chapter 12: services the cultural landscape: an introduction to human geography
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Chapter 12: Services
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Services
• Service = any activity that fulfills human wants/needs
• Services are located in settlements– Location is important for profitability – Affluent regions = more services – Local diversity is evident
in provision of services
Where Did Services Originate?
• 3types of services– Consumer services
• 44% of U.S. jobs
– Business services• 24% of U.S. jobs
– Public services• 17% of U.S. jobs
– All U.S. employment growth = services sector
Figure 12-2
Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005Figure 12-1
Where Did Services Originate?
• Services in early urban settlements– Services in ancient cities
• Earliest urban settlements: Ur, Athens, Rome
– Services in medieval cities
• Largest settlements = Asia
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
• Services in rural settlements– 50% of world’s population
lives in rural settlements– 2 types
• Clustered rural settlements– Circular or linear
– Clustered settlements
• Dispersed rural settlements– U.S.
– Great Britain
Rural Settlement PatternsFigure 12-10
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
• Services in urban settlements– Differences between urban & rural settlements
• Large size• High density• Social
heterogeneity
– Increasing % of people in cities
– Increasing # of people in cities
Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements
Figure 12-14
Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million
Figure 12-15
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
• Central place theory– Walter Christaller (1930s)– Central place has market area (hinterland)– Size of market area
• Range• Threshold Figure 12-17
Market Areas, Range, & Threshold
Figure 12-18
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
• Market-area analysis– Location profitability
• Compute range• Compute threshold• Draw market area
– Optimal location within market• Minimizes distance to service for highest # of people• Best location in linear & nonlinear settlements: gravity model
Figure 12-20
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
• Hierarchy of services & settlements– Nesting
• Market areas in MDCs = series of hexagons of various sizes
Figure 12-21
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
• Hierarchy of services & settlements– Rank-size distribution of settlements
• Primate city rule – Primate cities
Figure 12-23
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
• Hierarchy of business services– Services in world cities
• Business: services clustered due to Industrial Revolution
Figure 12-25
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
• Hierarchy of business services– Services in world cities
• Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas• Public: world cities may be center of national or
international political power
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
• 4 levels of business services– World Cities
• Dominant• Major• Secondary
– Command & Control Centers– Specialized Producer-
Service Centers– Dependent Centers
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
• Business services in LDCs– Offshore financial services
• 2 functions:– Taxes– Privacy
– Back offices• LDCs
attractive because:
– Low wages– Ability to speak English
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
• Economic base of settlements– 2 types:
• Basic industries• Nonbasic industries
– Specialization of cities in different services– Distribution of talent
Economic Base of U.S. Cities
Figure 12-28
Geography of TalentFigure 12-29
The End.