Name: ___ANSWERS________

Date: _______________________

Period: ______________________

Chapter 12 and 13 Review Worksheet—ANSWERS OGT Section Page Person, Place, Date,

Term Description

12.3-

13.3

424,

449 Charles

Lindbergh

Made the first nonstop solo flight across the

Atlantic Ocean in his plane the Spirit of St. Louis.

He became a hero upon his return home, receiving

a ticker tap parade and a reception form the white

house. 12.1 412 Nativism Prejudice against foreign-born people 12.1 413 anarchists People who opposed any form of government 12.1 413 Bartolomeo

Vanzetti

An Italian immigrant who worked as a fish

peddler. Vanzetti was accused of killing two men

during a robbery and was sentenced to death.

Many people blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 communism An economic and political system based on a

single-party government ruled by a dictatorship;

classless society; based on the writings of Karl

Marx. 12.1 413 Nicola Sacco An Italian immigrant who worked as a shoemaker.

Sacco was accused of killing two men during a

robbery and was sentenced to death. Many people

blamed nativism for his prosecution. 12.1 413 Palmer Raids U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, his

assistant (J. Edgar Hoover), and their agents

hunted down suspected Communists, socialists,

and anarchists. In doing the raids—people’s

civil rights were trampled by invading private

homes and offices as well as jailing suspects

without legal counsel. The raids turned up no

conspiracy evidence nor any explosives 12.1 413 Red Scare (First

Red Scare) A scare that occurred in the U.S. that began in

1919 after several dozen bombs were mailed to

government and business leaders. The scare

was based on the fear that communist

revolutionaries in the U.S. were attempting to

overthrow the government. Communists,

2

because of their red flag, were nicknamed the

―Reds‖ 12.1 413 Sacco and

Vanzetti Two Italian immigrants accused of a robbery

and the killing of two men, a factory paymaster

and his guard, during robbery in South

Braintree, Massachusetts. Witnesses said they

saw the criminals who appeared to be Italian.

The two men asserted their innocence and had

alibis. The evidence against them was

circumstantial. Many thought they never

received a fair trial due to the prejudices that

existed in the U.S.—the judge even made

prejudice remarks. The men were found guilty

and sentenced to death—they died in the

electric chair on August 23, 1927. 12.1 413 The trial of

Sacco and

Vanzetti came

to symbolize

Mistrust for immigrants and radicals—fell right

into the hands of nativists.

12.1 413 Why did

Attorney

General A.

Mitchell Palmer

launch a series

of raids against

suspected

Communists?

He believed that a Communist revolution was

imminent in the United States, and he needed

an issue on which to campaign for the 1920

Democratic presidential nomination.

12.1 414 “Keep America

for Americans”

The slogan that many nativists used in their efforts

for anti-immigration legislation. 12.1 414 According to

Vanzetti, what

were the

reasons for his

imprisonment?

Because he was a political radical and a

foreigner:

“In all my life I have never stole, never

killed, never spilled blood . . . . We were

tried during a time . . . when there was

hysteria of resentment and hate against the

people of our principles, against the

foreigner. . . . I am suffering because I am

a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have

3

suffered because I was an Italian and

indeed I am Italian. . . . If you could

execute me two times, and if I could be

reborn two other times, I would live again

to do what I have done already.” 12.1 415 Bigot A person who is intolerant of any creed, race,

religion, or political belief that differs from his

own. 12.1 415 Election of

1924,

Democrats

divided over

what two

issues?

Ku Klux Klan and Prohibition

12.1 415 Emergency

Quota Act Legislation that severely cut the number of

immigrants admitted to the United States—

number was based on the quota system. The

law also prohibited Japanese immigration. 12.1 415 Explain the

reasons for and

the outcome of

the Emergency

Quota Act and

the National

Origins Act.

During and after World War I, a feeling against

immigrants existed. As a result, Congress passed

the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This act

severely cut the number of people admitted to the

United States by limiting the total number of

people admitted in any national group to only 3

percent of the total number already living in the

United States in 1910. In 1924, the National

Origins Act made restriction a permanent policy

and further restricted immigration by setting the

quota at 2 percent of those living in the country in

1890. It also provided that after 1927 only 150,

000 immigrants would be admitted annually, their

nationalities apportioned on the basis of the 1920

census. This meant that most immigrants would

be form northern and western Europe. The

intention of the National Origins Act was clearly

to discriminate against certain nationalities and

races. 12.1 415 Ku Klux Klan Secret society opposed to African Americans,

4

Jews, Catholics, and ―foreign ideas.‖ The KKK

gained new momentum during the 1920s as

they reached 4.5 million ―white male person,

native-born gentile citizens.‖ The Klan

dominated state politics in many states but the

organizations criminal activity eventually led a

decrease in their power. Birth of a Nation was

the first movie—it was about the KKK and

portrayed them as heroes which caused

membership to go up. 12.1 415 National

Origins Act

Law that made immigration restriction a

permanent policy; Made the emergency quota act

permanent and set a new maximum number—2

percent of the number of its nationals living in the

United States in 1890. This discriminated against

people from eastern and southern Europe since

they did not come to the U.S. in large numbers

until after 1890. 12.1 415 quota system System established the maximum number of

people who could enter the United States from

each foreign country—the number was based

on the percentage of current Americans from

that particular country. The goal of the quota

system was to cut the number of immigrants

entering the United States. 12.1 415 What was the

quota system of

the 1920s?

Explain why it

was established,

who it affected,

and several

results of the

policy.

The quota system was established to limit the

number of immigrants that were allowed to enter

the United States per year. It was established to

limit the number of immigrants that were allowed

to enter the United States per year. It was

established because of pressure from nativists and

because the number of U.S. immigrants rose by

600 percent in 3 years. The policy mostly affected

immigrants from eastern and southern Europe,

particularly Roman Catholics and Jews. It did not

affect Canadian and Mexican immigration. As a

result of the quota system, immigration from

restricted countries fell dramatically. Japanese

5

immigrants were also restricted by the quota

system, adding further stress to the relationship

between the United States and Japan. 12.1 415 What were the

main goals of

the Ku Klux

Klan at this

time?

To keep America under the control of white

native-born males; to get rid of other groups,

including Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-

born people, and radicals; to oppose union

organizers; to help enforce prohibition. 12.1 415 Why did the Ku

Klux Klan

flourish in the

1920s? What

does this tell

you about

people’s

behavior in

troublesome

times?

In the 1920s, many American were frightened of

radical political thought or of anything that might

change their way of life. They resented

immigrants for making employment more difficult

for native-born Americans. The Russian

revolution made many Americans nervous. Many

people resented the advances organized labor had

made and saw unions as benefiting only

immigrant groups and the urban working poor.

The fact that the Ku Klux Klan flourished

indicates that people seek someone to blame for

situations that make them feel insecure. When

seeking a scapegoat, the easiest victim is one who

is different in some way from the dormant group.

Fear can result in serious intolerance, and the

fearful will grasp at anything that makes them feel

safer. 12.1 417 Compare the

results of the

Boston Police

Strike and the

Steel Strike of

1919.

Neither strike was successful: The police lost

their jobs, and the steel workers won nothing.

12.1 417

—

N/A

Seattle General

Strike

Seattle shipyard workers wanted higher wages and

shorter hours. When demands were not met,

35,000 shipyard workers walked off the docks and

were soon joined by 110 other local unions

making a grand total of some 60,000 workers.

The strike ended, because of public pressure, after

five days with the workers not winning any of

6

their demands. 12.1 417

—

N/A

Technological

Unemployment

Job loss when occupations become obsolete

because of technological advancements that allow

for less workers or actual machines doing the

job(s) that humans once performed. 12.1 417 The 1919

Boston Police

Strike

The Boston Police Department (BPD) wanted

pay raises (had not received one since prior to

WWI), wanted more vacation days, and city-

provided uniforms. The BPD was not

permitted to unionize but when several officers

were fired when they asked the city for these

things—1,117 BPD officers unionized and went

on strike. Massachusetts governor Calvin

Coolidge intervened to quash further chaos by

sending in the National Guard. Coolidge

announced that the police did not have the

right to strike against the public safety—

―There is no right to strike against the public

safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.‖ The

strike was broken but Coolidge hired entirely-

new replacement police officers—many of

whom were returning servicemen from World

War I –and the former officers were refused re-

entry into the department. Ironically, the new

officers hired in the wake of the strike received

higher salaries, more vacation days, and city-

provided uniforms -- the very demands the

original strikers were requesting. The BPD

strike set a precedent for further movements to

stymie police unionization around the country.

Coolidge's intervention in the strike brought

him national fame which, in turn, led to his

nomination as Harding's running mate for

Vice-President in the 1920 presidential election. 12.1 417 The Steel Strike

of 1919 (The

Steel Mill

Strike)

Workers in the steel mills wanted shorter hours

and better wages as well as their union

recognized. In September 1919, the U.S. Steel

Corporation refused to meet with union

7

representatives and over 300,000 workers went

on strike in response. The steel company hired

strikebreakers (or scabs as they were called) to

replace the workers and they used force to get

them in. Strikers were beaten by police, federal

troops, and the National Guard when they

attempted to stop the strikebreakers. The

company then publicly (although not true)

linked the union with communists which

further eroded the standing of the union in the

public eye. President Wilson finally made a

plea to the combative negotiators and the strike

ended in January 1920. The steel company

increased wages but workers remain without a

union.

Impact:

Almost no union organizing in the steel

industry occurred in the next 15 years.

Advances in technology, such as the

development of the widestrip continuous

sheet mill, made most of the skilled jobs in

steelmaking obsolete (technological

unemployment).

When the AA considered calling a

national strike in 1929 to demand that the

new technology be rejected, nearly every

AA affiliate returned its charter to the

international rather than obey the strike

order. 12.1 417 Why did

Congress make

changes in

immigration

laws during the

1920s?

The number of immigrants increased sharply, and

many Americans did not want people from foreign

countries entering the nation, since some of them

were anarchists and socialists and some were

believed to be Communists.

12.1 418

—

N/A

Capper-

Volstead Act

Legislation that made farm cooperatives free of

antitrust laws

12.1 418 Explain the The average income of farmers was less than one-

8

problems of

farmers during

the 1920s and

the response of

the federal

government to

these problems.

third of the average income for the rest of the

country. Technological advances led to an

increase in production which caused a decreased

in farm prices even while farmers’ costs increased.

With the United States switching from a debtor to

a creditor nation, the foreign market for

agricultural products dwindled. The domestic

market also diminished as the use of new fabrics

lessened the demand for cotton. Many farmers

had borrowed heavily to buy more land, and the

only way to pay off the debt was to raise more

crops. More crops, however, resulted in untellable

surpluses which in turn led to low prices and a

heavier debt load. Some legislation was passed

that favored farmers, but none of the laws dealt

with the major problem of surpluses that could not

be sold. A bill that would have allowed the

federal government to buy crop surpluses and sell

them abroad passed Congress twice, but was

vetoed both times by President Coolidge. 12.1 418 Farm Bloc Congressional organization formed to help

farmers 12.1 418 Farmers They did not enjoy the same prosperity that

everyone else enjoyed in the 1920s. The major

problem was surplus. During the war, most

farmers had increased their production for the war

demand since they were providing America and

the Allied Powers with their food needs. After the

war, most countries started producing their own

food or could not afford to buy from the U.S.

anymore. Yet farmers continued production at the

same rate which resulted in a huge surplus which

drove down demand and prices. 12.1 418 John L. Lewis Lewis always fought for workers rights. When he

became the head of the United Mine Workers of

America he led a strike for higher wages and

shorter work days. When a court order ended the

strike, Lewis called the strike over but secretly

9

urged the workers to remain on strike. After an

arbitrator ended the strike and the workers got

their pay raise, Lewis became a national hero. His

greatest accomplishment was organizing the

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for

workers in mass-production industries

(automobiles, rubber, etc.) which would later

combine with the AFL to form the largest union. 12.1 418 McNary-

Haugen Bill

Proposed that the government have price-supports

12.1 418 Price-supports Government would buy surplus crops at

guaranteed prices and sell them on the with

world market 12.1 418 Union

membership and

power declined

in the 1920s

(membership

dropped from 5

million to 3.5

million). Why?

When employers are providing workers with

fair—welfare capitalism. Also:

much of the work force consisted of

immigrants willing to work in poor

conditions,

since immigrants spoke a multitude of

languages, unions had difficulty organizing

them

farmers who had migrated to cities to find

factory jobs were used to relying on

themselves

most unions excluded African Americans 12.1 418 United Mine

Workers Strike

(Coal Miners’

Strike)

In 1919, the United Mine Workers of

America—since 1890—appointed John L.

Lewis as their new leader. Under Lewis’s

leadership, mine workers went on strike

demanding higher wages and shorter

workdays. Attorney General Palmer got a

court order sending the miners back to work

(not having coal endangered U.S. economy).

Lewis said it was over but secretly urged the

strike to continue. After court order, miners

stayed on strike for another month until

President Wilson appointed an arbitrator to

put an end to it. The miners got a pay increase

10

and John L. Lewis became a national labor

hero. 12.1 418

—

N/A

Welfare

capitalism

System in which an employer provides stock,

profit-sharing, and benefits such as medical

insurance to employees 12.2 419 ―a return to

normalcy‖

Harding’s oft-used campaign slogan that seemed

to express what Americans wanted 12.2 419 Charles Evans

Hughes The Secretary of State who led the Washington

Conference—a conference of major world

powers that attempted to look at some post-

WWI problems: arms control, war debts, ad

reconstruction of war-torn countries. 12.2 419 Five-Power

Treaty

US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed

to freeze their navies at 1921 levels along w/

several other provisions 12.2 419 Four-Power

Treaty

US, Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed to

respect one another’s Pacific holdings. 12.2 419 Nine-Power

Treaty

Put the Open Door policy into the form of a treaty,

US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium,

China, the Netherlands, and Portugal agreed to

preserve equal commercial rights in China and to

refrain from “taking advantage of conditions in

China to seek special rights or privilege.” 12.2 419 Warren G.

Harding

Republican candidate elected President in 1920

12.2 419 Washington

Conference

An eight nation conference in Washington, D.C.

conference of major world powers (except Russia

b/c they were Communist) that attempted to look

at some post-WWI problems: arms control, war

debts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. The

Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaty

treaties were signed as a result. 12.2 420 Andrew Mellon One of Harding’s Cabinet members that did

good—Secretary of treasury between 1921 and

1932 that set out to set about drastically cutting

taxes and reducing the nation debt 12.2 420 Charles G.

Dawes

A U.S banker who negotiated the Dawes Plan.

11

12.2 420 Dawes Plan Germany was beginning to default on their

payments and printed more money to be able to

make their payments—this resulted in massive

inflation (citizens actually had to wheel in

bundles of money just to buy a loaf of bread).

An international committee headed by Charles

Dawes (American Banker) came up with a

plan—the Dawes Plan:

1. Provide a $2.5 billion loan from American

banks to stabilize German currency

2. Set up more realistic schedule for

reparations payments

In the end, the U.S. arranged to be repaid with

its own money. 12.2 420 Fordney-

McCumber

Tariff

Adopted by the U.S. in 1922, it raised taxes on

U.S. imports to 60 percent00the highest level ever.

The tariff was put in place because

As a result of the war, Americans had two

main concerns. First, they wanted to

ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no

future enemy could manipulate the

American economy. Second, many

industries wanted to preserve the benefits

of the increased wartime demand. These

special interests feared European

competitors attempting economic recovery

through increasing exports to America. 12.2 420 Kellogg-Briand

Pact

Treaty that attempted to outlaw war—signed by

fifteen countries. It was futile since it provided no

means of enforcing. 12.2 420 Ohio gang Harding’s poker-playing crony friends who were

mostly from Ohio. Harding appointed many of

them to positions in his administration. The Ohio

gang was plagued by scandal as they sought to use

their connections to the president to enrich

themselves at the public’s expense. 12.2 420 What do

Harding’s

That although he made some good appointments,

his appointment of cronies from his home state

12

appointments

indicate about

his judgment?

showed poor judgment.

12.2 420 What were the

reasons

European

countries were

not paying their

war debt?

Their economies had been weakened in the war;

they were unable to raise money because U.S.

exports were limited by high tariffs; Germany

failed to pay them expected reparations.

12.2 421 Albert B. Fall Harding’s secretary of the interior who went to

jail for fraud—Teapot Dome Scandal 12.2 421 Charles R.

Forbes

Was the head of the Veterans Bureau and was

caught illegally selling government and hospital

supplies to private companies. During his trial,

Forbes attempted to implicate Treasury Secretary

Andrew Mellon in his actions, however Mellon's

well-known standards of ethics trumped Forbes

claim when he failed to produce any evidence to

back his claims. 12.2 421 Colonel

Thomas W.

Miller

Was the head of Alien Property and was caught

taking bribes. He served 18 months in prison. He

was paroled in 1929 and pardoned by United

States President Herbert Hoover in 1933. 12.2 421 How did the

scandals of the

Harding

administration

hurt the country

economically?

The government lost revenue when veterans’

hospital overcharged it; in the Teapot Dome

scandal, public oil reserves were leaded for private

gain.

12.2 421 Teapot Dome

Scandal Albert B. Fall, secretary of the interior, secretly

leased oil lands to private companies. In

return, he received bribes totaling more than

$400,000. One of the locations was Teapot

Dome, Wyoming. 12.2 421 Warren G.

Harding’s

presidency was

plagued by

Haring promised the American people a “return to

normalcy” after World War I. This appealed to a

public that was trying to recover form a war that

had drastically changed American life. One of

13

scandal, and it

was later

regarded as

unsuccessful.

Explain why

President

Harding was

popular with the

American

public despite

these facts.

Harding’s first priorities as president was working

with other world powers to agree on peace. Of

course, the idea of peace very much appealed to

post-war Americans. Also, Harding “looked like”

a president, and the American people saw him as a

“good-natured” man. He died just as the scandals

of his administration were coming to light,

possibly saving him from public ridicule.

12.3 422 Henry Ford Business leader who used the assembly line means

of production for automobiles. 12.3 423

—

N/A

“Tin Lizzie” Henry Ford’s Model T automobile

12.3 423

—

N/A

Assembly Line Method of manufacturing in which production is

divided into simple tasks; made popular and

refined by Henry Ford (considered his greatest

achievement) 12.3 423

—

N/A

Assess the

effects of the

automobile on

life in the

United States.

Ford’s use of mass production and low prices

produced a mass market for automobiles. The

automobile stimulated some small businesses such

as garages, gas stations, diners, and tourist homes.

Tractors replaced draft animals on farms and rural

areas were no longer isolated. Workers could

commute to their jobs and people, in general,

became more mobile. 12.3 423 Route 66 U.S. Route 66, (also known as Route 66, The

Main Street of America, The Mother Road and the

Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S.

Highway system. One of the original federal

routes, US 66 was established on October 11th,

1926, though signs did not go up until the

following year. It originally ran from Chicago,

Illinois through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma,

Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California

before ending at Los Angeles for a total of 2,448

miles.

14

12.3 423 What was the

impact of the

automobile?

Roads were paved, and shopping centers and other

services for cars were built; people commuted to

work, and urban sprawl developed; regional

differences diminished. 12.3 424 Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo

across the Atlantic. 12.3 424 How did the

widespread use

of the

automobile

affect the

environment

and the lives of

Americans?

It changed the American landscape through the

construction of paved roads. It liberated the

isolated rural family, and it allowed workers to

live miles from their jobs.

12.3 424 Spirit of St.

Louis

Small plane that Charles Lindbergh used to fly

nonstop across the Atlantic 12.3 424 Urban sprawl The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of

cities into surrounding regions 12.3 425

—

N/A

Advertisers

talked less

about the facts

of a product and

appealed more

to the _____ of

consumers?

Appealed to their desires, used psychological

advertising—i.e.: one Listerine ad aimed to

convince women readers who have difficult

time finding a husband with bad breath.

12.3 425 How did the use

of electricity

affect

Americans’

lifestyle?

It transformed the nation. Factories used

electricity to run their machines. Electricity could

now be transmitted to the countryside. Well-to-do

families had electric refrigeration, cooking ranges,

and toasters, vacuums, electric irons, fans, etc.). 12.3 425 What were three

main

components that

drove the

consumerism

during the

1920s?

Excess money (rationing and lack of products

during the war), new products, and installment

plans.

12.3 425 Why were Ads made people think they need certain products.

15

advertisements

so successful in

the 1920s? DO

they serve the

same purpose

today? Explain

your answer.

They used psychological techniques to appeal to

people’s vanities and fears. There were many new

products, and they were marketed in clever ways.

People were tired of the deprivation they had

faced during the war and were eager to indulge

themselves. Ads today are still used to entice

people to buy new products by appealing to their

vanities and fears. They still tempt to create a

sense of need for products that are in many cases,

unnecessary. 12.3 426 Installment plan Allowed consumers to buy goods over an

extended period of time—allowed consumers to

pay a small amount of money down and then

pay the rest monthly (credit) led to increase in

consumption (do not have to pay at time of

purchase).

12.3 427 How do you

think the

changes in

spending will

affect the

economy?

The economy may falter when consumers are

unable to meet their credit obligations.

12.3 427 What were the

main advantage

and

disadvantage of

buying on

credit?

A: People could buy goods they could not

otherwise afford.

D: People could go far into debt without realizing.

13.1 434 Calvin

Coolidge

Vice President who took over after Harding’s

death. Known as Silent Cal, Coolidge’s stern,

reserved natured contrasted with Harding’s

outgoing personality. He was very much pro-

business and generally opposed laws designed to

help farmers or workers—he argued that such

legislation limited private initiative and harmed

the economy. 13.1 435 How did small- Small towns were bound by traditional morals and

16

town life and

city life differ?

close ties of family, friends, and religion. Cities

offered varied perspectives and options because of

their large, mixed population; cultural variety; and

greater tolerance of values and ideas. 13.1 436 Prohibition The era after the passage of the Eighteenth

Amendment which banned the manufacture,

sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. 13.1 436

—

N/A

Prohibition

Bureau

Agency established to enforce the law against the

selling of liquor

13.1 436 Speak-easies Illegal Saloons—so called because when inside,

one spoke quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection. 13.1 436 Volstead Act Established the Prohibition Bureau in the

Treasury Department. 13.1 436 What and who

was the driving

force behind

Prohibition?

Movement led predominately by women

(temperance movement) who believed alcohol led

to violence (domestic violence), unemployment

(firing for alcohol related issues), and economic

hardships (spending money on liquor—i.e.

Saloons allowing workers to have credit and then

cashing pay checks at end of week, workers had

already spent half their paychecks. 13.1 437 Al Capone An entrepreneur in the illegal business of

producing and providing alcohol during

prohibition. Became a very powerful man, not

only in the underworld but also in legitimate world

including politics. 13.1 437 Bootleggers People who illegally produced and/or transported

alcohol. Name comes from days when Georgia

was a colony and prohibited alcohol—people who

hide their flask in the bootleg. 13.1 437 How did

criminals take

advantage of

Prohibition?

Criminals broke the law by smuggling, as well as

by making alcohol and selling it for profit.

13.1 437

—

N/A

Moonshiners People who illegal produced alcohol in stills from

corn and potatoes; an illegal profession that still

exists today (mostly in Appalachian America). 13.1 437 Rumrunners/Shi Individuals who were hired to transport alcohol

17

nerunners from producers to saloons. 13.1 437

—

N/A

What led to the

start of

NASCAR?

Early race drivers were often involved in

bootlegging. Some accounts say that they all were.

That is how (at least most of them) afforded the

fastest and therefore most expensive machines--

with their excessive moonshine profits. They ran

moonshine down the twisty mountain roads to

people during alcohol prohibition. The runners

would modify their cars in order to create a faster,

more maneuverable vehicle to evade the police,

and came to love the fast paced driving. When the

U.S. alcohol prohibition was lifted in 1933, the

owners of these first "racecars" watched their

profitable businesses dry up. Since they had no

reason to use them for "runnin' shine" anymore

and found themselves with time on their hands and

lots of money, many wanted to race their cars for

pride and money. 13.1 437 Why do you

think the

Eighteenth

Amendment

failed to

eliminate

alcohol

consumption?

The consumption of alcohol was a tradition part of

many cultures; the government failed to provide

sufficient staff and resources to enforce the law;

the means of manufacturing, selling, and

transporting liquor were many and could easily be

concealed.

13.1 438 Aimee Semple

McPherson

A leading fundamentalist preacher who presented

a more sophisticated image/Hollywood-

showmanship to preach—she was especially well

known for healing the sick through prayer 13.1 438 American Civil

Liberties Union

(ACLU)

The ACLU offered to defend any teacher who

would challenge the Tennessee law that made it

a crime to teach evolution. The American Civil

Liberties Union (ACLU) is a major American

non-profit organization with headquarters in

New York City, whose stated mission is "to

defend and preserve the individual rights and

liberties guaranteed to every person in this

18

country by the Constitution and laws of the

United States". Lawsuits brought by the

ACLU have been influential in the evolution of

U.S. constitutional law. The ACLU provides

legal assistance in cases in which it considers

civil liberties to be at risk. 13.1 438 Billy Sunday A leading fundamentalist preacher—A baseball

layer turned preacher who staged emotional

meetings across the South—he was also very

much against alcohol consumption. 13.1 438 Fundamentalism A protestant movement that argued that

traditional Christian doctrine should be

accepted without question—every word of the

Bible should be regarded as literally true. 13.1 438 John T. Scopes John Thomas Scopes, a teacher in Dayton,

Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May

25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act,

which prohibited the teaching of evolution in

Tennessee schools. He was in court in a case

known as the Scopes Trial. 13.1 438 Scopes Trial

(Monkey Trial) The case centered around John Scopes, a

science teacher, who was accused of violating a

Tennessee law. The law forbade the teaching of

Darwin’s theory of evolution (a belief that

higher forms of life developed from lower

forms of life). Scopes' involvement in the so-

called Monkey Trial came about after the

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

offered to defend any teacher who would

challenge the Tennessee law that made it a

crime to teach evolution. A group of

businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by

engineer and geologist George Rappleyea, saw

this as an opportunity to get publicity for their

town and approached Scopes. Rappleyea

pointed out that while the Butler Act

prohibited the teaching of evolution, the state

required teachers to use the assigned textbook -

19

Hunter's Civic Biology (1914) - which included

a chapter on evolution. Rappleyea argued that

teachers were essentially required to break the

law. When asked about the test case Scopes was

initially reluctant to get involved, but after

some discussion he told the group gathered in

Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that

I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a

defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial."

The famous trial pitted creationists who used

the Bible’s account of life’s origins against

those who believed in evolution. The trial

ended with Scopes having to pay a fine. In

addition, the law forbidding the teaching of

evolution remained in effect. 13.1 438 Summarize the

beliefs of

fundamentalism

.

Fundamentalist believed that all important

knowledge could be found in the Bible and that

what was in the Bible was true. They rejected

Darwin’s theory of evolution. 13.1 438 William

Jennings

Bryan

Bryan actively supported state laws banning

public schools from teaching evolution, and

several southern states passed such laws after

Bryan addressed them. His participation in the

highly publicized 1925 Scopes Trial served as a

capstone to his career. Bryan was asked by

William Bell Riley to represent as counsel the

World Christian Fundamentals Association at the

trial. 13.1 439 Clarence

Darrow Attorney whose penetrating questions made

William Jennings Bryan look foolish during the

Scopes trial 13.1 439 What was the

conflict between

fundamentalists

and those who

accepted

evolution?

Fundamentalists believed that God created the

world in six days, whereas evolutionists argued

that modern species developed form earlier forms

of life over millions of years.

13.1 440 Analyze the During the 1920s women expressed a greater

20

changes in

women’s lives

during the

1920s.

personal freedom. They sought financial

independence and began to seek jobs in business

rather than in traditional fields. Women continued

to earn considerable less than men for the same

work, and they continued to have difficulty

entering prestigious professions such as science

and law. Women continued to believe that their

roles were separate from men that they were to be

mothers and homemakers. With new technology,

the nature of being a homemaker changed. 13.2 440

—

N/A

Feminists Women rights activists

13.2 441 Double standard

(as it relates to

women in the

1920s)

Set of principles granting great sexual freedom to

men than to women

13.2 441 Flappers An emancipated young woman who embraced

the new fashions and attitude. These women

wore short skirts (more revealing clothing),

tended to wear their hair shorter, many

smoked, drank, danced, talked openly about

sex, and tended to use cosmetics as well as birth

control. 13.2 441 How was the

flapper like and

unlike women

of today?

Like: Flappers used clothing, hairstyles, and

behavior to claim a new freedom.

Unlike: Today’s women have more freedoms.

13.2 442 How did the

growth of

business and

industry affect

women?

Big business and industry produced timesaving

appliances that freed women from some household

chores, and business growth also created jobs for

millions of women, but most women were

confined to tradition jobs. 13.2 442 Margaret

Sanger

Women activist who fought for women to have the

right to birth control. She opened the first birth-

control clinic in the U.S. and founded the

American Birth Control League in 1921 as she

openly fought to allow for physicians to have the

right to give birth control to their patients.

21

13.2 443 How did the

lives of women

change during

the 1920s?

The changes in fashion were extreme and liberating, with

shorter skirts and shorter hair. In addition, dance styles

and relaxed attitudes toward casual dating allowed more

freedom for women. Women began to enter the work

force in increasing numbers, even though they worked in

support positions and did not earn salaries equal to those

of men. Even though women were still responsible for

managing the home, new time- and energy-saving devices

mad these tasks easier, freeing up time for work outside

the home. Also, many women chose not have children,

instead focusing on romantic relationships. 13.2 443 What changes

affected

families in the

1920s?

The birthrate dropped; household labor was

simplified by technology; children spent their days

in school; adolescent rebelliousness increased.

13.2 444 Flagpole Sitting A fad of the 1920s that began as a publicity

stunt to attract viewers to movie theaters. The

most famous flagpole sitter was ―Shipwreck‖

Kelly—he spent more than 145 days atop of

variety of flagpoles through the country in

1929. 13.2 445 Bobbed hair An extremely short haircut that freed women from

long tresses that had been fashionable for years 13.3 447 1

st Radio station KDKA in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania

13.3 447 How did

schools change

during the

1920s?

More students were able to attend school during

this prosperous time; schools had to adapt to

teaching students of new immigrant families;

schools offered a broad range of courses for

students to train for industrial jobs. 13.3 448 Andrew “Rube”

Foster

As successful pitcher and team manager, he made

his greatest contribution by founding the Negro

National League—earned the title “The Father of

Black Baseball.” 13.3 448 Babe Ruth Legendary slugger for the New York Yankees

who hit a record 60 homeruns in 1927. 13.3 448

—

N/A

Bobby Jones Famous and most popular golfer

13.3 448 Gertrude Ederie In 1926, at the age of 19, she became the first

woman to swim the English Channel.

22

13.3 448 Helen Wills Helen Willis dominated women’s tennis, winning

the singles title at the U.S. Open seven times and

the Wimbledon title eight times. 13.3 448

—

N/A

Red Grange Became one of the first modern day football stars.

He was a college star before going on to star for

the Chicago Bears. 13.3 448

—

N/A

What led to the

sports mania of

the 1920s?

New laws limiting working hours and increased

national productivity led to significant increases in

people’s leisure time and income.

13.3 448 Why did radio

become so

popular?

1. For the first time, Americans could hear

news as it happened.

2. Cheaper prices on radios and increased

consumerism led to a huge surge in radio

popularity and broadcasting.

3. Also contributing was an expanded

format (comedy, drama, sports, news,

etc.). 13.3 448

—

N/A

Why did sports

become an

important part

of society?

New laws limiting working hours and increased

national productivity led to significant increases in

people’s leisure time and income. People now had

time to play sports and the time/money to

attend/listen to sporting events. 13.3 450

—

N/A

Alfred Stieglitz Internationally renowned photographer

13.3 450

—

N/A

Charlie Chaplin One of the brightest silent movie stars of the

1920s

13.3 450 Eugene O-Neill Considered America’s finest playwright—his

plays forced Americans to reflect upon modern

isolation, confusion, and family conflict. 13.3 450 F. Scott

Fitzgerald

A famous American novelist who coined the term

“Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s—he revealed the

negative side of the period’s gaiety and freedom,

portraying wealthy and attractive people leading

imperiled lived in gilded surroundings. His two

most famous books were This Side of Paradise

and The Great Gatsby. 13.3 450 George A famous American concert music composer who

23

Gershwin merged tradition elements with American jazz,

thus creating anew sound that was identifiably

American. 13.3 450 Georgia

O’Keeffe

A famous painter of the 1920s who produced

intensely colored canvases that captured the

grandeur of America. 13.3 450 Jazz Singer First movie with sound and grossed over $2

million dollars (talkies=speaking movies). 13.3 450

—

N/A

Nickelodeons Movie theatres charging a nickel to see the show.

13.3 450 Sinclair Lewis A famous American writer who was the first

American to win a Nobel Prize in literature—he

ridiculed Americans for their conformity and

materialism. 13.3 450 Steam Boat

Willey

Walt Disney’s film which was the first animated

film with sound. 13.3 450 Talkies Movies with speaking dialogue—doubled movie

attendance 13.3 450 Why were

Americans so

delighted by

movies in the

1920s?

Movies provided excitement and romance

through a medium that was new and changing;

they offered adventure to people whose lives

were taken up mostly with earning a living.

13.3 451 Edna St.

Vincent Millay

An American poet who wrote poems celebrating

youth and a life of independence and freedom

from traditional constraints. 13.3 451 Ernest

Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I,

became the best-known expatriate author. In his

novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to

Arms, he criticized the glorification of war. He

also introduced a tough, simplified style of writing

that set a new literary standard, using sentences a

Time reporter compared to “round stones polished

by rain and wind.” 13.3 451 Why did some

writers reject

American

culture and

Many American writers found American culture

shallow and materialist; they believed society

lacked any unified ideas.

24

values? 13.4 452 How did

Harlem

Renaissance

create pride for

African

Americans?

Gave African Americans public role models to

look up to, gave an identity to the people and the

communities, allowed them to see white people

paying to see African Americans perform, etc.

13.4 453 Back to Africa

Movement Marcus Garvey’s movement to arrange for the

move of all African Americans to West Africa.

The movement was not very successful but it

inspired unity among African Americans and

signaled their frustration with their lack of

personal and economic freedom in the US. 13.4 453 How did the

influx of

African

Americans

change

Northern cities?

The movement of millions of African Americans

to Northern cities greatly increased their black

populations, and heightened racial tensions that

sometimes resulted in discrimination and violence.

13.4 453 James Weldon

Johnson

In the 1920s, Johnson straddled the worlds of

politics and art. He served as executive secretary

of the NAACP, spear- heading the fight against

lynching. In addition, he wrote well-known works,

such as God's Trombones, a series of sermon-like

poems, and Black Manhattan, a look at black

cultural life in New York during the Roaring

Twenties. 13.4 453 Marcus

Garvey

An immigrant from Jamaica believed that African

Americans should build a separate society. His

different, more radical message of black pride

aroused the hopes of many—he would later lead a

movement that advocated a return to Africa. 13.4 453 Universal Negro

Improvement

Association

(UNIA)

An organization founded by Marcus Garvey that

started the “Back to Africa” Movement

13.4 454 Claude McKay A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant, was a

major figure whose militant views urged African

25

Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination.

His poems also expressed the pain of life in the

black ghettos and the strain of being black in a

world dominated by whites. 13.4 454 Harlem

Renaissance Outpouring of African American art,

literature, and music 13.4 454 Langston

Hughes

The most best-known poet of the Harlem

Renaissance. Many of Hughes's 1920s poems

described the difficult lives of working-class

African Americans. Some of his poems moved to

the tempo of jazz and the blues. 13.4 454 What approach

to race relations

did Marcus

Garvey

promote?

Garvey believed that African Americans should

build a separate society; he preached a message of

self pride and he promoted African American

businesses.

13.4 456

—

N/A

Blues Music that grew out of slave music and

religious spirituals; featured heartfelt lyrics

and altered or slurred notes that echoed the

mood of the lyrics. 13.4 456 Edward

Kennedy

―Duke‖

Ellington

A jazz pianist and composer who won renown as

one of America’s greatest composers.

13.4 456 In what ways

did writers of

the Harlem

Renaissance

celebrate a

“rebirth”?

They expressed their pride in African American

experience; they celebrated their heritage and

folklore.

13.4 456 Louis

Armstrong Louis Daniel Armstrong (also known by the

nickname Satchmo, for satchel-mouth and

Pops) was an American jazz musician.

Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative

performer whose musical skills and bright

personality transformed jazz from a rough

regional dance music into a popular art form.

One of the most famous jazz musicians of the

26

20th century, he first achieved fame as a

trumpeter in Joe ―King Oliver and his Creole

Jazz Band, but toward the end of his career he

was best known as a vocalist and was one of the

most influential jazz singers. 13.4 456 Paul Robeson Paul Robeson, the son of a one-time slave, became

a major dramatic actor. His performance in

Shakespeare's Othello, first in London and later in

New York City, was widely acclaimed.

Subsequently, Robeson struggled with the racism

he experienced in the United States and the

indignities inflicted upon him because of his

support of the Soviet Union and the Communist

Party. He took up residence abroad, living for a

time in England and the Soviet Union. 13.4 457 Besides literary

accomplishment

s, in what areas

did African

Americans

achieve

remarkable

results?

African Americans were outstanding in the

performing arts.

13.4 457 Consider the

Great Migration

and the Harlem

Renaissance and

their

consequences.

Describe the

effects that

these events had

on the country.

The Great Migration of African Americans to

northern urban areas often created racial tension,

which resulted in the formation of the UNIA and

the NAACP. These organizations worked to

insure that African Americans received fair

treatment and worked to eliminate lynching and

other threats to citizens. The Harlem Renaissance

gave many African Americans opportunities to

express themselves through music, drama,

literature, and other creative forms. This

movement gave voice to the African-American

experience of the time. 13.4 441,

445 Dance Fads Some popular dances were the fox trot, camel

walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with

abandon. The Charleston was an energetic

27

dance that involved wild, flailing movements of

the arms and legs, it demanded an appropriate

costume for the woman dancer—a short,

straight dress without a waistline. Another

craze was the dance marathon, a contest in

which couples would dance continuously for

days—taking a 15-minute break every hour—

with each alternately holding up the other as he

or she slept. Needless to say, dancers dropped

from exhaustion. 13.4 444,

457 Bessie Smith A female blues singer was perhaps the

outstanding vocalist of the decade. She

recorded on black-oriented labels produced by

the major record companies. She achieved

enormous popularity and in 1927 became the

highest-paid black artist in the world.