chapter 13: electronic commerce and information security
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Chapter 13: Electronic Commerce and Information Security. Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition. Objectives. In this chapter, you will learn about E-commerce Databases Information security. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13: Electronic Commerce and Information Security
Invitation to Computer Science,
Java Version, Third Edition
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Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 2
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about
E-commerce
Databases
Information security
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Invitation to Computer Science, Java Version, Third Edition 3
Introduction
E-commerce: Financial transactions conducted by electronic means
Early days (early- and mid-1990s) of online commerce
A customer fills out an order via the Web and submits it
The online order is printed out by the business, and then processed like a traditional purchase
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Introduction (continued)
E-business Every part of a financial transaction is handled
electronically, including Order processing
Credit verification
Transaction completion
Debit issuing
Shipping alerts
Inventory reduction
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E-commerce
Opening an online store requires at least as much planning as building another physical store location
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The Vision Thing
In planning for opening an online store, a company must identify
Its objectives
Risks involved
Costs involved
The company should go ahead with its plans only if it is determined that its overall bottom line will improve by going online
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Decisions, Decisions
Personnel
In-house development or outsourcing
Hardware
Web server machine
Additional computers
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Decisions, Decisions (continued) Software programs to
Process customer orders
Interact with accounting, shipping, and inventory control software
Manage and store customer information
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Anatomy of a Transaction
Goals for an online business
Draw potential customers to your site
Keep them there
Set up optimum conditions for them to complete a purchase
A typical online transaction can be divided into nine steps
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Figure 13.1A Typical Online Transaction in Nine Steps
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Step 1: Getting There
How can you get customers to your Web site?
Conventional advertising
Obvious domain name
Search engine
Portal
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Step 2: Do I Know You?
Provide Web site personalization by
Asking the user to register and then log in during each visit
Using cookies
Provide incentives and benefits for return customers
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Step 3: Committing to an Online Purchase Must provide security for transmission of
sensitive information
Encryption: Encoding data to be transmitted into a scrambled form using a scheme agreed upon between the sender and the receiver
Authentication: Verifying the identify of the receiver of your message
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Step 3: Committing to an Online Purchase (continued)
SSL (secure sockets layer)
A series of protocols that allow a client and a Web server to
Agree on encryption methods
Exchange security keys
Authenticate the identity of each party
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Steps 4 and 5: Payment Processing Most common payment option: Credit card
Option 1
Step 4: Online order form communicates with the accounting system
Step 5: Accounting system verifies the customer’s credit and processes the transaction on the fly
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Steps 4 and 5: Payment Processing (continued)
Option 2
Step 4: Collect information on the customer’s order
Step 5: Evaluate the customer’s credit and complete the transaction offline
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Steps 6-9: Order Fulfillment
Step 6: Order entry system alerts inventory system to reduce the items in stock
Step 7: Order entry system contacts shipping system to arrange for shipping
Steps 8 and 9: Shipping system works with the shipping company to pick up and deliver the purchase to the customer
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Designing Your Web Site
Web site taxonomy How information will be classified and organized
on the Web site
CRM (customer relationship management) Goals
Improve your customer satisfaction Build customer relationships Bring people back to your Web site time and time
again
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Designing Your Web Site (continued) Some important Web site components
Site map
Navigation bar
Shopping carts
Order checkout forms
Shipping options
E-mail confirmations
Privacy policy
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Designing Your Web Site (continued) Web pages should be designed to be displayed
on different machines, operating systems, and browsers
Text-only options should be offered for users with slow connections, the visually impaired, and the hearing-impaired
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Behind the Scenes
Businesses have many collaborative systems Developed by different vendors with different protocols
Middleware: Software that allows existing programs to communicate seamlessly Translates between incompatible data representations, file formats, and
network protocols Disaster recovery strategy: Deals with backup, sever failure, intrusions
xx
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Databases
An electronic database
Stores data items
Data items can be extracted
Data items can be sorted
Data items can be manipulated to reveal new information
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Data Organization
Byte
A group of eight bits
Can store the binary representation of a single character or a small integer number
A single unit of addressable memory
Field
A group of bytes used to represent a string of characters
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Data Organization (continued) Record
A collection of related fields
Data file
Related records are kept in a data file
Database
Related files make up a database
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Figure 13.3
Data Organization Hierarchy
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Figure 13.4
Records and Fields in a Single File
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Figure 13.5
One Record in the Rugs-For-You Employees File
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Database Management Systems Database management system (DBMS)
Manages the files in a database
Relational database model
Conceptual model of a file as a two-dimensional table
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Database Management Systems (continued)
In a relational database
A table represents information about an entity
A row contains data about one instance of an entity
A row is called a tuple
Each category of information is called an attribute
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Figure 13.6
Employees Table for Rugs-For-You
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Figure 13.7
InsurancePolicies Table for Rugs-For-You
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Database Management Systems (continued)
Specialized query languages Enable the user or another application program to
query the database
Example: SQL (Structured Query Language)
Relationships among different entities in a database Established through the correspondence between
primary keys and foreign keys
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Figure 13.8
Three Entities in the Rugs-For-You Database
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Other Considerations
Performance issues
Large files are maintained on disk
Organizing record storage on disk can minimize time needed to access a particular record
Creating additional records to be stored with the file can significantly reduce access time
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Other Considerations (continued) Distributed databases
Allow physical data to reside at separate and independent locations that are networked
Massive, integrated government databases raise legal, political, social, and ethical issues
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Information Security
Information security
Data protection, whether on disk or transmitted across a network
Authentication: Prevents access by hackers
Encryption: Makes data meaningless if hackers do get it
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Encryption Overview
Cryptography
The science of “secret writing”
Plaintext
A message that is not encoded
Ciphertext
An encrypted message
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Encryption Overview (continued) Process of encryption and decryption
Plaintext is encrypted before it is sent Ciphertext is decrypted back to plaintext when it is
received
A symmetric encryption algorithm Requires a secret key known to both the sender
and receiver Sender encrypts the plaintext using the key Receiver decrypts the message using the key
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Encryption Overview (continued) Asymmetric encryption algorithm
Also called public key encryption algorithm
The key for encryption and the key for decryption are different
Person A makes an encryption key public
Anyone can encrypt a message using the public key and send it to A
Only A has the decryption key and can decrypt the message
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Simple Encryption Algorithms: Caesar Cipher
Caesar cipher Also called a shift cipher Each character in the message is shifted to
another character some fixed distance farther along in the alphabet
Stream cipher: Encodes one character at a time Substitution cipher: A single letter of plaintext
generates a single letter of ciphertext
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Block Cipher
A group or block of plaintext letters gets encoded into a block of ciphertext, but not by substituting one at a time for each character
Each plaintext character in the block contributes to more than one ciphertext character
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Block Cipher (continued)
One ciphertext character is created as a result of more than one plaintext letter
Diffusion (scattering) of the plaintext within the ciphertext
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DES
Stands for Data Encryption Standard
Designed to protect electronic information
A block cipher
Blocks: 64 bits long
Key: 64-bit binary key (only 56 bits are used)
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DES (continued)
Every substitution, reduction, expansion, and permutation is determined by a well-known set of tables
The same algorithm serves as the decryption algorithm
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Figure 13.11The DES Encryption Algorithm
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DES (continued)
Triple DES Improves the security of DES
Requires two 56-bit keys
Runs the DES algorithm three times
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) Uses successive rounds of computations that mix
up the data and the key
Key length: 128, 192, or 256 bits
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Public-Key Systems
RSA
Most common public key encryption algorithm
Based on results from number theory
If n is a large number, it is extremely difficult to find the prime factors for n
RSA is often used in the initial stage of communication between client and server
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Figure 13.12
An SSL Session
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Summary
E-business: Every part of a financial transaction is handled electronically
Opening an online store requires a significant amount of planning
Database: Allows data items to be stored, extracted, sorted, and manipulated
Relational database model: Conceptual model of a file as a two-dimensional table
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Summary (continued)
Main parts of information security: Encryption and authentication
Types of encryption algorithms
Symmetric encryption algorithms
Asymmetric encryption algorithms (or public key encryption algorithms)
Encryption algorithms: Caesar cipher, block cipher, DES, Triple DES, AES, RSA