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Chapter 12 The Americas

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Page 1: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Chapter 12The Americas

Page 2: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Paleoindian Americans Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE Clovis Culture – earliest-known hunting

culture Folsom points – smaller points developed

as game got smaller The Archaic period

Conditions everywhere became warmer, drier, so people had to depend more on gathering as game disappeared

Little is known about social organization in this period

Page 3: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Result of continued environmental change

First occurred in Mexico Chili, pumpkins, beans, plus

maize Farming spread across Mexico,

to Central America, coastal Peru by 1500 BCE

This high productivity made possible the great civilizations

Page 4: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Ancestral Puebloan civilization (Anasazi) Began agriculture about 400 CE Chaco phenomenon – 14 “Great Houses” –

multi-story stone and timber pueblos Road system in nearly straight lines

converged on Chaco Canyon Regional trade center wielding great power Puebloan clans migrated west, south, east

about 1300-1500

Page 5: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Mississippian and Cahokia civilizations Mysterious mound-building cultures based

on religion, burial, farming etc. Cahokia – largest, most important

settlement from this period May have had social hierarchy Some mounds were for religious rituals,

others were tombs Ended mysteriously about 1300

Page 6: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

http://cahokiamounds.org/

Page 7: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Olmecs 1500-300 BCE Foundation of all other

Amerindian cultures in Central America

Skill in stonework – basalt heads, ceremonial stone pyramids

Primitive form of writing and number system

Chavin 800-400 BCE Found in valleys inland from

Peruvian coast Neolithic agrarian lifestyle Gold work

Page 8: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Most advanced of all pre-Columbian Amerindians Hierarchy of cities ruled by kings

Peasant villagers lived in satellite settlements Chichen Itza

Public buildings, temples, palaces, ball courts Wealthy hereditary elite, powerful priesthood Religious belief was important in ordering the round

of daily life Extremely accurate astronomy based on refined

mathematics Only pre-Columbian people to be fully literate

Page 9: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known
Page 10: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Teotihuacan 200 BCE Found in northern part of Valley of Mexico Center of religious rituals, offerings to the

gods Might have been first true city in Western

Hemisphere, also largest, most impressive Toltecs

Federation of nomads Chief city was Tula

Page 11: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Tenochtitlan – capital city, one of largest cities anywhere

War was reason for existence of Aztecs, shaped their religion, social structure

Aztec religion featured frequent human sacrifices, cannibalism

Aztec government and society Emperor and his officials Class of warriors Ordinary free people Serfs and slaves Large, powerful group of priests Upper class women had some rights and freedoms

Page 12: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known
Page 13: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Empire in South America rested on dramatically increased food supply

Centered in Cuzco, Peru By 1400s empire may have held

as many as 8 million people After conquering new area,

Incas often deported inhabitants Local chiefs took responsibility for

obedience, good behavior Efficient tax collection Established colonies to help

conquered people become loyal Quechua replaced various

languages, was never written

Page 14: Chapter 12 The Americas.  Paleoindian Americans  Amerindians first crossed Beringia land bridge about 30,000-10,000 BCE  Clovis Culture – earliest-known

Material culture Great roads Irrigation systems, dams, canals,

agricultural terraces Domesticated llamas as beasts of burden Stone buildings of extremely high quality Fine textiles of wool, cotton

Macchu Picchu – city in the clouds, purpose unknown

Government and society Small elite of nobles with semi-divine king Ayllu (clan) was basic unit of society Unusual level of concern for social

welfare