chapter 11: stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Social Psychology by Tom Giliovich, Dacher Keltner, and Richard Nisbett
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias
Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups
Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
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Sources of Prejudice
Social Sources– Unequal Status– Social Identity
Cognitive Sources– Stereotypes– Perceived Similarities and Differences– Illusory Correlation
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Social Sources of Prejudice
Unequal Status– realistic conflict theory - direct competition between
groups over valued resources (jobs, schools) Robber’s Cave Experiment Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Racial Violence and Economic Conditions
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Num
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of L
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1882 1884 1890 1893 1906 1908 1917 1921 1927 1930Years
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Frustration During Exercise
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trat
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Mammal Bird Fish
Back
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Social Sources of Prejudice
Social Identity– social categorization- divide world into in-group
(“us”) and out-group (“them”) in-group bias- view own group more favorably
– Bele: You're finished Lokai. Oh, we got your kind penned in on Cheron in a little district. And it's not going to change. You half-white.Lokai: You half-black.
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In-Group Bias from Exercise
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Posi
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Mammals Birds FishRaters
Mammals Birds Fish
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Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
“prejudice is by-product of our thinking processes”stereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social groups influence social thought by:
– process information consistent with stereotype quicker– focus on information consistent with stereotype– use tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear
consistent
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Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
out-group homogeneity– out-group members seen as more alike
in-group differentiation– in-group members seen as more diverse
(heterogeneous) illusory correlations
– overestimating rates of negative behavior in minority groups
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Out-Group Homogeneity
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Mammal Bird Fish
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Discrimination
Discrimination- negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
subtle forms– tokenism- perform trivial actions for minorities– reverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to
treat targets of prejudice favorably– “modern” racism
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias
1. Modern Racism and SexismModern racism - prejudice directed at other racial
groups that exists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefsa. Benevolent Racism and Sexism
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias
2. Measures to Assess True Attitudesa. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
technique for revealing unconscious prejudices toward particular groupsb. Priming and Implicit Prejudice
Priming - procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)
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Implicit Attitudes
Are automatically activated evaluations outside of a person’s awareness (unconscious)– Formed slowly through experience– Very resistant to extinction
Changing implicit attitudes– Can be changed without subject’s conscious
awareness Prime subjects with counterstereotypes
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Being a Member of a Stigmatized Group
1. Attributional Ambiguity2. Stereotype Threat
- fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which one is a member
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Reducing Prejudice
Social Learning– teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant
Increase intergroup contact– contact must involve cooperation and interdependence– norms favoring group equality must exist– focus on individual-based (vs. category) processing
Extended Contact Hypothesis– knowing that members of in-group have formed friendships with
out-group members may reduce prejudice
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Reducing Prejudice (con’t)
Have groups work on superordinate goals Focus on similarities between in-group and
nonthreatening out-group Recategorization
– reset boundaries between “us” and “them”, so former out-group is now included in in-group
Focus on others’ specific traits and outcomes (attribute-driven processing) rather than on group stereotypes (category-driven processing)
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