chapter 13

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

prepared by

Michael Hall

Chapter 13

Tobacco and Caffeine:

Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Objectives

Discuss social issues involved in tobacco use, including advertising and medical costs.

Explain how chemicals in tobacco affect a smoker. Review how smoking affects the risk for cancer;

cardiovascular disease; respiratory disease and a fetus’s health. Discuss the risks associated with smokeless tobacco. Evaluate the risks to nonsmokers associated with

environmental tobacco smoke. Discuss the role of politics in regulating tobacco products. Describe strategies people adopt to quit using tobacco

products. Compare the benefits and risks associated with caffeine.


Our Smoking Society

438,000 Americans die annually from tobacco-related diseases

Currently, 23 percent of teenagers smoke

3,000 teens under the age of 18 becomes smokers each day

6,000 teens smoke there first cigarette each day


Annual Deaths Attributable to Smoking in the United States

Figure 13.1


Cigarette Smoking By Grade Level

Figure 13.2


Tobacco And Social Issues

Advertising – tobacco industry spends large amounts of money to keep smokers, and to find new smokers

Financial costs to society – The cost of tobacco product use in terms of lost productivity and lost lives


College Students And Smoking

Smoking among college students increased by 32 percent between 1991 and 1999

Researchers found that greater than 60 percent of college students used some form of tobacco product


Percentage of Population That Smokes (age 18 and older) among Select Groups in the United States

Table 13.1


ABC News: Tobacco

PlayVideoPlay

Video| Tobacco


ABC News: Tobacco

Discussion Questions:

Why do you think that the federal government heavily regulates nicotine replacement products but not the delivery of cigarettes?

Why does Phillip Morris want to have the federal government regulate their tobacco products?


Tobacco And Its Effects

Nicotine – chemical stimulant

Smoke contains 4,700 chemical substances

Tar – condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs

Phenols – chemical irritant in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to the development of lung cancer

Cilia – nicotine impairs the cleansing function of cilia

Carbon monoxide – tobacco smoke contains 800 times the level considered safe by the U.S.E.P.A.


What’s in Cigarette Smoke?

Table 13.2


Tobacco Products

Cigarettes Clove cigarettes – 40% ground cloves, 60% tobacco Cigars – contains 23 poisons, 43 carcinogens Bidis – small hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes, contain

3 times more CO and nicotine, and 5 times more tar than cigarettes

Smokeless tobacco

• Chewing tobacco

• Dipping tobacco

• Snuff


Physiological Effects Of Nicotine

Nicotine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant

Nicotine increases heart and respiratory rates, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure

Nicotine decreases blood sugar levels and the stomach constrictions that signal hunger

Nicotine poisoning symptoms:

• Dizziness

• Lightheadedness

• Rapid and erratic pulse

• Nausea


Tobacco Addiction

Pairings – environmental cue that triggers a craving for nicotine

Paired associations include: having a cup of coffee with a cigarette

Genetic predisposition


Health Hazards Of Smoking

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

• Platelet adhesiveness

Stroke

Respiratory disorders

• Chronic bronchitis

• Emphysema

Sexual dysfunction

Gum disease


How Cigarette Smoking Damages the Lungs

Figure 13.3


Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

Mainstream – smoke drawn through tobacco while inhaling

Sidestream – smoke from the burning end of a cigarette or exhaled by a smoker

Involuntary or passive smokers – breath smoke from someone else’s smoking product

9 out 10 nonsmoking Americans are exposed to ETS


Risks From ETS

Sidestream smoke contains more carcinogenic substances

Sidestream smoke has 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, 50 times more ammonia

ETS is responsible for 3,000 lung cancer deaths, 35,000 CVD deaths, 13,000 deaths from other cancers


Protecting Yourself and Others from Secondhand Smoke

Table 13.3


Tobacco And Politics

Its been 40 years since the government began warning that tobacco use was hazardous to the health of the nation

1998 Master’s Settlement Agreement

• Tobacco industry to pay states $206 billion over 25 years

• Pay $1.5 billion over 10 years to support antismoking measures

• $250 million to study ways to stop kids from smoking

• No billboard advertising

• Prevent youth access to “branded” merchandise

• Ban on using cartoon characters in advertising

• Do not market cigarettes to children

• Do not misrepresent the health effects of cigarettes


Quitting

Breaking the nicotine addiction

• Withdrawal

Nicotine replacement products

• Nicotine gum

• Nicotine patch

• Nasal spray

• Nicotine inhaler

• Zyban


Breaking The Habit

Operant conditioning – pairs smoking with a stimulus, after time the stimulus is removed and the smoker quits

Self-control therapy – smoking is a learned habit associated with certain situations. Therapy is aimed at identifying the situations and teaching the skills necessary to resist smoking


Recommended Therapies for Smoking Cessation

Table 13.4


Benefits Of Quitting

Many tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves in the absence of smoke

Airways are cleared of mucous

Circulation improves

Senses of taste and smell are restored

At the end of 10 smoke-free years, the ex-smoker can expect to live a normal life span


When Smokers Quit

Figure 13.4


Caffeine

Drug derived from chemical family xanthines

Mild CNS stimulants

Side effects include: wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, and mild delirium


Caffeine Content of Various Products

Table 13.5


Caffeine Addiction

Caffeinism – syndrome of “coffee nerves” resulting from the habit forming use of caffeine products to avoid feeling mentally or physically depressed, exhausted, and weak

Because caffeine meets the requirements for addiction – tolerance, psychological dependency, and withdrawal symptoms – it can be classified as addictive


The Health Consequences Of Long-Term Caffeine Use

Linked to health problems ranging from hearth disease and cancer to mental dysfunction and birth defects

Irritates stomach lining

Harmful to people with ulcers

Patients with mammillary cysts should avoid caffeine

Pregnant women should limit caffeine

chapter 13

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