chapter 12-cardiovascular system hybrid
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8/14/2019 Chapter 12-Cardiovascular System Hybrid
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CardiovascularSystem Diseases &
Disorders
Chapter 12
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Functions: To transport oxygen,
nutrients, andhormones to cells
To remove carbondioxide from cells.
Cardiovascular System
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Most frequently observed symptomsof the circulatory system include:
Angina Dyspnea Tachypnea Palpitation Cyanosis Edema
Fatigue Syncope
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The Heart
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Rheumatic Fever Rheumative Heart Valve Disease
Inflammatory disease where antibodies attach to Endocardium
Mitral or aortic valves
Caused by Group A - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus Sore throat infections
Dental procedures
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Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease
Signs and symptoms include Polyarthritis – pain, redness & swelling of the joints
Carditis – inflammation of endocardium, myocardium
and/or pericardium Chorea – sudden, jerking, involuntary movements with
muscle weakness
Subcutaneous nodules – pea-sized swelling that form
over hands, elbows, and feet Erythema – redness over areas of the trunk and
extremities
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Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease
Diagnosis HX Rheumatic Fever, elevated WBC and ESR,
echocardiogram, positive ASO Titer (streptococcal
antibodies) Treatment
Antibiotics
Surgery to relieve stenosis or to replace the valve.
Good dental hygiene is important to prevent gingivalinfections
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Pericarditis
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Myocarditis
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Endocarditis
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Valve Disorders
Valve opening too large to
close completely blood leaks back into hear
chamber
Valve opening too narrow impedes the flow of blood
through the valve
allows blood to leak back whenit should be closed.
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Essential Hypertension
Description High blood pressure
that persists
Systolic pressure over
140 mm Hg, diastolic
over 90 mm Hg
Heart must work againstincreased resistance
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Malignant Hypertension Severe form of hypertension
Severe headache, blurred vision & dyspnea
DX is B/P of >200/100
TX - immediate intervention
Complications: CVA or irreversible kidney damage
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Narrowing of
coronary arteries
Atheroscierosis Arteriosclerosis
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Angina Pectoris
Chest pain
TX: Nitroglycerine
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Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Heart attack caused by
occlusion of one or more
coronary arteries Heart muscle dies from
lack of blood
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MI Diagnosis
Hx of coronary artery disease (CAD)
Electrocardiography
MRI Elevated CPK and CPK-MB over 72 hours
Elevated Troponin
Elevated Myoglobin
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Treatment
Thrombolysis
Cardiac
catheterization Angioplasty
Coronary artery
bypass graft (CABG)
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Failure of the heart to pumpenough blood causinginadequate perfusion
Etiology: HTN Coronary Artery Disease MI
valvular disease Angina COPD
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Cardiac Arrest
Sudden unexpected interruption of heart
function
Etiology MI
Circulatory collapse due to shock or ventricular
fibrillation
Massive hemorrhage, drug reactions/overdose,
electrocution, drowning, physical trauma
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Emboli/Thrombus Deep Vein Thrombus
Pulmonary Emboli
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Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
and/ or venous flow
stasis Symptoms
Edema
Pain
Heat Redness
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Aneurysms Local dilation of an artery
Fusiform (spindleshaped)
Dissecting (separated ) Saculated (shaped like a sac)
Location Abdominal
Thoracic
Peripheral artery
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Varicose Veins
Swollen, knottedor twisted veins
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Blood Cell Dyscrasias
Decrease in #
Increase in #
Abnormal forms
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Disorders: Red Blood Cells
Aplastic Anemia Iron Deficiency
Anemia (microcytic
rbcs) B12 & Folic Acid
Deficiency(macrocytic rbcs)
Sickle Cell Anemia(sickle)
Polycythemia ↑ #
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White Blood Cell Dyscrasia
Leukemias
(AML,ALL, CML,
CLL) Hodgkin’s Disease
Lymphoscarcoma &
non-Hodgkin’slymphoma
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Reyes syndrome
Acute illness that affects the brain & liver
Follows an upper respiratory infections,
esp. type B influenza & varicellas. Has been linked to the use of aspirin to
alleviate symptoms during the infection.
Predominate age group is 10 – 14 years
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Reye’s Syndrome
Signs & Symptoms Stage I
Lethargy Persistent/continuo
us vomiting
Brain dysfunction
Drowsiness
Stage II Personality changes
Disorientation withconfusion, delirium Irrational behavior Coma, cranial nerve
reflexes lost Death within 2-3
days of onset