chapter 12 tang and song china

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Chapter 12 Chapter 12 The Era of Tang and The Era of Tang and Song Dynasties Song Dynasties

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AP World Stearns Ch 12 Tang and Song Dynasties

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Page 1: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Chapter 12 Chapter 12 The Era of Tang and The Era of Tang and

Song DynastiesSong Dynasties

Page 2: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

RECAPRECAP

Great Wall – 221 BC; Great Wall – 221 BC; Spread of BuddhismSpread of Buddhism Confucius believed a woman’s duty was to Confucius believed a woman’s duty was to

ensure the stability of the family and ensure the stability of the family and promote harmony in the home. Correct promote harmony in the home. Correct behavior=order and stability. Filial piety! behavior=order and stability. Filial piety! And the Golden Rule!And the Golden Rule!

Legalism – the ruler alone possesses Legalism – the ruler alone possesses power, strenth, not goodness, is the power, strenth, not goodness, is the rulers best virtue. rulers best virtue.

Page 3: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Han dynasty falls around 220, China is Han dynasty falls around 220, China is divided until the 600’s (but Chinese divided until the 600’s (but Chinese culture still flourishes, unlike the culture still flourishes, unlike the Western world!)Western world!)

Sui emerge around 580s, led by Wendi. Sui emerge around 580s, led by Wendi. Wendi Wendi

re-establishes granaries to stabilize food re-establishes granaries to stabilize food supply and pricessupply and prices

lowers taxeslowers taxes reunites the traditional core areas of Chinese reunites the traditional core areas of Chinese

civilization for the first time in 350ish years.civilization for the first time in 350ish years.

Page 4: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

The Tang The Tang DynastyDynasty Yangdi – murders Wendi (who is Yangdi – murders Wendi (who is

actually his dad!)actually his dad!) He’s so demanding that his He’s so demanding that his

ministers kill himministers kill him Turmoil? Turmoil?

No. The Tang dynasty emerges in No. The Tang dynasty emerges in 618, with Li Yuan’s help. 618, with Li Yuan’s help.

Li Yuan – works with his son, Li Li Yuan – works with his son, Li Shimin, (who encouraged him to Shimin, (who encouraged him to lead a revolt) to crush all the rivals lead a revolt) to crush all the rivals and revolts and establish the Tang and revolts and establish the Tang dynasty. dynasty. Play rivals off of each otherPlay rivals off of each other Repair the Great WallRepair the Great Wall

Li Shimin – within 8 years convinces Li Shimin – within 8 years convinces dad to step down, takes the throne, dad to step down, takes the throne, and names himself “Tang Taizong”and names himself “Tang Taizong”

Tang Tiazong is a brilliant general, Tang Tiazong is a brilliant general, government reformer, historian, and government reformer, historian, and becomes one of China’s most becomes one of China’s most admired emperors. admired emperors.

Page 5: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

More Tangs…More Tangs… Conquer territories in Central AsiaConquer territories in Central Asia

““heavenly kahn” – vassal of Turkic Tribesheavenly kahn” – vassal of Turkic Tribes Force Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea to become tributary Force Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea to become tributary

states.states. Tributary states: vassals who recognize China’s Tributary states: vassals who recognize China’s

supremacy and send tributes to the Tang emperor.supremacy and send tributes to the Tang emperor. Students from Korea and Japan travel to the Tang Students from Korea and Japan travel to the Tang

capital to learn about Chinese govt, law, and arts.capital to learn about Chinese govt, law, and arts. ““Middle Kingdom” – China is central to the world Middle Kingdom” – China is central to the world

around themaround them Tributary state envoys kowtow with their gifts Tributary state envoys kowtow with their gifts

before the empirebefore the empire Subordinate lands normally did as they Subordinate lands normally did as they

pleased, more diplomatic, trade, and cultural pleased, more diplomatic, trade, and cultural exchangeexchange

Page 6: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Tang EmpireTang Empire

Page 7: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Tang ReformsTang Reforms Restored Han SystemRestored Han System

Civil Service System and Uniform Govt.Civil Service System and Uniform Govt. Jinshi – immediate elevation of social status for individual his Jinshi – immediate elevation of social status for individual his

familyfamily Larger territory = increased demand for gov’t positionsLarger territory = increased demand for gov’t positions Scholar-gentry – help offset the pwr of land-holding Scholar-gentry – help offset the pwr of land-holding

aristocratsaristocrats Now many more positions than during the Han eraNow many more positions than during the Han era

Land Reform – broke up large land holdings into Land Reform – broke up large land holdings into pieces for the peasants. pieces for the peasants. Equal field system – Equal field system – upon death, a farmer’s land was upon death, a farmer’s land was

reallotted, only 1/5 remained under hereditary controlreallotted, only 1/5 remained under hereditary control Centralized power by removing power from large landownersCentralized power by removing power from large landowners Raised revenue by increasing number of people who would be Raised revenue by increasing number of people who would be

taxedtaxed Grand Canal links Huang He to the Yangzi R.Grand Canal links Huang He to the Yangzi R.

Longest waterway ever made by human labor at this Longest waterway ever made by human labor at this pointpoint

Page 8: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Those Tang Arts…Those Tang Arts… http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/video-p

opup-tang.cfm Long sleeves Long sleeves

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/china/art/tang.htm

Buddha, Buddha on the wall…Buddha, Buddha on the wall… Carved into rocky cliff sides, show tremendous Carved into rocky cliff sides, show tremendous

stone cutting and metal working abilitiesstone cutting and metal working abilities Horses and CamelsHorses and Camels

Focus of artists and sculptorsFocus of artists and sculptors From along the Silk RoadFrom along the Silk Road

ForeignersForeigners From all over central Asia – another main From all over central Asia – another main

focusfocus LiteratureLiterature

Described foreign foods, music, customs, and Described foreign foods, music, customs, and polo (a aristocratic favorite from Persia)polo (a aristocratic favorite from Persia)

Page 9: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

BuddhismBuddhism Xuanzang – Buddhist monk from ChinaXuanzang – Buddhist monk from China Travels to India c. 645 CETravels to India c. 645 CE Brings back many Buddhist textsBrings back many Buddhist texts Forms many monasteriesForms many monasteries New sects emerge – including Chan (Zen)New sects emerge – including Chan (Zen)

Focused on meditation to reach nirvanaFocused on meditation to reach nirvana Monasteries and temples often have economic focusMonasteries and temples often have economic focus

Operate mills and oil pressesOperate mills and oil presses Perform banking servicesPerform banking services Owned a lot of land (and wealthy patrons would list Owned a lot of land (and wealthy patrons would list

their land as belonging to the monastery to avoid state their land as belonging to the monastery to avoid state taxes)taxes)

Much temple wealth went to the artsMuch temple wealth went to the arts

Page 10: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Anti-Buddhist BacklashAnti-Buddhist Backlash Daoist and Confucians feel threatenedDaoist and Confucians feel threatened State does too – Buddhist monastic establishment poses State does too – Buddhist monastic establishment poses

a fundamental economic challenge to imperial ordera fundamental economic challenge to imperial order Wuzong (841-847) lashes outWuzong (841-847) lashes out

Open persecutionOpen persecution Thousands of monasteries and shrines destroyedThousands of monasteries and shrines destroyed Hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns Hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns

flee/return to civilian livesflee/return to civilian lives Slaves and peasants of Buddhist lands are forced out Slaves and peasants of Buddhist lands are forced out

to work the lands and are subject to taxation again to work the lands and are subject to taxation again Hatred doesn’t last, but the Buddhists definitely took Hatred doesn’t last, but the Buddhists definitely took

a hita hit

Page 11: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Bye-bye Tang, Hello Bye-bye Tang, Hello SongSong

Tang dynasty weakens, corruption, drought, high taxes, famine, Tang dynasty weakens, corruption, drought, high taxes, famine, rebellions, etc; Tangs are overthrown in 907.rebellions, etc; Tangs are overthrown in 907.

960 – three major states emerge960 – three major states emerge The Liao Empire – Khitan people, Mongol relativesThe Liao Empire – Khitan people, Mongol relatives The Xi Xia (Tanggut) Empire – Minyak people, W China, had The Xi Xia (Tanggut) Empire – Minyak people, W China, had

connections to the former Tangconnections to the former Tang The Song Empire – 960 military commander Emperor Taizu reunites The Song Empire – 960 military commander Emperor Taizu reunites

much of China (never quite as strong as the Tang Empire though)much of China (never quite as strong as the Tang Empire though)

Page 12: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

The Song EmpireThe Song Empire Does unify ChinaDoes unify China Run-ins with the Liao (Song pay Run-ins with the Liao (Song pay

tributes to protect themselvestributes to protect themselves Jurchens destroy the Liao Jurchens destroy the Liao

capital in Mongoliacapital in Mongolia Proclaim Jin empireProclaim Jin empire Continue exacting tribute Continue exacting tribute

from the Song, take portions from the Song, take portions of their land, force Song to of their land, force Song to relocate their capital from relocate their capital from Kaifeng to HangzhouKaifeng to Hangzhou

Song dynasty – controls China Song dynasty – controls China for 316 (longer than Tang), but for 316 (longer than Tang), but controls less landcontrols less land 960-1127 – “Northern Song”960-1127 – “Northern Song” 1127-1279 – “Southern Song”1127-1279 – “Southern Song”

Page 13: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments The Tang fell because…The Tang fell because…

regional military commanders became independent regional military commanders became independent rulers who raised their own armies and collected rulers who raised their own armies and collected their own taxestheir own taxes

Song – make the military subordinate to the Song – make the military subordinate to the civil administrators of the scholar-gentry classcivil administrators of the scholar-gentry class Only civil officials can be governorsOnly civil officials can be governors Rotate military commanders from region to regionRotate military commanders from region to region Does it work? The Song’s have control, but their Does it work? The Song’s have control, but their

military is much weaker military is much weaker Scholar bureaucrats actually leading Song armies in the Scholar bureaucrats actually leading Song armies in the

field sometimes (have hardly any military training)field sometimes (have hardly any military training)

Page 14: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Challenges with Challenges with BureaucracyBureaucracy

Now for the district, provincial and Now for the district, provincial and imperial levelimperial level

Standards adjusted (increases pass rate)Standards adjusted (increases pass rate) Growing bureaucracy = stressed imperial Growing bureaucracy = stressed imperial

treasurytreasury Emperors try to raise taxesEmperors try to raise taxes Peasants revoltPeasants revolt More military needed to make peasants hushMore military needed to make peasants hush More imperial debt. More imperial debt.

Page 15: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Industry and ProductionIndustry and Production PapermakingPapermaking Salt and TeaSalt and Tea Deforestation, turn to other sources – coal!Deforestation, turn to other sources – coal! Master the ability to use coal to smelt iron, even develop Master the ability to use coal to smelt iron, even develop

steelsteel Most advanced iron industry in the worldMost advanced iron industry in the world Swords, armor, arrow tips, tools for farmers and Swords, armor, arrow tips, tools for farmers and

craftsmen, stoves, nails, needles, chains for suspension craftsmen, stoves, nails, needles, chains for suspension bridges, drill bits to make wellsbridges, drill bits to make wells

GunpowderGunpowder Wooden blocks to print entire pagesWooden blocks to print entire pages Begin working on moveable type systemsBegin working on moveable type systems

Page 16: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Song Golden AgeSong Golden Age Wealth and culture dominate; military Wealth and culture dominate; military

does not.does not. Great Canal – improves agriculture by Great Canal – improves agriculture by

creating a better irrigation system creating a better irrigation system and increases trade dramatically (land and increases trade dramatically (land travel was expensive and travel was expensive and cumbersome)cumbersome)

Agricultural surplus (improved Agricultural surplus (improved irrigation system and new strains of irrigation system and new strains of rice from Vietnam = success). rice from Vietnam = success).

Rise in agricultural productivity Rise in agricultural productivity allowed people more time to pursue allowed people more time to pursue commerce, learning, and the arts.commerce, learning, and the arts.

Page 17: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce Trade flourishes (Song porcelain Trade flourishes (Song porcelain

found in E. Africa!)found in E. Africa!) Junks (Chinese ships) encourage Junks (Chinese ships) encourage

tradetrade Chinese actively trade, instead of waiting Chinese actively trade, instead of waiting

for traders to come to themfor traders to come to them Horses, Persian rugs, and tapestries enter Horses, Persian rugs, and tapestries enter

ChinaChina Silk, Paper, and porcelain leave ChinaSilk, Paper, and porcelain leave China Reopen Silk RoadReopen Silk Road

China issues paper moneyChina issues paper money

Page 18: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

HangzhouHangzhou

The most impressive city of its timeThe most impressive city of its time By end of Song times, 1,500,000 By end of Song times, 1,500,000

populationpopulation Famously wealthy, clean, and Famously wealthy, clean, and

diversediverse 10 big marketplaces10 big marketplaces Marco Polo of Venice declared it Marco Polo of Venice declared it

“the most noble city and the best “the most noble city and the best that is in the world”that is in the world”

Page 19: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Chinese SocietyChinese Society Gentry – wealthy landowning class, (only Gentry – wealthy landowning class, (only

ones who could afford to spend years ones who could afford to spend years studying to pass the civil service exam). studying to pass the civil service exam). Many are Confucianists Many are Confucianists

Peasants – self sufficient, “heaven is Peasants – self sufficient, “heaven is high, and the emperor far away”high, and the emperor far away”

Merchants – great potential/opportunity Merchants – great potential/opportunity to acquire wealth, (Confucianists to acquire wealth, (Confucianists believed merchants were lower than believed merchants were lower than peasants because their wealth came peasants because their wealth came from the labor of others)from the labor of others)

Women – status diminished after Tang Women – status diminished after Tang and early Song dynastyand early Song dynasty

Page 20: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism Appeal of Buddhism, causes a re-thinking of ConfucianismAppeal of Buddhism, causes a re-thinking of Confucianism

Mencius (an old Confucian master), had written Zhu Xi, a Mencius (an old Confucian master), had written Zhu Xi, a commentary on Confucius’s main workscommentary on Confucius’s main works

Places an emphasis on the importance of social lifePlaces an emphasis on the importance of social life Rejects withdrawing from life for individual meditationRejects withdrawing from life for individual meditation

Death penalty for childrenDeath penalty for children 2.5 years hard labor for hitting your older sibling2.5 years hard labor for hitting your older sibling

Brides and grooms usually the same age (unlike India) because Brides and grooms usually the same age (unlike India) because Confucian principles didn’t want to mix generationsConfucian principles didn’t want to mix generations

Allowed mutual consent divorce (India doesn’t)Allowed mutual consent divorce (India doesn’t) Advocated confining young women, emphasized importance of Advocated confining young women, emphasized importance of

virginity of young brides, fidelity for wives, and chastity for virginity of young brides, fidelity for wives, and chastity for widows. (similar to India)widows. (similar to India)

Footbinding (a harsher, more constricting tradition than anything Footbinding (a harsher, more constricting tradition than anything in India)in India)

Page 21: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Foot bindingFoot binding

Page 22: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Foot bindingFoot binding

Page 23: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Young girl’s feet would be Young girl’s feet would be bound with long strips of cloth bound with long strips of cloth causing the foot to be about causing the foot to be about half the size it would normally half the size it would normally become.become.

Tiny feet and a stilted walk Tiny feet and a stilted walk represented beauty and represented beauty and nobility.nobility.

This noble tradition filtered This noble tradition filtered down to the lower classes.down to the lower classes.

Women whose feet had been Women whose feet had been bound could not easily walk on bound could not easily walk on their own, further reinforcing their own, further reinforcing the Confucian concept that the Confucian concept that women should remain inside women should remain inside the home. the home.

Only peasants who needed Only peasants who needed their daughters to work in the their daughters to work in the field omitted the practice.field omitted the practice.

Page 24: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

Landscape Landscape painting – “create painting – “create a harmonious a harmonious relationship relationship between heaven between heaven and earth”and earth”

Page 25: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Pagoda – Buddhist Pagoda – Buddhist themes influenced themes influenced Chinese Chinese architecture.architecture. Indian stupa Indian stupa

evolved into the evolved into the graceful Chinese graceful Chinese pagoda. pagoda.

Chinese sculptors Chinese sculptors created statues of created statues of Buddha as well. Buddha as well.

Page 26: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Porcelain – shiny, Porcelain – shiny, hard pottery, hard pottery, prized as the finest prized as the finest in the world. in the world. Westerners later Westerners later call it “chinaware”call it “chinaware”

Page 27: Chapter 12 Tang and Song China

Chinese Inventions that Chinese Inventions that Will Change the WorldWill Change the World

CompassesCompasses GunpowderGunpowder