chapter 13 reconstruction (1865-1877)
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Chapter 13 Section 1 Presidential ReconstructionTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 13Reconstruction
(1865-1877)
Chapter 13 Section 1Presidential Reconstruction
A. The Civil War left the South in ruins
B. Reconstruction (1865-1877) – the federal government’s controversial
effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore Southern States to the Union – spanned four American Presidents
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.
C. The War’s Aftermath
1. Physical Toll – railroads, bridges, farms, factories, ports
2. Human Toll
a. North lost 364,ooo
b. South lost 260,000
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.
C. The War’s Aftermath2. Human Toll
c. Southern Hardships1. Black Southerners – as slaves had food and
shelter, however inadequate – as
freedmen they were homeless
and hungry
2. Plantation Owners – lost labor, lost plantations,
worthless Confederate money
3. Poor White Southerners – could no longer find work
because of competition
from freedmen
I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.
A. Lincoln’s Plan
1. It offered a pardon – an official forgiveness of a crime – to
any Confederate who would take an
oath of allegiance to the Union and
accept the federal policy on slavery2. Lincoln set a tone of forgiveness3. Congress saw Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan as a threat to
congressional authority4. Radical Republicans viewed Lincoln as too lenient5. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865
II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.
B. Johnson’s Plan
1. Andrew Johnson – a former slave owner – supported by poor white
Southerners2. Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union3. Each state to hold a constitutional convention4. States required to void succession, abolish slavery,
ratify the Thirteenth (13th) Amendment5. States to hold elections and resume participation6. Johnson was more generous to the South than Lincoln7. Johnson freely gave pardons to Southern officials
II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.
A. Freedom of Movement
B. Freedom to Own Land
1. True freedom would come only with economic independence
2. Newly freed African Americans urged the federal
government to redistribute Southern land
3. Proposals to give white-owned land to freedmen got little
political support
III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them.
C. Freedom to Worship
1. The most visible new black organizations in the South were churches
D. Freedom to Learn
E. The Freedmen’s Bureau
1. Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help black
Southerners adjust to freedom2. First major federal relief agency in United States history
III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them.
Chapter 13 Section 2Congressional Reconstruction
A. Black Codes
1. Black Codes – restricted the rights of freedmen in the
South
a. Curfews – sunsetb. Vagrancy Laws – not workingc. Labor Contracts – signed for a year’s
worth of workd. Limits on Women’s Rights
– forced to do farm labore. Land Restrictions
– forced to live in rural areas - plantations
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
A. Black Codes
2. Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, white Southerners
began to enact laws that gave whites power over
African Americans
3. Enraged Northern Republicans in Congress blamed
President Johnson for Southern Democrats’ return to power
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
B. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment
1. Congress used one of its greatest tools: the power to amend the Constitution
2. 1866 – Congress passed a Civil Rights Act
3. Fourteenth (14th) Amendmenta. Part of a series of laws that ensured the
Civil Rights of African Americans
b. Guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in
the United States were citizens and that no state
could restrict their rights
I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
1. Radical – extreme position
2. Moderate – someone who supports the mainstream views
of the party
3. Civil Rights – citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by
law – voting rights and equal treatment
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
4. Strict Laws Imposed
a. Reconstruction Act of 18671. Put the South under military rule2. New elections / new state
constitutions3. All qualified male voters allowed to
vote including African American
males4. Ratify the Fourteenth (14th)
Amendment
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
5. Congress and the President
a. When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he
was impeached by the House of Representatives
b. Impeach – charge a government official with
wrongdoingc. Johnson Impeached
1. Johnson’s firing of Sec. of War Stanton
2. “high crimes and misdemeanors”3. Senate voted, Johnson was NOT
removed from office
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. Radical Reconstruction
6. Ulysses S. Grant is Elected
a. Johnson finished his term without a mandate and
no support from his party
b. Johnson returned to Tennessee and regained his
Senate seat as a Democrat
c. Republican Ulysses S. Grant won the Election of 1868
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
B. The Fifteenth (15th) Amendment
1. Freedmen demanded citizenship rights to:vote, hold public office, serve on juries,
and to testify in court
2. Fifteenth (15th) Amendmenta. Guaranteed African Americans the right
to vote - race, color, or previous condition of
servitudeb. In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth (15th)
Amendment, southern black men voted for the first
time
II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.
A. The Republican South
1. Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who moved to the
postwar South – rushed to profit from
southern misery
2. Scalawags – “scrawny cattle” – white southern Republicans – former Whigs who
had opposed secession
III. Analyze conditions in the South under Republican government.
Chapter 13 Section 3Birth of the “New South”
A. Changing in Farming
1. WANTED: Workers
2. Sharecropping – keeping part of the crop in return for
labor – worked under supervision
3. Tenant Farming – paying to rent land – chose what to
plant and when to work
4. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers did not own the land they farmed
I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture.
B. Effects on the South
1. Changes in the labor force2. Emphasis on cash crops – new farming arrangements led
to a focus on cash crops – cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane
– not food crops3. Cycle of Debt
a. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 tried to help
Southerners by offering low-cost land4. Rise of Merchants
a. Tenant farming encouraged the rise of a new class
of wealthy merchants
I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture.
A. Cities and Industry – “New South”
1. The Growth of Citiesa. Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding
many of the South’s railroads
2. Limits of Industrial Growtha. Most of the South’s postwar industrial
growth came from cotton mills
b. Big profits went to northern companies that sold
the finished product
II. Explain the achievements and limitations of urban and industrial growth in the South.
A. Raising Money
1. Infrastructure – includes roads, bridges, and telegraph
lines
2. One example of the wise use of Reconstruction funds
was investing in tax payer supported public education
3. Much of the money for improving infrastructure and
education in the South came from taxes on individuals
III. List the beneficial and the harmful ways in which Reconstruction funds were used.
Chapter 13 Section 4The End of Reconstruction
A. Spreading Terror
1. The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan’s terror was to drive the
Republicans out of the South
2. The Federal Response
a. Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing the
Enforcement Act of 1870
1. Banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to
prevent people from voting because of
their race
I. Assess the impact of racial terrorism on the South.
A. Reconstruction Ends
1. Legislatures taxed and spent heavily
2. Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption, greed, and
poor government
3. Solid South – new bloc of Democrats – reversed many
reforms of the Reconstruction legislatures
II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.
B. The Compromise of 1877
1. The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain
control of southern politics
2. Democrats agreed to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
to be given the victory in the Presidential Election of 1876
3. In return, Hayes agreed to remove the remaining federal
troops from southern states
II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.
A. Successes of Reconstruction
1. Restoring the Union and helping to repair the war-torn South
2. Stimulated economic growth
3. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
4. Freedmen’s Bureau established
5. Southern states adopted the northern states system of
mandatory, tax-supported education
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.
B. Failures of Reconstruction
1. The inability to move black Southerners out of poverty
2. Ku Klux Klan and other terrorism
3. Racist attitudes
4. Greed and corruption
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.
C. Civil Rights Battles Continue
1. During the Era of Reconstruction, women fought unsuccessfully for voting rights
III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.