1Chapter 13 Key Terms

ClotEmbolism

ErythrocytesHematopoiesisInfarctionHemoglobinLeukocytesLymphocytesMacrophageNeutrophilsPhagocytosisPlaquePlasma

ThrombosisLysozymeEosinophils

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 13: BLOOD

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Composition

Formed elementsErythrocytes: red blood cellsLeukocytes: white blood cellsThrombocytes: platelets

Fluid partPlasmaAbout 55% of blood

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Functions

Transportation Oxygen from lungs to cells on Erythrocytes CO2 from cells to lungs on Erythrocytes

Nutrients, ions, and water from digestive tract to cells Waste products from cells to sweat glands and kidneys Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Regulation Body pH (blood pH is usually 7.35-7.45) Body temperature

Clotting Mechanism Protects against foreign microorganisms and toxins

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Blood Cells

Erythrocytes (red blood cells ) – make up 95% of blood cells

Leukocytes (white blood cells)Granular – have granules when stained

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranular – no granulesMonocytes, lymphocytes

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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Plasma

Over 90% water Albumin – maintains water balance between cells and

blood Globulins – antibodies and transport molecules Fibrinogen – involved in clotting mechanism Rest consists of solutes

Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

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Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) All blood cells begin as hematocytoblasts (stem

cells) and differentiate into the different blood cells

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Erythrocyte Anatomy

Red tint because of pigment Biconcave Contains no nucleus Contains hemoglobin molecule Do not divide Last approximately 4 months Oxygen rich = bright red Oxygen deprived = dark red

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Anemia

Decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin Symptoms

Lack of energyShortness of breathPale skin

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Leukocyte Anatomy

Have no color Asymmetrical Contain nuclei Can leave blood and move into tissues Clean up cellular debris and fight infections by

phagocytosis

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Neutrophil

Contain very fine granules 4 lobed nucleus Secretes lysozyme Most common leukocyte

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Eosinophil

Coarse, red granules 2 lobed nucleus Produce antihistamines to

fight allergies Produce other chemicals to

fight parasites (hookworm, tapeworm)

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Basophil

Dark granules 2 lobed nucleus Active in allergic reactions Release heparin – anticoagulant Release histamine – inflammatory Release serotonin – vasoconstrictor

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Monocyte

Largest leukocyte Large, irregular nucleus Called macrophage when they

leave the blood Phagocytize large particles

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Lymphocyte

Large, round nucleus Involved in immune system Become “memory cells” Long life span

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Platelets

Small pieces of a megakaryocyte

Responsible for starting the clotting mechanism

Prevent fluid loss from blood vessel

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Clotting Mechanism

Step 1: platelets clump together are site of injury, damaged tissues release of thromboplastinProduces prothrombin activator

Step 2: Prothrombin is converted to thrombinDone by prothrombin activator in presence of calcium

ions Step 3: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin

Fibrin forms long threads that act as a netBlood cells and platelets get tangle in this net forming a

clot

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Clotting Mechanism

Step 4: SyneresisTightening of the clot to make the wound

smallerSerum = yellow fluid seen after clot

forms (plasma) Step 5: Mitotic Cell Division

To repair the damage to the blood vessel Step 6: Fibrinolysis

Dissolution of the blood clot

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Unwanted Clotting

Plaque is a build up of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels

Thrombosis forms when platelets stick to plaque in unbroken blood vessel (clot is called thrombus)

If a piece of a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels, it is called an embolus (embolism when the embolus becomes lodged in a blood vessel)

Infarction is when tissues die because of lack of circulation

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Blood Groups

AgglutinationClumping of red blood cells

ABO Blood GroupAntigen AAntigen BBody develops antibodies against the antigen NOT

present on your erythrocytesAntibodies react with antigens of the same type

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Rh Factor

Named after the Rhesus monkeys Presence of Antigen D produces Rh positive blood Rh negative person does not produce Anti-Rh

antibodies unless given a transfusion of Rh positive blood

Erythroblastosis fetalisRh negative mother carries Rh positive babyAntibodies cross placenta and destroy baby’s RBCs

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Blood donation

4 main methods Whole Blood: pint of blood taken from veins Platelets: apheresis machine separates platelets

from blood Plasma: apheresis machine separates plasma from

blood Double Red Cell: apheresis machine separates RBCs

from blood Type O and Rh negative donors are always needed!

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