chapter 11: the american pageant the triumphs and travails of the jeffersonian republic
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11: The American Pageant
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic
ELECTION OF 1800
• Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.
• ProblemProblem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans
• Therefore election decided by House of Representatives
1. Election of 1800:Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college
Parties chose their candidates and electors would vote for them
2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson.
3. To eliminate future problems1212thth Amendment: Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so there would never be a tie.
FederalistsFederalists Democratic RepublicansDemocratic RepublicansAdams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73Pinckney---VP Burr---VP----73
Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one
political party to another• “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement
Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one
political party to another• “revolutionaryrevolutionary” achievement
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
Restraint Helps RevolutionRestraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policiesJefferson axed a few Federalist policies
• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
• Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years
• Repealed hated excise tax
• Made efforts to eliminate debt
• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
• Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years
• Repealed hated excise tax
• Made efforts to eliminate debt
• Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program
• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
• Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t
mean disaster
• Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program
• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
• Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t
mean disaster
Restraint Helps RevolutionRestraint Helps Revolution
•Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy.
•Champion for the common mancommon man•Believed education would prepare them for
participation in government…..•For now, educated should rule…
•Believed National Government became too powerful during Adams’ Presidency
•Kept most FederalistFederalist programs. WHY? •Washington/AdamsWashington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.
•Pardoned those arrested with Sedition ActSedition Act•Repealed the Whiskey taxWhiskey tax•Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—Bank of the USBank of the US•Eliminated Alien ActAlien Act
•Visualized an Visualized an agrarian societyagrarian society •Feared Feared industrializationindustrialization and its effects …. and its effects ….
•FarmersFarmers were the chosen class. were the chosen class.•Laissez faireLaissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives--govt. stays out of people’s lives•Against Against Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States but did not but did not
repeal it.repeal it.
•Owned slavesOwned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…would end but predicted it would divide U.S…
Ultimate goal, Blacks would Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilateassimilate into into American societyAmerican society
•Native AmericansNative Americans, co-existence a long range goal , co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and but would have to learn agricultural ways and
become self-sufficient…For that time, become self-sufficient…For that time, Indians and Indians and whiteswhites could not could not co-existco-exist and worked towards and worked towards voluntary removalvoluntary removal of tribes to western lands of tribes to western lands
•Believed Believed educationeducation the key to the key to social mobilitysocial mobility
Although the Supreme Court, which had a Federalist majority, denied Marbury, also a Federalist, his
commission (appointment to become a judge), the Court established a far more important principle.
•THE SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT INTERPRETS WHAT THE CONSTITUTION MEANS AND CAN DECLARE A LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHICH IS CALLED
JUDICIAL REVIEWJUDICIAL REVIEW.•THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
IS OVER THE STATES.
Chief Justice John Marshall stated,, •“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law,
unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when
the legislature shall please to alter it.•If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
•It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is
•If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature,
the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable”.
•Great Britain after the Revolution.
•United States after War
•Spanish land after Revolution
Spanish Land Spanish Land 18001800
New Orleans
•Great Britain after the Revolution.
•United States after War
•Spanish land
French Land French Land in 1801in 1801
New Orleans
•1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
•Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
•Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England
•1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
•Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
•Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England
Haitian rev
•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
•Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America….
•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
•Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America….
•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
Louisiana purchase
•Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
•Needed the money for his war with Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.
•Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
•Needed the money for his war with Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.
Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the
US Constitution?Jefferson used implied powersimplied powers or loose loose
constructionconstruction to justify his decision“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a
guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to
bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for
you.”Madison to JeffersonMadison to Jefferson
““Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”larger area of land.”
Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in
the US Constitution?
•Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase (IRONY)
•Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress
•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian “agrarian society”society”
•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of “valley of democracy”democracy”
Map 6 of 45
Expansion of the United States
Map 7 of 45Expansion of the United
Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north
Louisiana
• Corps of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific
• President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage
• United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north
Louisiana
• Corps of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific
• President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage
• United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest
•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.
•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes
had never seen white men before.
•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and
Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.
•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.
•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes
had never seen white men before.
•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and
Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.
Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New
England Federalists.
Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in
1804.
Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede
from the nation
Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New
England Federalists.
Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in
1804.
Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede
from the nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
Angered by an insulting remark
attributed to Hamilton,
Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot
him
Angered by an insulting remark
attributed to Hamilton,
Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot
him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the hatred of many
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the hatred of many
In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
Barbary raids
1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his
share of protection money
Informally declared war on US.
1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his
share of protection money
Informally declared war on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom
for American sailors.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom
for American sailors.
Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli Jefferson interested in their cost Jefferson interested in their cost
savings.savings. “Mosquito fleet” of 200 small
gunboats constructed. War of 1812: these boats would War of 1812: these boats would
prove to be ineffective.prove to be ineffective.
Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)•Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
•Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French•Almost allied with England and went to war with France
to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery•Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
•Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territoryJefferson realized that “ideas” are
often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.
Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807):
These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to the Continental System, which closed European ports to
ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping
vessels trying to trade at British ports. vessels trying to trade at British ports.
Orders-in-councilOrders-in-council British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports
from which Britain was excluded unless they first went from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. to Britain and traded for British goods.
1806: England closed ports under French
control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, a ship, its contents,
men and forcing men and forcing them into your navythem into your navy
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge,
as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the
Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were
unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly
deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”
embargo1
•Jefferson’s response to the
Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war, Jefferson
attempted to defend our
neutrality by stopping all
American exports to the world.
•Jefferson’s response to the
Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war, Jefferson
attempted to defend our
neutrality by stopping all
American exports to the world.
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off
our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED
ECONOMIC COERCION. •It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our
economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to
smuggle goods from these countries as well as others.
•Hurt American businesses•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry•U.S. smuggled•New England talked of secession…..•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off
our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED
ECONOMIC COERCION. •It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our
economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to
smuggle goods from these countries as well as others.
•Hurt American businesses•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry•U.S. smuggled•New England talked of secession…..•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
embargo2
•American people were hostile towards Jefferson
•Referred to the Embargo as “Dambargo, Mobrage,
Go Bar Em”….
•Would be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by
President Madison which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France
and Great Britain……
embargo2
“Our ships all in motion,Once whiten’d the ocean;
They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;Now doom’d to decayThey are fallen a prey,
To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,against the embargo cried out,
““Let every man who holds the name of Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands America dear to him , stretch forth his hands
and put this accursed thing, this Embargo and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,
of God, and your country; nerve your arms of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)
who would wrest the inestimable germ of who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall your Independence from you---and you shall
be Conquerors!!!”be Conquerors!!!”
Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 21810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly
changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Dupe of Napoleon
• November, 1810: Madison announces nonimportation against Britain
• Results in political ties with France
• Major foreign policy mistakeNapoleon
•August, 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced
decrees (stop impressing US ships) could be repealed if Britain ends
the Orders in Council
TecumsehTecumseh
• Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion – Supplied by the British– led Indian cultural renewal
• 1809: General William H. Harrison appointed as governor of Indiana Territory by President Jefferson.
• President Jefferson instructed Harrison to convince Tecumseh to stop attacking American settlements.
• Battle of Tippecanoe makes Harrison a hero.