Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

The Second Industrial Revolution:

• gave rise to steel, chemicals, • electricity, and petroleum

• - New Products:• Steel: Henry Bessemer and William Kelly – used for

machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons

• Electricity: could be converted easily to heat light and motion through wires; by 1880 powering streetcars and subways

• Light Bulb: Thomas Edison – opened homes to electric lights

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell

“Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you!”

• Radio: Gugliemo Marconi

Internal Combustion engine

• Airplane: Orville and Wilbur Wright; first flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Automobile: Henry Ford; Model T – made the car affordable for the ordinary man

- New Patterns

• People could afford to buy more consumer goods because wages increased and because of lower cost of

transportation

• First department stores open, goods like clocks, bicycles, and typewriters were sold

Macy’s

Rothchild No. 5

Woolworths

Organizing the Working Class:

Marx’s Theory: 1848 – The Communist Manifesto also written by Friedrich Engels; were appalled at the horrible conditions of factories; blamed industrial

capitalism; their solution – a new social system

Marx believed world history was a “ history of class struggles”; the oppressors: owned means of production and therefore power to control government and society; the oppressed: dependent on the owners of land raw materials, money, etc.

Marx believed society was splitting into two opposing classes: Bourgeoisie(oppressors) and Proletariat (the oppressed); he predicted this struggle would led to a revolution; the proletariat would win and form a dictatorship to organize the means of production; would ultimately produce a classless society

• - Socialist Parties: parties based on Marx’s ideas

• German Social Democratic Party (SPD): advocated revolution; competed in elections for parliament; once elected delegates worked to pass laws to improve working conditions; by 1912 had become the largest party in Germany

• Second International: an association of national socialist groups; fought against capitalism worldwide

• Pure Marxists thought a violent revolution would overthrow capitalist; Revisionist argued workers must organize into political parties to gain reforms

• Trade Unions:

• Labor Unions won the right to strike in 1870; organized strikes and sit-down strikes; used strikes to gain better wages and working conditions

• Collective bargaining: negotiations between workers representatives and employers to determine working conditions

Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society

C. The New Urban Environment:

- By the end of the nineteenth century, mass society had emerged, the concerns of the majority (the lower class) were important

- urban areas grew because of rural migration; lack of jobs in the country and improved living conditions in the cities led to this

rural migration

- social reformers advised city governments to create boards to improve the quality of housing and medical officers inspected buildings for public health hazards; essential to public health in

cities were clean water and proper sewage systems; sewage treatment was improved by building underground pipes that

took the waste out of the city

D. Social Structure of Mass Society:

- The New Elite:

The wealthy elites stood at the top of European society; 5% of population; controlled 30 – 40% of the wealth

Made up of landed aristocrats and wealthy upper middle class; became leaders in government and military; marriage united the two groups

The Middle Classes:members of this group provided goods and

services for the classes above them believed in hard work; was open to everyone; always saw positive results

were regular churchgoers; believed in good conduct associated with Christianity

concerned with the right way to do things; good etiquette; best-selling manners book The Habits of Good Society

- The Working Classes:

made up 80% of population

experienced an improvement in material conditions after 1870; a rise in wages with a decline in the cost of consumer goods made it possible for them to buy more than just food and housing

enjoyed some leisure activities; strikes were leading to 10 hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off

E. The Experiences of Women: 1800, women were defined by family and household roles; inferior to men; throughout the century they struggle to change their status

- New Job Opportunities:working classes maintained that women should

remain at home to bear children and should not be allowed in the industrial workforce; argued keeping women out of the workplace would ensure the moral and physical well-being of families

new jobs for women: clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks and sales clerks

expansion of government services also gave new opportunities for women to work as telephone operators, teachers, and in health and social services

- Marriage and Family:

ideal: men were wage earners; women cared for the family

marriage remained the only honorable career for most women

important change – number of children born to the average woman declined; increased birth control

- The Movement for Women’s Rightsfeminism had its beginnings during the

Enlightenment; equality based on natural rights1830, women begin to argue for the right to divorce

and own property some fought for access to universities and entry into occupations dominated by men

training to become a doctor was closed to women, they entered the field by becoming nurses; Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Germany; other pioneers in nursing: Florence Nightingale in Crimean War and Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War

1840s begin to call for the right to vote; key to improving their conditions

Sieveking

Nightingale Barton

• Britain: The Women’s Social and Political Union was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst; members used unusual stunts to call attention to its demands; threw eggs at government officials, chained themselves to lamppost, burned railroad cars and smashed department store windows

F. Universal Education:

between 1870 and 1914 most western governments set up state-financed primary schools; boys and girls ages 6 – 12 were required to attend these schools

states set up teacher training schools

Western nations made a commitment to public education for several reasons:

1) industrialization; they needed trained, skilled labor2) political reasons; people who had the right to vote

needed to be an educated voter 3) schools instilled patriotism

Result of public education: increased literacy; literacy led to the rise of mass newspapers

New Forms of Leisure:

what people did for fun after work:

amusement parks, team sports; both were big business organized to make profits

BaseballDaniel Coogan “Little Danny”

Arlie Latham

“The Clown Prince of Baseball”

Section 3: The National State and DemocracyH. Western Europe and Political Democracy: - Great Britain:By 1871, Britain has a two party system; Liberal and

Conservative Parties; both led by aristocratic landowners and upper-middle-class people

Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884; both increased the number of males who could vote; 1928; all males over 21 and women over 30 could vote

Around 1900, a new party emerged - the Labour Party; they were dedicated to the interest of workers; they supported the following reforms: The National Insurance Act of 1911 – provided benefits for workers in case of sickness and unemployment; a small pension for those of 70; compensation for those injured at work

• - France:• The collapse of the Second Empire left the

country in confusion; it took five years for a constitution to be written and the Third Republic officially proclaimed

• Third Republic: had a president – powers were not defined by constitution; a bicameral legislature – the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies; a prime minister – led the government and was responsible to the Chamber of Deputies (ministerial responsibility)

• - Italy:

• by 1870, Italy was an untied national state but had little sense of unity because they were divided between the poverty stricken south and the industrialized north; government corruption kept Italy from dealing with this problem

• Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order• - Germany:• Constitution of 1871 had a bicameral legislature;

lower house called the Reichstag was elected by universal male suffrage

• Misters were responsible to the emperor not parliament; emperor controlled armed forces, foreign policy, and the government bureaucracy

• Emperor from 1888 – 1918: William II; under his reign Germany had the strongest military and industrial power in Europe

• -

• Austria-Hungary:

• Austria-Hungry enacted a constitution that, in theory, set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility – Francis Joseph ignored the system; appointed and dismissed ministers and issued decrees and laws when parliament was not in session

• Conflicts between various nationalities remain

• Russia industrialized quickly in the 1890s; with industrialization came a proletariat who worked and lived in pitiful conditions

• Socialist parties based on Marxist ideas developed; government repression forced the to go underground

• After Russia is defeated by Japan, discontent and opposition to the czar explodes in to the Revolution of 1905; massive group of workers go to the winter palace to present the czar with their grievances; troops open fire on the group becomes known as “Bloody Sunday”; workers throughout Russia strike

• Result: Nicholas II is forced to grant civil liberties and create the Duma; reforms short-lived; by 1907 Nicholas has curtailed the powers of the Duma and ruled absolutely

• The United States and Canada

• - Aftermath of the Civil War:

• Civil War had preserved national unity, but South had been destroyed; 1\5 of male population had been killed; 4 million slaves had been freed

• 13th Amendment: abolished slavery; 14th Amendment: gave citizenship to African Americans; 15th Amendment: gave African Americans the right to vote; southern state laws stripped African Americans right to vote; supporters of white supremacy were everywhere in the South

• Economy:• Between 1870 – 1914, the U.S. became an

industrial nation; by 1900, Carnegie Steel Company produced more steel than Britain

• Urbanization grew because of immigration; 40% of population lived in cities by 1900

• By 1900, U.S. had become the world’s richest nation; serious problems existed: 9% of Americans owned 71% of wealth; labor unions organized; American Federation of Labor emerged as the main voice for labor but lacked real power

• Expansion Abroad:• Samoan Islands first colony of the United States• Hawaii: 1880s, trade agreements allowed

Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty free in the U.S.; Hawaii lease Pearl Harbor to U.S.; 1891, Liliuokalani becomes queen – she is a nationalist who opposed U.S. control of the islands and worked to reduce the power of U.S. merchants; 1893, with the help of U.S. marines, Sanford B. Dole removed Liliuokalani from power and claimed Hawaii a republic and requested the U.S. annex Hawaii; became a state in 1898 with little consideration of what Hawaiians wanted

• 1898, U.S. defeats Spain in Spanish-American War; receive former Spanish colonies of the Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam

• Canada:

• By 1871, the Dominion of Canada extended from Atlantic to Pacific; however unity was hard to achieve among the English and French speaking people

• Wilfred Laurier: first French-Canadian prime minister; reconciled the two groups and industrialization boomed in his administration

• International Rivalries:• - Bismark realized Germany’s emergence as the most

powerful • European state upset the balance of power, therefore

he created • a defense alliance with Austria-Hungry; few years

later Italy joins • this alliance; becomes known as the Triple Alliance• 1890, William II fires Bismark and takes control of

Germany’s • foreign policy; wanted to enhance German power;

causes France • and Russia to form an alliance• 1907, Great Britain joins France and Russia with an

entente; they • become known as The Triple Entente; stage is set for

WWI

• Crises in the Balkans:• - Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire

gradually gained • independence; Greece, Serbia, Romaina and

Montenegro • independent by 1878• Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed by

Austria-Hungary in 1908; Serbs opposed annexation because they wanted to create a large Slavic nation; Russia supported the Serbians therefore Germany demands Russia recognize Austria-Hungary’s claim or face war; Russia backs down but vows revenge

• Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness• M. A New Physics:• - Europeans still value ideals put forth by the

scientific revolution and the Enlightenment; Reason, science, and progress were still important to Europeans

• - Marie Curie: discovered an element called radium gave off energy that came from within the atom itself; proved atoms were not simply hard material bodies as Newton had purposed but small, active worlds

• Albert Einstein: 1905; published his theory of relativity: states that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer;

• he concluded that matter is another form of energy – led to an understanding of energy contained within in an atom – known as the Atomic Age

• Freud and Psychoanalysis:• - 1900, published The Interpretation of

Dreams; he argued human behavior was determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were unaware; therefore he concluded painful and unsettling experiences were repressed but continued to influence behavior because they were apart of your unconscious

• - psychoanalysis: method by which therapist and patient could probe deep into the memory; if patient’s conscious mind could be made aware of what was contained in his unconscious then the patient could be healed

• Social Darwinism and Racism:• - scientific theory misapplied; ideas were

popular among nationalist and racist• - Herbert Spencer argued that social progress

came from “the struggle for survival”; “the fit” – advanced while the weak declined

• Extreme nationalist said nations were in a struggle for survival;

• German Bernhardi said war was necessary to rid society of the weak and unfit

• - Houston Stewart Chamberlain argued that Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans, the supposed creators of Western culture, and that Jews were the enemy of the Aryan race

• . Anti-Semitism and Zionism:

• - Anti Semitism is hostility and discrimination against Jews; Since • Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murders of Christ, • subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted

• - 1880s and 1890s, anti-Semitic political parties sprang up in • Germany and Austria-Hungary; won votes of people who felt • threatened by the changing economic forces

• - worst treatment of Jews occurred in Eastern Europe(72% of • world’s Jewish population lived here); Jews were forced to live in • certain regions of the country; persecutions and pogroms were • widespread

• - To escape persecution, many Jews emigrated to the U.S. and • Palestine, where Zionist headed by Theodor Herzl wanted to • establish a Jewish homeland and state; remained a dream in the • early 1900s

• . The Culture of Modernity:

• - Literature: a group of writers known as the symbolist caused a literary revolution by arguing that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress

• Painting:

• 1870 – 1914, impressionist worked and went out into the

• countryside to paint nature directly; most famous Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

• Postimpressionism arose in the 1880s; Vincent van Gough most famous; for him art was a spiritual experience; believed color was its own kind of language

MONET

• Because of the invention of the camera by George Eastman, artist came to realize that their strength was not in mirroring reality but in creating reality; main feature of modern art – artist attempts to avoid “visual reality”

• Most famous modern artist – Pablo Picasso; created a new style called cubism – used geometric designs to recreate reality

• 1910, abstract painting began with Wassily Kandinsky, who sought to avoid visual reality entirely; used only line and color

PICASSO

KANDINSKY

• Architecture:

• Functionalism was the idea that buildings should be useful; should fulfill the purpose for which they are built; no unnecessary ornamentation; Louis H. Sullivan built skyscrapers free of ornamentation;

• Frank Lloyd Wright pioneered the modern American house; built mainly for wealthy patrons “FALLINING WATER”

FALLINGWATER

• Music: Igor Stravinsky; his ballet The Rite of Spring revolutionized music; at its premiere the audience almost rioted because of the piece’s novel sounds and rhythms