chapter 11-the civil war section 1 notes-from bull run to antietam

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CHAPTER 11-THE CIVIL WAR Section 1 Notes-From Bull Run to Antietam

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CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1 NOTES

CHAPTER 11-THE CIVIL WARSection 1 Notes-From Bull Run to AntietamSection ObjectivesWhat was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run? How did the North and the South prepare for war?Why were the battles in the West important?What was the outcome of each of the battles in the East in 1862?Main IdeaThe shots fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861 signaled the start of the nation's Civil Warthe war between the Union states of the North and the Confederate states of the South

Response to Fort SumterBy May 1861, the Upper South (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) had joined the Confederacy, the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia. The Rush to WarResponse in the NorthLincoln calls for 7500 volunteers90 days service to put down the rebellionLincolns political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriotsor traitorsNortherners rush to enlistReaction in the South

With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to choose a side Union slave states refused to provide troops to fight against fellow southernersConfederate states ready to call up menFirst Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede

5Goals and StrategiesUnion Goals

Needed to be carefully definedWar could not center around the dispute over slaveryborder states pushed to secede Fight for patriotic reasonsto save the UnionConfederate Goals

South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchangedPrepared to defend themselves against invasion Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw

6In July, 35,000 Northern volunteers were training in Washington, D.C., just 100 miles away. Forward to Richmond! urged a headline in the New York Tribune. Many Northerners believed that capturing the Confederate capital (Richmond) would end the Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run 1861Lincoln names Irvin McDowell, the General of the Union army.McDowell felt he needed more time to prepare his troops.His army was made up of volunteers who had little to no fighting experienceThis is not an army, McDowell told the President. It will take a long time to make an army. Lincoln did not want to wait and ordered his general into action.

Bull Run cont.On July 16, McDowell marched his poorly prepared army into Virginia. His objective was the town of Manassas, VA-25 miles from D.C.Opposing him was a smaller Confederate force under General P.G.T. Beauregard, the officer who had captured Fort Sumter. The Confederates were camped along Bull Run, a stream that passed 4 miles north of Manassas.

Bull RunIt took the Union army nearly four days to march the 25 miles to Manassas. Slow pace was due to lack of training and disciplineAccompanying the troops was a huge crowd of reporters, politicians, and other civilians from Washington, planning to picnic and watch the battle.Bull RunMcDowell's delays had allowed Beauregard to strengthen his army. 11,000 additional Confederate troops showed up to the scene. When McDowell finally attacked on July 21, he faced a larger Confederate army.

Bull RunAfter hours of hard fighting, the Union soldiers pushed the Southerners back. However, some Virginia soldiers commanded by General Thomas Jackson refused to give up

Thomas Stonewall JacksonBull RunAnother Confederate officer rallied his retreating troops, shouting: Look! There is Jackson standing like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians! The Union advance was stopped, and Stonewall Jackson had earned his famous nickname.Tired and discouraged, the Union forces began to fall apart in late afternoon.

Bull RunHundreds of soldiers dropped their weapons and ran northTerrified that the Confederate troops would catch them, they ran back to Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too disorganized and exhausted to chase after them.The first major battle of the Civil War was over. It became known as the First Battle of Bull Run

Bull Run cont. About 35,000 troops were involved on each side. The Union suffered about 2,900 casualties Confederate casualties were fewer than 2,000. Later battles would prove much more costly.

* It also showed that the war would be long and bloody. 1st Union attack on the Confederacy in July of 1861.

The Confederates, led by Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson, won the battle.* This battle showed each side that they needed training.

Battle of Bull Run - Animation

July 21, 1861 - Ruins of the Stone Bridge over which Northern forces retreated until it was blown up by a Rebel shell adding to the panic of the retreat, with the Federals returning to Washington as "a rain-soaked mob."

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861

Union army not ready to fightWith 90-day volunteer enlistment nearly over, the decision was made to send troops to Manassas Junction to attack.First Battle of Bull RunThe chaotic battle ended hope for a short war.Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname and Confederate infantry charge caused Union troops to stampede. There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900 Union casualties. ResultsLincoln called for a million more volunteers to serve for three years.Replaced McDowell with General George McClellan, who set about creating a real army out of the volunteer force19Preparing for WarAfter the shocking loss, Congress authorized Lincoln to raise a million three-year volunteers.the North was much better prepared for war than was the South2x the railroad trackgreat for mobilizing troops, food, supplies, ammunition2x the amount of factories--the Union was better able to produce the guns, ammunition, shoes, and other items needed for its army.

Preparing for Warthe North had far more money in its banks than the South.the North already had a functioning government and a small army and navy. Most importantly, two thirds of the nation's population lived in Union states. This made more men available to the Union army, while at the same time allowing for a sufficient labor force to remain behind for farm and factory work.

Union Advantage small population of 9 million, of which 1/3 were slaves large population of 22 millionConfederate Disadvantage

defending their homeland The North invaded unfamiliar territory. Audio Excerpt: Union and Confederate AdvantagesConfederate Advantages fought a defensive war at home Union Disadvantages The South was a huge area to conquer. Southern AdvantagesThe Confederates had some advantages, tooThe south had better generals and leaders than the north.The south had better military schools.Although the most prestigious military school was located in the North-West Point, NYMany Southern generals attended West Point.

The Citadel Military SchoolSouth CarolinaThe war was fought in the south, south had to fight and play defense.The North had to fight in enemy territory.The South were fighting to preserve their way of life.

Union Strategies-Anaconda PlanPresident Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded statesLincoln hoped to stop the south from exporting their cotton to Europe.This also prevented Southerners from importing the manufactured goods they neededLincoln's blockade was part of a strategy developed by General Winfield Scott, the hero of the Mexican War and commander of all U.S. troops in 1861

AnacondaPlanScott proposed to choke off the Confederacy with the blockade and to use troops and gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy in two. Scott believed these measures would pressure the South to seek peace

seize control of the Mississippi RiverStrategies for VictoryUnion plans: blockade Southern ports capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia

The South counted on European money and supplies.Confederate plans: To stay at home and fight a defensive war. The South believed that the North would quickly tire of fighting and give up.

The NorthsStrategy

Larger population = more available soldiers With more factories, could produce war suppliesGeneral Winfield Scotts planslowly seal the South off from the rest of the worldAnaconda plan Newspapers pushed On to Richmond, an attack on the Confederacy for a quick end to the war.

Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of resourcesFighting for freedom and their homeland of the population did not hold slavesThey were convinced of their military superiority many army officers were southerners.The Souths Strategy

30Goals and Strategies

Southerners were convinced that France and Great Britain wanted a guaranteed supply of cotton and counted on this cotton diplomacy as a foreign-policy tool. The Confederacy embargoed cotton to force the issue of recognition as an independent nation when the English and French hesitated. Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons: - The British resented the attempt at blackmail. - Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year before. - Higher prices encouraged other countries to grow the crop.

Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign involvement throughout the conflict.

31 Therefore, the South created an ironclad ship called the Merrimack to attack the Union navy.Naval Action The Union blockade on Southern ports hurt the South.

In response, the North created an ironclad ship called the Monitor.* Ironclad ships changed naval warfare forever!The U.S.S. Monitor was the first Union iron-clad ship. This picture shows the deck and the turret of the U.S.S. Monitor (Source: Library of Congress). Confederate StrategiesThe South's basic war plan was to prepare and waitplay Defense.Southern strategy called for a war of attrition--one side inflicts continuous losses and wears down the enemy until the Northerners lost the will to fight.This did not work because of the man power and resource power of the north.In the end it was the North who wore down the south.

Confederate Strategies cont.The south tried to stop exporting their cotton to British textile mills.This would cause the British economy to fall and support the south against the north in the war.Believed the loss of Southern cotton would cause British and French industrial leaders to pressure their governments to help the South in exchange for cotton.Instead, the Europeans turned to India and Egypt for their cotton.Top generals on each side trained at West Point.Old instructional methods based on infantry and cavalry charges, but with new weaponry these tactics led to huge casualtiesIncreased range and accuracy with bullet-shaped ammunition and riflingShrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments mowed down troops.

Observation balloons were used to direct artillery fire, and camouflage was used to disguise tents and guns from view. The telegraph allowed for quick communication.Railroads were used to move large numbers of troops.

Tactics and Technology36Tactics and TechnologyInstead of relying only on iron cannon balls, gunners could now fire shells, devices that exploded in the air or when they hit something. Artillery often fired canister, a special type of shell filled with bullets. This turned cannons into giant shotguns. Thousands of soldiers went to their deaths by following orders to cross open fields against such weapons.

New weaponry during the Civil War

Canisters- a shellFilled with bulletsCanisters made theCannon obsolete.The speed Maximized casualtiesand range

War in the WestAfter the disaster at Bull Run, Lincoln put General George McClellan in charge of the army.Union forces in the West invaded the Confederacy

George McClellan and his staff

Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee held the key to control of the Mississippi River.The fighting in these four states is generally referred to as the war in the West.

War in the west cont.The most successful Union forces in the West were led by General Ulysses S. GrantAssigned to lead the Union army in Kentucky where the Ohio and Tennessee rivers meet.In February 1862, Grant advanced down the Tennessee River with15,000 troops and several gunboats.

Fort Donelson and Fort HenryGrant's objectives were Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, located just over the border in the Confederate state of Tennessee. On February 6 the Union gunboats pounded Fort Henry into surrender before Grant's troops arrived.

War in the west contForts Henry and Donelson.The general then marched his army east and attacked Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. After 3 days Fort Donelson also gave up.Northerners rejoiced that at last the Union had an important victory.

War in the west cont--Shiloh.Southerners worried that loss of the forts exposed much of the region to attack. Nashville soon fell to another Union army. Grant and 42,000 soldiers pushed farther south along the Tennessee River to threaten Mississippi and Alabama.

In late March, Grant's army advanced toward Corinth, Mississippi, an important railroad center near the Tennessee-Mississippi border. Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston gathered troops from throughout the region to halt the Union advance.

US GUNBOATS ON THE TENNESSEE RIVERBattle of ShilohBy the time Grant's forces approached, Johnston had an army of about 40,000 to oppose themJohnston decided to launch an attack against Grant's army before the Union force got any largerOn April 6, 1862, Johnston's forces surprised some of Grant's troops, who were camped at Shiloh Church

ShilohUnion forces attacked back and defeated Johnston's army. The cost to both sides was very high. The Union suffered more than 13,000 casualties, the Confederates nearly 11,000. General Johnston was among the Confederate deadShiloh was the bloodiest single battle that had taken place on the North American continent to that time. It destroyed Northern hopes that the Confederacy would soon be defeated.

Ulysses S. Grant was commander of Union forces in WestBold and restless, he wanted to attack.Western campaign focused on taking control of Mississippi River.Would cut off eastern part of Confederacy from food sources in WestUnion could use bases along the Mississippi to attack communication and transportation networks.Grants Army of Tennessee captured Confederate forts on Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862.Both sides claimed victory in bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, but Grants forces had driven Confederates back into Mississippi.Action on the MississippiIn late April 1862, a naval squadron commanded by David Farragut fought its way past two forts in the Louisiana swamps to force the surrender of New Orleans.Farragut soon captured Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi

Action on the MississippiOnly two major posts on the Mississippi River now remained in Confederate hands. Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana. If Northern forces could capture them, the entire Mississippi River valley would finally be under Union control. The Confederacy would be split into two parts

Therefore, the South created an ironclad ship called the Merrimack to attack the Union navy.Naval Action The Union blockade on Southern ports hurt the South.

In response, the North created an ironclad ship called the Monitor.* Ironclad ships changed naval warfare forever!The U.S.S. Monitor was the first Union iron-clad ship. This picture shows the deck and the turret of the U.S.S. Monitor (Source: Library of Congress). War in the East-Monitor vs MerrimackWhile the Union army marched through the western Confederacy, Union warships maintained the blockade of Virginia's coastSoutherners had created a strange-looking vessel by bolting iron plates to an old wooden steamship called the Merrimack.The Union's wooden navy was no match for this powerful ironclad warship. Northern leaders feared the new weapon might soon break apart the entire blockade.

The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862

The Monitor vs.the Merrimac

War in the East-Monitor vs Merrimack cont.President Lincoln ordered construction of a similar Union warship. It was made entirely of iron and was completed in 100 days. Named the Monitor, it looked like a tin can on a raft.the Monitor arrived off the Virginia coast to confront the Merrimack.Neither ship did any damage to the otherThe Merrimack finally withdrewTheir one encounter, however, changed the history of warfare. In a single day, the wooden navies of the world became obsolete.

USS Monitor in action with CSS Virginia, 9 March 1862 Monitor vs Merrimack

Peninsula CampaignNew Union general George McClellan also wanted to take Richmond. McClellan, 36 yrs old, was an outstanding organizer, an excellent strategist, and was well liked by his troopsThe name of McClellans army was the Army of the Potomac.

McClellan's great weakness was that he was very cautious and never seemed ready to fight. This irritated Lincoln and other Northern leaders, who wanted action after the Unions defeat at Bull Run.

Peninsula Campaign cont.In March 1862, McClellan finally ordered the Army of the Potomac out of Washington. Because he thought that marching to Manassas again would be a mistake, he transported 100,000 soldiers by boat to a peninsula southeast of Richmond. As the Union troops moved up the peninsula, they encountered 15,000 Southerners at Yorktown, Virginia, about 60 miles from the Confederate capital.

Peninsula Campaign cont.McClellan did hesitate, he waited outside Yorktown for about a month. When he finally advanced, the southerners went back to defend RichmondOn May 31, as McClellan's army neared the capital, the Southerners suddenly turned and attacked. During one battle (7 Pines) the Confederate commander General Joseph Johnston was wounded.

Command of his army now fell to Robert E. Lee. Like all great generals, Lee believed in good training and planning. However, he also understood that victory sometimes depends on the willingness to take chances.Even today, General Lee is considered one of, if not, the greatest US General of all time.

The South AttacksWith McClellan's forces still threatening Richmond, Lee had to defend the capital.Lee was gambling that the overly cautious McClellan, who was awaiting reinforcements, would not attack Richmond before the Confederates could act.

The South Attacks cont.General Stonewall Jackson took his army to join Lees army outside of Richmond.McClellans delays once again hurt his chances of taking Richmond. In late June their combined forces attacked McClellan's larger army in a series of encounters called the Seven Days' Battles.

Although the Confederates lost more than 20,000 soldiers, 4,000 more than the Union, McClellan decided to retreat.

The Second Battle of Bull RunAfter McClellan's failure, he was fired by Lincoln Lincoln chose General John Pope to take over He was organizing a new army outside Washington.The President ordered McClellan's troops back to Washington and put Pope in overall command. Lee knew that he must draw Pope's army into battle before McClellan's soldiers arrived and made the size of the Union force overwhelming.

The Second Battle of Bull Run cont.The battle between Pope and Lee was fought on the same ground where McDowell had been defeated the year beforeAnd Pope's Union troops met the same fate at this Second Battle of Bull Run. After Pope's defeat, McClellan was returned to command. We must use the tools we have. -LincolnWith Richmond no longer threatened, Lee decided that the time had come to invade the NorthMore Battles in VirginiaGeneral George B. McClellan was placed in charge of 100,000 soldiers, called the Army of the Potomac.McClellan launched an effort to capture Richmond called the Peninsular Campaign. Stonewall Jackson launched an attack towards Washington, preventing Union reinforcements.Confederate army in Virginia was under the command of General Robert E. Lee. Lee attacked Union forces in series of clashes called Seven Days Battles and forced Union army to retreat in June 1862.Jacksons troops stopped Popes army before it met up with the other Union army. The Second Battle of Bull Run, or Second Battle of Manassas, was fought in August 1862; Confederates again forced a Union retreat.

Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march to Richmond.

70Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

September 17, 186223,000 casualtiesBattle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

Robert E Lee hoped that a victory on Union soil (Maryland) would raise European support for the South and turn Northern public opinion against the warin early September 1862, Lee's army bypassed the Union troops guarding Washington and slipped into western Maryland

Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

McClellan had no idea where the Confederates were. Then one of his soldiers found a copy of Lee's orders wrapped around some cigars near an abandoned Confederate camp. Now that he knew the enemy's strategy, McClellan crowed, If I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home.

Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

True to his nature, however, McClellan delayed some 16 hours before ordering his troops after Lee. This gave the Confederate general time to prepare for the Union attack. The two armies met at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17. Lee had about 40,000 troops, McClellan over 75,000, with nearly 25,000 more in reserve.

Tough day at the office

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

This battle was an absolute massacre.12,000 deaths in the 1st 3 hours of fighting.The next day the battered Confederates retreated back into Virginia. Lincoln telegraphed McClellan, Destroy the rebel army if possible. But the ever-cautious general did not take advantage of his opportunity to destroy Lee's army.

Bloody Lane, Antietam

BLOODYLANE ANTIETAMBattle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War

Antietam CreekSharpsburg, MarylandUnion Commander: General George McClellanConfederate Commander: General Robert E. LeeSeptember 17, 1862Casualties: Union-12,410 Confederate-13,724Winner: Union

Significance:One of only 2 major battles fought in the North. The bloodiest day of the war. Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland hoping the state would defect to the South. Instead, Lee was pinned down at Antietam creek by George McClellan. The Union forced Lee back to the South. This victory was what Lincoln needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Confederate General Robert E. Lee decided to attack the Union in Maryland, on Union soil, in September of 1862.Antietam Over 23,000 Union and Confederate troops were killed or wounded.

Dead Confederate soldiers after the Battle of Antietam (from Starke's Louisiana Brigade)

Lincoln with McClellan and staff after the Battle of Antietam. Notable figures (from left) are 5. Alexander S. Webb, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. Dr. Jonathan Letterman; 10. Lincoln; 11. Henry J. Hunt; 12. Fitz John Porter; 15. Andrew A. Humphreys; 16. Capt. George Armstrong Custer.