chapter 12 nonrenewable and renewable energy. rio's welcome sign for the 2016 olympics...

Chapter 12Nonrenewable and Renewable

Energy

RIO'S WELCOME SIGN FOR THE 2016 OLYMPICS

"Solar City Tower," built atop the island of Cotonduba, will be the welcome symbol to the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.It will be seen by the game visitors and participants as they arrive by air or water.The tower, captures solar energy. It will supply energy for all of the Olympic city, as well as also for part of Rio . It pumps up water from the ocean to create whatappears like a water fall and this fall stimulates turbines that produce energy during the night. It will also hold the Olympic flame.

The Tower possesses an amphitheater, an auditorium, a cafeteria and boutiques. Elevators lead to various observatories.It also has a retractable platform for the practice of bungee jumping.At the summit is an observation point to appreciate the scenery of the land and ocean, as well as the water fall.Solar City Tower will be the point of reference for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.

Nonrenewable energy accounts for most of our

energy use in USA.1. A lot of energy per volume

(gas has more energy than wood.)

2. It’s ability to quickly start or stop providing energy.

It takes a while for coal to heat up while gas can quickly be burned or shut off.

• Nonrenewable energy resources include: Fossil fuels (coal/peat, oil, natural gas) derived from biological materials

Nuclear fuels (radioactive)

Nonrenewable EnergyOnly so much exists, finite.

Worldwide Energy Use

Considered Non-conventional fossil fuel

• Commercial energy sources: are bought and sold; e.g., coal, oil, and natural gas. As more countries become developed,

commercial energy sources increases.

• Subsistence energy sources: gathered by individuals for their own use, e.g., wood, charcoal, and animal waste.

Energy Use

• As suggested by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, there will always be losses incurred when energy is extracted or used.

• Energy is always needed to obtain additional energy.

Energy Use

Inefficiencies in Energy Extraction and Use

Energy Return from Energy Investment.

(Is it worth the energy to extract it?)

EROEI = Energy obtained from fuel Energy invested to get the fuel

• About 30% of energy use in the United States is for transportation.

• Public transportation is more efficient, but often less convenient.

Energy Use

• Fuel efficient vehicles are widely available.

• But many drivers continue to choose vehicles with low fuel efficiency.

Overall Fuel Efficiency of U.S.

Automobiles

I need to go see my son in Utah. He is 600 km away. If I travel by air, it is 2.1MJ/passenger-kilometer.

By car it is 3.6MJ/passenger-kilometer. How many megajoules will it take with each transportation?

I need to go see my son in in college. He is 600 km away. If I travel by air, it is 2.1MJ/passenger-kilometer.

By car it is 3.6MJ/passenger-kilometer. How many megajoules will it take with each transportation?

2.1MJ/passenger-km x 600 km = 1260MJ/passenger

3.6 MJ/passenger-Km x 600kM = 2160MJ/passenger

Gas has 120MJ per gallon, 2160MJ/120 18 gallons /passenger-trip

Electricity is a convenient form of

energy.

• About 40% of energy used in the United States is to generate electricity

• But only 13% of that 40% is available, due to conversion losses. Energy transfer from fuel to electricity is about35%

Electrical Energy

Electricity Generation

A combined cycle power plant for

A combined cycle power plant is more efficient because it uses steam to turn two

turbines

• Burning coal transfers energy to water, creating steam.

• The kinetic energy of the steam is transferred to the blades of the turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.


• Energy in the steam rotates the turbine, and the central shaft of the turbine turns the generator.

• This mechanical motion generates energy.

• Electricity is transmitted into the electrical grid for distribution.This is how customers receive it.


• Most coal-burning power plants are about 35% efficient.

• Power plants using other fossil fuels can be more efficient.

• Combined cycle natural gas–fired plants can achieve 60% efficiency.

Energy Efficiency

A typical home needs 90kWh (kilo-watt-hours) per month. This is about 10,800kWh per year. If a power plant can generate 500MegaWatt-hours and have a .9 capacity factor (it is up and running 90% of the time), how many homes will the power plant support? 1MWh=1,000kWh

1. Determine MW per month. (24 hours in a day, 30 in a month)2. Convert MWh per month, to kWh per month

A typical home needs 90kWh (kilo-watt-hours) per month. This is about 10,800kWh per year. If a power plant can generate 500MegaWatt-hours and have a .9 capacity factor (it is up and running 90% of the time), how many homes will the power plant support? 1MWh=1,000kWh

1. Determine MW per month. (24 hours in a day, 30 in a month)2. Convert MWh per month, to kWh per month

900 kWh/month x 12 months= 10,800 kWh/year

500 MW x 24 hours/day x 30 days/month x .9 capacity = 324,000 MWh/month

324,000 MWh / month x 1000 kWh / MWh = 324,000,000 kWh / month

324,000,000 kWh/month / 900kWh /month / home = 360,000 homes

Fuels Used to Generate Electricity in the USA

Fossil fuels provide most of the world’s

energy.From the 1800’s to 1950 most people used the following energy sources in

this order: wood, coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric,

• Fossil fuels provide most of the energy used in both developed and developing countries.China, US, Russia, India (ChURI)

• Most coal, oil, and natural gas was formed from the biomass of ancient organisms that died 50– 350 million years ago.

Fossil Fuels

• Coal: solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280360 million years ago.

• Four types of coal exist, and are ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.

Coal

• These four types are: Lignite Sub-bituminous Bituminous Anthracite

• Largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India.

Coal

Coal to LiquidHas been around for years, easy to access, and was what the Germans used in WWII for their troops. However, • it requires lots of water, • lots of energy for conversion of the goal to liquid fuel, • land is degraded and • polluted by mining and trace metals may be released in the mining

process. US and China have a lot of coal!

There is a 1000x more energy coal reserves than petroleum Since US has so much coal, we could use it. The EPA estimates that CTL has 2X the release of CO2 in the atm.

Advantages Disadvantages

Energy-dense Contains impurities

Plentiful Release impurities into air when burned

Easy to exploit by surface mining Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal

Technological demands are small Combustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere.

Economic costs are low Ash is left behind

Easy to handle and transport Carbon is released into the atmosphere, which contributes to climate change

Needs little refining

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

• Petroleum: a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits. Mostly used to make gas.

• Oil and gasoline are energy-dense and an ideal fuel for mobile combustion, such as in vehicles.

Petroleum

• Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50150 million years ago.

• Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum migrates to the highest point in porous rock and are drilled. Natural gas is on top of that and at wells the gas is being burned off.

US uses 816 million gallons per day, mostly for transportation.


Convenient to transport and use, light weight.

Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere 85% as much as coal

Relatively energy-dense Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported

Cleaner-burning than coal Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned, but less than coal.

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Petroleum

• Natural gas: CLEANEST burning fossil fuel,exists as a component of petroleum in the ground, and also as separate gaseous deposits.

• Contains 80%95% methane CH4,

5%20% percent ethane C2H6, propane C3H8,

butane C4H10.

Natural Gas

What the Frick is Fracking?

9 out of 10 wells use fracking in the US.


Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates

When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere

Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal

Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater

Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural

Gas

• Oil sands: slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.

• Bitumen (tar or pitch): a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface.

• As the surface bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate.

• Bitumen won’t flow and must be mined.

Other Fossil Fuels

Bitumen

• Per capita energy use has leveled off in the United States.• But because of increasing population and more energy-demanding devices, energy use continues to intensify.

Fossil Fuels Are a Finite Resource

The Hubbert curve shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point where we will run out of oil.

The Hubbert Curve

Estimate of max that is on planet, but hasn’t be resourced yetKnown sources

The Hubbert curve suggests that larger or smaller reserves of oil will not substantially change the date by which petroleum reserves are depleted.

The Hubbert Curve

• If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 40 years.

• Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer.

The Future of Fossil Fuel Use

Nuclear energy offers benefits and challenges

Challenges include Getting rid of radioactive waste

Reactor Accidents

Reactors turned into weapon refinery

Mining of Uranium is dangerous

Thyroid Cancer

Fission: a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts. (Cue ball hitting racked balls on a pool table)

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Reactor

Worst Nuclear Reactor meltdown was Chernobyl, Ukraine.

• Nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to heat water.

• This water produces the steam to turn the turbine, which turns a generator.

Nuclear Reactors

• Fuel rods: the cylindrical tubes that house the radioactive nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.

• Control rods: cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, to slow or stop the fission reaction.

Nuclear Reactors

• A nuclear power plant uses radioactivity to heat the water.

• Other thermal power plants (coal, natural gas) use other sources of heat.

• Otherwise, electricity is generated in the same manner using a turbine.

Nuclear Reactors


No air pollution is produced No green house gasses like CO2

Possibility of accidents

Countries can limit their need for imported oil

Immense amount of energy produced

Only minute amounts are needed for lots of energy (1 gram of U-235 has over a million times the coal energy)

Small amount of waste produced compared to energy that it creates

Disposal of the radioactive waste

Accidents can cause damage for thousands of years if not millions of year.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear

Energy

Best case, use it but have fail safe procedures to prevent accidents.

• Radioactive waste: when the nuclear fuel decays it becomes waste.

• It can no longer produce enough heat to be used in a power plant.

• But it continues to emit hazardous levels of radioactivity.

Radioactive Waste

• Radioactive waste must be stored in special, highly secure locations because of the danger to living organisms.

• Many forms of this waste will remain hazardous for thousands of years.

• No permanent, ideal solution to this disposal problem has yet been developed.

Radioactive Waste

Too many fuel rods left in water, it overheated and melted everything and caused a steam pressure explosion. 30 years later, there are still effects of cancer. No one lives there. 4000, mostly children have died from thyroid cancer in the first 10 years after accident.

Half Lives of Radioactive waste.How long it takes to not be radioactive

(unstable) anymore.U-235 has a ½ life of 700 million years. If you have 10 grams how long will it take for only 1 gram to remain? 700 Million years 10.0 grams 1400 5.0 grams2100 2.5 grams2800 1.25 grams3500 .75 grams

Used fuel Rods remain a threat to human health for 10 half lives!!! So, million and millions of years.

• High-level radioactive waste: comes from the fuel rods.

• Low-level radioactive waste: the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine nuclear plant maintenance.

• Additional wastes come from industry and hospitals.

Radioactive Waste

• Nuclear fusion: the reaction powering the Sun and other stars.

• This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.

Fusion

• Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy for the future.

• So far scientists have had difficulty containing the heat that is produced. We do not have the ability to create a power plant that can heat the hydrogen atoms as hot as the sun. We are trying, but it takes too much energy to make less energy.

Fusion

• Fossil fuels are a finite resource.• Oil production will decline in the

next few decades.• The transition away from oil will

have important environmental consequences.

The Future of Nonrenewable Energy

We can reduce dependence on fossil fuels by reducing

demand, and using renewable energy, and

biological fuelsSolar energy is the least used!!! Why???

Chapter 13• Renewable energy sources can be

rapidly regenerated, and some can never be depleted, no matter how much we use them.

What is Renewable Energy?

• Nonrenewable sources: exist in finite amounts (fossil fuels, uranium)

• Potentially renewable sources: must not be consumed more quickly than they are replenished (biomass)

• Nondepletable sources: cannot be depleted in the span of human time (solar, wind)


• Using any form of energy (renewable or nonrenewable) will have an impact on the environment.

• Overharvesting of wood―e.g., to obtain biomass―can lead to deforestation and land degradation.


We can reduce dependence on fossil

fuels by reducing demand, and using

renewable energy and biological fuels

• Energy conservation: finding ways to use less energy.

• For instance, lower your thermostat during the winter, or walk instead of driving, and do laundry using cold water.

How Can We Use Less Energy?

• Energy efficiency: getting the same result from using a smaller amount of energy.

• Examples include using energy-efficient (EPA Energy Star) appliances, and switching to compact fluorescent or LED lighting.

How Can We Use Less Energy?

• Energy companies periodically need backup energy sources available to meet the peak demand, the greatest quantity of energy used at any one time. Chicago has power outages in the summer due to too many people using air conditioners, even with peak demand.

Governments encourage conservation by• Raises taxes for fossil fuel use• Tax credits for replacing old appliances and

windows• Investing in Smart grid technology

Benefits of Conservation and Efficiency

• Often these peak demand sources are natural gas-fired generators.

• Reducing peak demand reduces the need to build extra generating capacity. They pay less if they use less during peak demand.

• Some utilities give away free compact fluorescent light bulbs or help pay for house insulation in order to reduce peak demand.

• Electric companies use the tiered rate system charges which customers lower rates at first and then much higher rates as they use more than normal.

Benefits of Conservation and Efficiency

Light bulbs

Light bulbs

Since LED bulbs are 6X as effective as incandescent, how many watts would you save if you replaced 20 100-watts incandescent bulbs with 20 LED?

100 watts x 20 Bulbs = 2000watts from Incan2000 watts /6 LED = 333watts difference 2000 watts – 333 watts from LED =

=1667 watts saved by using LED

• Sustainable design improves the efficiency of the buildings in which we live and work.

Sustainable Design

has designed a new set of 50 sustainable houses for a project located in the city of Melaka in the south-west of Malaysia. The project maintains a light ecological footprint by employing a variety of green building strategies and

systems – including an on-site river filtrating system. The homes are also designed to mitigate the region’s strong rain and intense sun with roof-mounted solar photovoltaic systems and hydroelectric generators. Bamboo facing is used on the front facades of the homes in order to provide natural ventilation, and the structures are made of Profil Haus

steel for quick assembly. Natural fibers are used for thermal and acoustic insulation. The result is a residential complex that is sustainable both economically and socially. The project is in its development stage and has already

gained international recognition and awards.

http://inhabitat.com/solar-power/

http://inhabitat.com/solar-power/

http://home-steel.com/




• Passive solar design can lower your electricity bill without the need for pumps or other mechanical devices.

• For example, building a house with windows along a south-facing wall, allowing the Sun’s rays to warm the house.

Passive Solar Energy

Other passive measures include:• Double pane insulated windows and

using window shades• Dark-colored surfaces to absorb sunlight

for passive heating, flooring that absorbs heat.

• Light-colored surfaces to reflect sunlight to reduce cooling costs. Light colored roof, or overhang roofing.

Passive Solar Energy

Green roofs offer insulation, cooling, air quality

• Energy conservation and energy efficiency are the least expensive and most environmentally sound options for maximizing our energy resources

• By reducing energy consumption, we also reduce loses from converting energy from one form to another

Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency

The Sun is the ultimate source of almost all types of energy, including•Biomass (depletable)•Hydroelectric (non depletable)•Wind (non depletable)•Solar (non depletable)

Earth Creates•Geothermal(non depletable)

Energy from the Sun and Earth

It is better to burn biomass such as wood rather than a fossil fuel such as coal.

Modern Carbon vs. Fossil Carbon

The carbon found in biomass is modern carbon: •Existed in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide•Was taken in by vegetation through photosynthesis•Burning the plants returned modern carbon to the atmosphere where it had been until recently


If vegetation is allowed to grow back,•New vegetation will take up an amount of CO2 more or less equal to the amount released by burning the biomass•Over time, the net change in atmospheric CO2 concentrations should be zero, or carbon neutral


Coal contains fossil carbon:• That has been buried for millions of years

and was out of circulation until we began to use it

• Now it is being returned to the atmosphere over a relatively short period of time

• This results in a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (not carbon neutral)


Biomass includes:• Wood• Charcoal which contain more energy per

unit weight than wood, and produces less smoke when burned

• Manure: solid biomass used to heat homes throughout the world where wood is scarce

Biomass

• Ethanol is generally produced in the USA form corn, and is added to gasoline (90% gas: 10% ethanol) as gasohol

• Because ethanol provides less energy than gasoline and fossil fuels are needed to grow corn, ethanol use may actually increase atmospheric CO2 levels

Biomass from Ethanol

Ethanol and biodiesel (liquid biofuels) are used as substitutes for gasoline and diesel fuel, and it is still debated whether they are in fact environmentally sound alternative fuels. It also competes with growing of crops. If there is a drought, do we grow crops or fuel?

Biomass

• Biodiesel is extracted from soybean and palm oils

• Waste vegetable oil from restaurants can also be used in vehicles modified using a kit

• Depending on how it is produced, biodiesel may or may not be carbon-neutral

Biomass

• If well-managed, some biomass fuels can be good sources of renewable energy

• Otherwise, biomass use can contribute to pollution and health problems

Biomass

Charcoal

Land denuded (stripped) for charcoal production

• Hydroelectricity: electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water

• Waves are also used in tidal power• The second most common form of

renewable energy in the world• Creates 7% of electricity used in the

United States

The Kinetic Energy of Water can Generate Electricity

Hydroelectric Dam

Run-of-the-river systems: water is held behind a low dam and runs through a channel to return to the river

These do not store water, are generally small and Can be affected by droughts

They have only intermittent electricity generation because of this.

Types of Hydroelectric Power Systems

• Water impoundment: water is stored behind a dam and the gates of the dam are opened and closed controlling the flow of water.

Types of Hydroelectric Power Systems

Anderson Ranch was the tallest dam of its type in the world in 1950. Its primary purpose is to provide irrigation water for agriculture, with a secondary purpose of hydroelectric power. Its generating capacity was increased from 27MG to 40 MW in 1986. It is a water impound.

Lucky Peak's primary purpose was flood control, with a secondary purpose of irrigation and the annual polar plunge.

Energy from the Sun can be captured directly from the

Sun, Earth, wind, and hydrogen. That’s’ right sun

provides wind energy.

• Passive solar energy: can be used in homes, buildings, and ovens

• Active solar energy: capturing the energy of sunlight with the use of a pump or photovoltaic cell and generating hot water or electricity

The Sun’s Energy Can Be Captured Directly

• Earth is bathed in an almost limitless amount of solar energy

• The amount of solar energy available in a particular place varies with cloudiness, time of day, and season

• The average amount of solar energy available varies geographically.


Passive solar energy • can heat water for a home• solar ovens are especially useful where

wood and charcoal are scare

Active solar energy: capturing the energy of sunlight with the use of a pump or photovoltaic cell to generate hot water or electricity


Photovoltaic cells (PV)• generate a low-voltage electric current

when they are exposed to direct sunlight

• typically are 12 to 20 percent efficient in converting the energy of sunlight into electricity

• in many areas, small-scale solar energy systems are economically feasible


Photovoltaic cells have several drawbacks:

• photovoltaic cells are expensive• they requires longer sunlight days to

decrease payback period• Solar cell manufacture requires energy

and creates toxic metals and toxic wastes


• Geothermal energy: uses the heat from natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the Earth

• it does not use sunlight as a source of energy.

• Iceland now heats 87% of their homes geothermally, and also creates 20% of their electricity in this way.

Earth’s Internal Heat Produces Geothermal Energy

Put hot water in ground in summer and it will cool it cold water in ground in winter it will heat it.

Ground source heat pump uses up to 70% less energy than a furnace

• Wind energy: uses a wind turbine to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy

Wind Energy is the Most Rapidly Growing Source of Electricity

• Wind energy is the fastest-growing major source of electricity in the world

• It can be developed in rural areas on “farms” or off sea coasts

• Wind-generated electricity produces no pollution and no greenhouse gases


However, there are some issues to consider:

• sources need to be close to point of use to avoid excessive transmission line losses

• most off-grid wind systems must rely on battery-storage


• wind turbines are highly visible• placement is suited only to certain areas, and

it does not supply a constant source of power• Can kill birds( but more cats, and cars and

pesticides kill than wind turbines.)


• Fuel cell: a device that operates like a common battery where electricity is generated by a reaction between two chemicals.

• Potential problems include the expense involved in making hydrogen and its explosive nature. 98% of mass in universe is hydrogen. But it is already bonded to other elements.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Have Many Potential Applications

2H2(g) + O2 (g) --> 2H2O(g)

Getting hydrogen by itself takes lots of energy and risk of explosion. Hindenburg!

How can we plan our energy future?

A varied strategy will be required to meet future energy challenges, including:

• Conservation• Increased energy efficiency• Greater use of renewable sources• New technology to improve energy

storage and distribution

Our Energy Future

1. What is a nonrenewable energy source? Name three.

2. Define fossil fuels.

3. What percentage of the total energy used is employed in transportation in the United States?

Review Questions

4. Is any form of energy conversion 100% efficient? Why not?

5. How much of the energy used in the United States is for generating electricity?

Review Questions

6. What percentage of that energy is actually available for end uses as electricity?

7. How is a turbine turned to drive a generator in a power plant?

8. What is the electrical grid?

Review Questions

9. What is the source of most of the world’s energy?

10. How is coal formed?

11. What is petroleum?

12. What are some advantages and disadvantages of petroleum?

Review Questions

13. What are some advantages to using natural gas as a source of energy?

14. In the United States, has per capita energy use been increasing, declining, or has it leveled off?

15. What is the Hubbert Curve?

Review Questions

16. How long will oil and coal supplies likely last?

17. Do current nuclear reactors run by fission or fusion reactions?

18. What are some drawbacks to nuclear power?

Review Questions

19. How does a nuclear power plant differ from an ordinary thermal power plant using coal?

20. What are the two types of nuclear waste?

Review Questions

21. List some common forms of nondepletable, potentially renewable, and nonrenewable energy sources.

22. Why is energy conservation important?

23. What is meant by “energy efficiency” as opposed to energy conservation?

24. What is passive solar design

Review Questions

25. What produces the energy found in biomass?

27. Distinguish between modern carbon and fossil carbon sources of energy.

28. What is the ultimate energy source for hydroelectric energy?

29. What are some advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

Review Questions

30. What are some drawbacks to active solar systems?

31. How can the Earth’s internal heat be used for energy?

32. What is the most rapidly growing source of electricity?

33. What is a fuel cell?

Review Questions

20. What is the most rapidly growing source of electricity?

21. What is a fuel cell?

Review Questions

chapter 12 nonrenewable and renewable energy. rio's welcome sign for the 2016 olympics...

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