Chapter 13

Conjunctions

Level 1Coordinating Conjunctions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODGA7ssL-

6g Fanboys- for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so So is used informally sometimes, need to

replace with therefore or consequently Do not use a comma when you are joining

compound verbs Stockholders are expected to attend the

meeting or to send their proxies.

Conjunctive Adverbs May also be used to connect equal sentence

elements. Accordingly, in fact, in other words, also,

anyway, hence, etc (rest on pg 266) Semicolons are used (not commas) before

conjunctive adverbs. They join independent clauses. Commas should immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables.

Sarah did her best; nevertheless, she did not pass CPA exam the first time.

Generally, no commas after one-syllable conjunctive adverbs

Distinguishing Conjunctive Adverbs From Parenthetical Adverbs

However, therefore, and consequently Used to effect transitions from one thought to

another in independent clauses. Commas are used to set off parenthetical

adverbs that interrupt the flow of one independent clause.

We believe, however, that cellular phone sales will continue to grow.

We believe that cell phones are convenient: however, they must be used responsibly.

In the first sentence the adverb disrupts the independent clause. In the second it does not.

Chapter Review: Level 1Fix the sentences or write correct.1. Please make your decision and let me know

immediately.2. Some people are surprised to learn however that

most identity theft occurs through “dumpster diving.”3. Click fraud has become a huge problem thus a

number of companies are no longer advertising on Web sites such as Google.

4. Periods of stock market growth are called bull markets and periods of stock market decline are known as bear markets.

Chapter Review: Level 1 Answered

1. Correct2. Some people are surprised to learn, however, that

most identity theft occurs through “dumpster diving.” --needs commas

3. Click fraud has become a huge problem; thus a number of companies are no longer advertising on Web sites such as Google. --semicolon or conjunction to break up independent clauses.

4. Periods of stock market growth are called bull markets, and periods of stock market decline are known as bear markets. --need comma to break up

Level 2Subordinating Conjunctions Connect dependent clauses to an independent

clause. List on pg 267Punctuation of Sentences With Dependent Clauses Introductory Dependent Clauses

Use a comma for a sentence that starts with the dependent clause, and then the independent clause.

Use comma after an introductory dependent clause even though the verb and subject are not stated (dependent clauses are fragments)

Terminal Dependent Clauses When the dependent clause is at the end of the

sentence, does not need a comma Parenthetical Clauses

Add additional information to a sentence. If they interrupt the flow and not needed to complete the sentence, they are set off with commas.

The motion, unless you want further discussion, will be tabled until our next meeting.

Relative Clauses (Pronouns) Who, whom, whose, which, that- function as

conjunctions when they introduce dependent clauses

Essential (restrictive) clause- needed to identify the noun to which it refers, no commas

Any employee who wants an August vacation must apply soon.

Nonessential (nonrestrictive) clause- has information that is not needed to know by the readers. The sentence makes sense on its own.

Has to be separated with commas. Bruce R. Bent, whose career was in finance,

launched the first U.S. Money market fund in 1970. Punctuation Review

Break down of the three common sentence patterns on page 270.

Chapter Review: Level 21. a. Phillip Knight who was the cofounder and former CEO of

Nike was tattooed with the company's “swoosh” logo.

b. Phillip Knight, who was the cofounder and former CEO ofNike was tattooed with the company's “swoosh” logo.

2. a. If you have any questions about our proposal, please e-mail them to Kris Bertrand.

b. If you have any questions about our proposal please e-mail them to Kris Bertrand.

3. a. When completed the newly created Web site will enablecustomers to track shipments.

b. When completed, the newly created Web site will enablecustomers to track shipments.

Chapter Review: Level 2 Answered1. a. Phillip Knight who was the cofounder and former CEO of

Nike was tattooed with the company's “swoosh” logo.

b. Phillip Knight, who was the cofounder and former CEO ofNike was tattooed with the company's “swoosh” logo.

2. a. If you have any questions about our proposal, please e-mail them to Kris Bertrand.

b. If you have any questions about our proposal please e-mail them to Kris Bertrand.

3. a. When completed the newly created Web site will enablecustomers to track shipments.

b. When completed, the newly created Web site will enablecustomers to track shipments.

Level 3Correlative Conjunctions Join grammatically equal sentence elements.

Always used in pairs (both...and, not only...but (also))

These are used in situations when there needs to be more emphasis made.

The sentence needs to be made parallel. Either Michelle was flying into Oakland or to San

Jose. (not parallel) Michelle was flying either into Oakland or into San

Jose. (parallel)

Sentence Variety Advanced, great writers make sentences with

variety in structure. Leila Peters founded her own dessert business. She

specialized in molded containers made of French chocolate. Her 350 designs were unique. She copyrighted them. Another chocolatier copied her spiral chocolate seashell. Leila sued. She won.

See the choppiness? Break down of sentences

Simple: One independent clause Leila Peters founded her own dessert business.

Compound: Two independent clauses Leila founded her own dessert business, and she

specialized in molded containers of French chocolate

Complex: Two independent clause and one dependent clause

Since Leila Peters founded her own dessert business, she has specialized in molded containers of French chocolate.

Compound-complex: Two independent clauses and one dependent clause

Leila's chocolate designs were copyrighted; therefore, when another chocolatier copied one, she sued and won.

Chapter Review: Level 31. a. Either she will go to law school or to medical school.

b. She will to either go to law school or to medical school.

2. a. Our investing objectives are both to get a decent return and toprotect our assets.

b. Our investing objectives are both to get a decent return andprotecting our assets.

3. a. Be sure to either book out tickets in first- or business-class seats.

b. Be sure to book out tickets in either first- or business-class seats.

Simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?

1. U.S. Airlines reduced services and cut jobs, but they continued tolose money.

2. We have no working backup system, and other departments facesimilar problem.

Chapter Review: Level 3 Answered1. a. Either she will go to law school or to medical school.

b. She will to either to law school or to medical school.

2. a. Our investing objectives are both to get a decent return and toprotect our assets.

b. Our investing objectives are both to get a decent return andprotecting our assets.

3. a. Be sure to either book out tickets in first- or business-class seats.

b. Be sure to book out tickets in either first- or business-class seats.

Simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?

1. U.S. Airlines reduced services and cut jobs, but they continued tolose money. -Compound

2. We have no working backup system, and other departments facesimilar problem. -Compound