (FSB)
measures glucose in bloodstream after 12-hour fast
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
measures blood sugar level over several hours after person drinks large dose of glucose
two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test
measures blood glucose level two hours after a meal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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protein bound iodine test (PBI)
measures T4 blood level; iodine in the hormone becomes bound to blood proteins
thyroid function test (TFT)
measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH in blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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thyroid echogram
ultrasound image of thyroid gland
thyroid scannuclear medicine image based on accumulation of radioactive iodine in thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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chemical thyroidectomy
large dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill a portion of the thyroid gland; avoids surgery
hormone replacement therapy
administering replacement hormones; treats hyposecretion disorders
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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laparoscopic adrenalectomy
removal of adrenal gland through small abdominal laparoscopic incision
lobectomy removal of a lobe of thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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antithyroid agents
blocks production of thyroid hormones
Tapazole
corticosteroidsreplaces adrenal cortex hormones
Deltasone
human growth hormone therapy
replaces growth hormone
Genotropin, Protropin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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insulintreats type 1 diabetes mellitus
Humulin L
oral hypoglycemic agents
decreases blood sugar in type 2 diabetics
Glucophage, Glucotrol
thyroid replacement hormone
replaces thyroid hormones
Levo-T, Cytomel
vasopressin treats diabetes insipidusDesmopressin, Vaprisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
alpha
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH antidiuretic hormone
beta
BMR basal metabolic rate
DI diabetes insipidus
DM diabetes mellitus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
FBS fasting blood sugar
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GH growth hormone
GTT glucose tolerance test
IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
K+ potassium
LH luteinizing hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Na+ sodium
NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
PBI protein-bound iodine
PRL prolactin
PTH parathyroid hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
RAI radioactive iodine
RIA radioimmunoassay
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
TFT thyroid function test
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone