Chapter 11 PART 2 VHF

Fourth Period Of CH11

Passage one

Passage One Distress Signal and Distress Frequency

While a ship is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance, she transmits signals SOS through radiotelex. If the operator uses a radio telephone instead he calls MAYDAY pronounce as the French Expression“m'aider” (means “help me”). Right after the distress signal follow the distress call and distress message. The distress message consists of the distress signal, the name and the call sign of the ship in distress ( so-called identification ), distress position in degrees and minutes of latitude and longitude, the nature of the distress, the type of assistance required, the other information useful for search and rescue.

Chapter 11 Part 2 VHF.doc

The cases of distress for ships may depend upon different situations which ships encountered, such as stress of weather, neglectful duty of crew, incorrect operation of conning officers, and so on. Ships may suffer from fire, collision, explosion, disabled or adrift situation, flooding, listing, capsizing, grounding, so on and so forth. Provided that a ship strikes a rock and severe leakage is caused in the forward; the creak has several meters long causing a large quantity of water to flow in and it is beyond her reach to pump the water out. She is sinking suddenly. She can use any means on-board at crew's disposal to attract attention, make known her position and obtain help.

For instance, she can make use of INMARSAT installations available, SART, flame rocket, lifeboat radio station EPIRB, VHF at any time. All stations, on receipt of distress alerting, must keep transmission silence unless they have messages concerning the casualty. In addition, they must keep continuous listening watch on all international distress frequencies, such as 500 kHz (MF Morse code), 2182 kHz (Voice or DSC), 8364 kHz (lifeboat frequency), 156.8 MHz (VHF CH 16), the watch is especially relevant. 2182 kHz forms an essential part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety Safety System (GMDSS). It has an associated DSC frequency at 2187.5 kHz. Other international distress frequencies, in use as of 2008, include:

121.5 MHz as the civil, and 243 MHz as the military aircraft emergency frequencies

Marine VHF radio Channel 16, (156.8 MHz) for short range maritime use 406.025 MHz used by the Cospas-Sarsat international satellite-based

search and course (SAR) distress alert detection and information distribution system

Wherever a distress call is picked up, the operator must submit to the master with the minimum delay and act upon his authority. Shipping in the vicinity should establish communication as direct and render such assistance as is required and appropriate.

VHF should be used correctly and according to the Radio Regulations. As VHF Channel 16 is used for distress, safety and urgency, a listening watch must be kept on Channel 16 at all times while the bridge is manned, except when the local regulations require a watch to be kept on another VHF channel and dual watch facilities are not available. The following in particular should be avoided:

1)     Non-essential transmissions. 2)   Transmitting without correct identification. 3)   Use of offensive language, etc.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary imminent [] adj. 即将来临的 , 逼近的 neglectful [] adj. 疏忽的 casualty [] n. 事故，遇险船舶或受伤的人 commercial [] adj. 贸易的，商业上的；营业性的 submit to 提交 authority [] n. 权威，威信；权力，权限，职权，权能 render [] vt. 呈递 , 实施 , 提供 vi. 给予补偿 offensive [] adj. 讨厌的 , 无礼的 , 攻击性的 n. 进攻 , 攻势

NOTES The distress message consists of the distress signal, the name and the

call sign of the ship in distress (So-called identification), distress position in degrees and minutes of latitude and longitude, the nature of the distress, the type of assistance required, the other information useful for search and rescue.

遇险信息包括遇险信号，遇险船的名字和呼号，用经纬度和分来表示的遇险位置，遇险性质，需要援助的类型和其他用于搜寻与营救的有用的信息。

Wherever a distress call is picked up, the operator must submit to the master with the minimum delay and act upon his authority. Shipping in the vicinity should establish communication as direct and render such assistance as is required and appropriate.

无论在哪收到遇险信息，话务员应立刻毫不耽误地提交给船长，并根据权限做出反应。附近的船舶应按要求建立通信联系，并按要求提供合适的援助。

As VHF Channel 16 is used for distress, safety and urgency, a listening watch must be kept on Channel 16 at all times while the bridge is manned, except when the local regulations require a watch to be kept on another VHF channel and dual watch facilities are not available.

因为甚高频 16 频道是用于遇险，安全和紧急的目的，所以除非当地规则要求在另一 VHF 频道守听，或者驾驶台上无双联设备的情况下 , 只要驾驶台上有人值班，就必须在 16频道保持守听。

Passage Three Distress Radio Beacons

Distress radio beacons, also known as emergency beacons, are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of boats, aircraft, and people in distress. Strictly, they are radiobeacons that interface with Cospas-Sarsat, the international satellite system for search and rescue (SAR). When activated, such beacons send out a distress signal that, when detected by non-geostationary satellites, can be located by trilateration. In the case of 406 MHz beacons which transmit digital signals, the beacons can be uniquely identified almost instantly (via GEOSAR), and furthermore, a GPS or GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) position can be encoded into the signal. Often using the initial position provided via the satellite system, the distress signals from the beacons can be homed by SAR aircraft and ground search parties who can in turn come to the aid of the concerned boat, aircraft, or people. A PLB that can use either GLONASS or GPS location services.

There are three types of distress radio beacons compatible with

the Cospas-Sarsat system: EPIRB 船用信标（ EPIRB ） EPIRBs (emergency position-indicating radio

beacons) signal maritime distress Emergency Locator Transmitter 航空信标（ ELT ） ELTs (emergency locator transmitters) signal

aircraft distress Personal Locator Beacon 陆用个人信标（ PLB ） PLBs (personal locator beacons) are for

personal use and are intended to indicate a person in distress who is away from normal emergency services

The basic purpose of distress radiobeacons is to get people rescued within the so-called “golden day” (the first 24 hours following a traumatic event) when the majority of survivors can still be saved.

Since the inception of Cospas-Sarsat in 1982, distress radiobeacons have assisted in the rescue of over 22,000 people in more than 6,000 distress situations. In 2006, distress radiobeacons aided in the rescue of 1,881 people in 452 distress situations.

自 1982 年使用以来，共救助 22 ， 000 人接警6000 余次。仅 2006 年，救助 1881 人接警 452 次。

Vocabulary Vocabulary interface [] n. 分界面 ; vt. 交流 , 交谈 activate [] vt. 使活动，开动，起动，触发 non-geostationary satellite 非对地静止的人造卫星，非对地同步的人造卫星 trilateration [] n. [ 测 ] 三边测量 ( 术 ) GEOSAR: Geostationary Earth Orbit Search and Rescue 对地静止的搜寻与营

救人造卫星 encode into 把 ( 电文 ) 译成电码 [ 密码 ]. traumatic [] adj. 外伤的，损伤的，创伤的 inception [] n. 开始，发端 initial [] adj. 最初的 survivor [] n. 幸存者 segment [] n. 部分；分节；段；节 distribution [] n. 分配，分发，配给

卫星部分示意图

Exercises I. Multiple Choices: 1. A radio medical advice service ______ships of all nationalities and no charge is made f

or this service. A. is available to B. is available for C. are available to D. are available for 2. A RADIO SIGNAL FROM A DISTRESSED VESSEL AUTOMATICALLY DIRECTED T

O A RCC GIVING POSITION, IDENTIFICATION, COURSE AND SPEED OF THE VESSEL AS WELL AS THE NATURE OF DISTRESS is known as ______.

A. Distress alert B. Safety alert C. Emergency alert D. General alert 3. What is the basic concept of GMDSS? ______ A. Search and rescue authorities ashore can be alerted to a distress situation B. Shipping in the immediate vicinity of a ship in distress will be rapidly alerted C. Shoreside authorities and vessels can assist in a coordinated SAR operation with minimum delay D. All of the above

B

A

D

4. Which would be the subject of a NAVAREA warning? _____ A. A drifting buoy sighted in mid-ocean. B. Extinguishment of Wolf Trap Light located inside Chesapeake Bay. C. All military exercises on the high seas involving four or more vessels. D. Off-air times of radio beacons when scheduled for routine maintenance. 5. If you receive the signal over radiotelephone of "Romeo Papa Tango" while using the

International Code of Signals, you should ______ ． A. report to the caller B. repeat your last transmission C. continue since he received your last transmission D. end the transmission 6. Each Class A EPIRB shall be stowed in a manner which will permit_____. A. easy access to its storage compartment B. replacement of the battery without exposure to the weather C. it to float free if the vessel sinks D. it to remain attached to the vessel

D

B

C

7. One method of reducing the length of radio transmissions without distorting the meaning of your words is by using _______.

A. slang B. secret codes C. procedure words D. analogies 8. Proper GMDSS watch-keeping includes _________. A. monitoring all required frequencies in the proper mode B. reading all displays and/or printouts after silencing an alarm C. notifying the Master of any distress alerts D. All of the above 9. The Class A EPIRB transmits a signal ________. A. that follows the curvature of the earth B. that can be picked up by SARSAT satellite C. that activates an alarm on board nearby aircraft D. to alert shore stations and then transmits a homing signal

C

D

B

10. The principal advantage of NAVTEX radio warnings is that _______. A. they can be used by mariners who do not know Morse code B. only an ordinary FM radio is necessary to receive these warnings C. information on a given topic is only broadcast at specified times D. they cover a broad spectrum of the radio band allowing reception on almost many ty

pes of receiver 11. Where should the GMDSS radio log be kept on board ship? ______ A. In the Captain’s office B. In the sea cabin C. At the GDMSS operating position D. Anywhere on board the vessel 12. Which action should be taken on receipt of a GMDSS distress alert? _____

A. Read the display screen and/or printout B. Silence the alarm C. Listen for any follow up voice/telex transmission on the appropriate frequency D. All of the above Exercises.doc

A

C

D

13. Which action should you take after sending a false distress alert on VHF? _____

A. Send a DSC cancellation message on Ch-70 B. Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch-16

C. Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch-13 D. Make a voice announcement to cancel the alert on Ch- 22A 14. Which device provides the main means in the GMDSS for locating ships in

distress or their survival craft? _____ A. Radio direction finder B. Satellite EPIRBs C. MF/HF DSC D. VHF homing device 15. Proper GMDSS watchkeeping includes ______. A. Understanding the GMDSS console’s normal operational indicators B. Maintaining a proper GMDSS radio station log C. Responding to and comprehending alarms D. All of the above

B

B

B

16. Which message categories cannot be disabled by the GMDSS radio operator? ____

A. Navigational Warnings B. Meteorological Warnings C. Search and Rescue Information D. All of the above 17. Which piece of required GMDSS equipment is the primary source of transmi

tting locating signals? _____ A. Radio Direction Finder (RDF) B. An EPIRB transmitting on 406MHz C. Survival Craft Transceiver D. A SART transmitting on 406MHz 18. Which statement concerning locating signals in the GMDSS is FALSE? ___

__ A. Locating signals are transmitted by survival craft VHF transceivers. B. Locating signals are transmitted by SARTs. C. Locating signals are intended to facilitate the finding of a distressed vessel or

its survivors. D. Locating signals are not transmitted by auto-alarm generators.

B

B

D

19. While operating off Panama a seaman is injured. What indicator should be included in the preamble of a radio telegram requesting medical advice from a Panamanian station? ____

A. RADIO MEDICAL B. DH MEDICO C. XXX D. MEDRAD 20. You receive a call from the U.S. Coast Guard addresse

d to all stations. The call begins with the words Pan-Pan (3 times). Which type of emergency signal would this be? ____

A. Safety signal B. Urgency signal C. Distress signal D. Red alert signal

B

B

II. Translate the following phrases: 1. 全球海上遇险与安全系统 2. 应急无线电示位标 3. 国际

海事卫星 4. 静止卫星 5. 搜救雷达应答器 6. 搜寻与营救协

调中心 7. 气象服务 8. 海上安全信息 9. 有关的权威机构 10. 船舶的概位 11. 临时的特性 12. 数字选择呼

叫 13. 航海通告 14. 无线电航海警告 15. 英版航海通

告年度汇编 16. 地方当局 17. 在附近 18. 视觉和听觉显示 19. 海上移动识别服务 20. 遇险信号

II. Translate the following phrases: 1. GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 2. EPIRB: emergency position indicating radio beacon 3.INMARSAT: International Maritime Satellite 4. Geostationary satellites 5. SART: Search and Rescue Transponder 6.Rescue Co-ordination Centre(RCC) 7. meterorological service 8. maritime safety information(MSI) 9. authorities conderned 10. approximate position 11.temporary nature 12. Digital Selective

Calling (DSC) 13.Notices to Mariners 14.Radio Navigational Warnings 15.Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners 16.the local authorities 17.in the vicinity 18.visual and aural indication 19. MMSI( Maritime Mobile Service Identity) 20.distress signal