chapter 13 section 4-5 england, france, germany, and italy
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 13 Section 4-5
England, France, Germany, and Italy
The End of King John
Revolt by nobles ends in John’s death Crown passes to King Henry III, John’s son
(1216-1272)Magna Carta gets re-issued several
times Unite the middle class, nobles, and king
Growth of Parliament and common law (law based on customs and judges decisions rather than written code)
Moving Towards Parliament
Revolt led by Simon de Montfort threatens the monarchy once again Representatives of nobles, clergy, and
middle class meet in Great Council - first Parliament
2 houses = “House of Lords” (nobles and clergy) and “House of Commons” (knights and burgesses/leading citizens)
Continued Evolution
1272 - Edward I ascends the throne - divides king’s court into three branches Court of the Exchequer - finances Court of Common Pleas - ordinary citizens Court of the King’s Bench - king and gov’t
Decisions of court used as basis for future decisions - Common Law “living law” - changed to meet changing conditions
Rise of Capetian Kings of France
Last Carolingian king died 987 Nobles chose Hugh Capet as King
Capetians ruled for 300 years Only ruled a small area of France (Ile-de-France)
Fertile, grain-growing district Sought to unite all duchies of France
Anjou, Aquitaine, Gascony, Flanders, Normandy, etc.
Successors sought political alliances Married noblewomen with large dowries and fiefs
Regaining Land
Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223 Looking to conquer English occupied lands
in France Greatly increased royal landholdings such
as Maine and Normandy
Continued Rise
Appointed well-trained officials to run gov’t Parliament of Paris = highest royal court
Philip IV (the Handsome) 1285-1314 Expelled Jews from France and took their
possessions Extend royal power Taxed the clergy
Disagreement with Pope
Pope Boniface VII opposes taxes, so Philip has him arrested
After Boniface dies, Phil influences election of Clement V as Pope
Convenes the Estates General to gain support Nobles, Clergy, and Commoners
End of Capetian Kings
Capetian kings strengthened royal power in France - more central gov’t
Vision of unified country = impossible Little appeal for monarchy at local level
Last Capetian ruler, Charles IV, diesNew line of French kings - Valois
The Holy Roman Empire
After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman
EmperorMultiple rulers in Italy
Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily
Otto I (the Great)
Elected king of Germany (936)Desired strong central kingdom like
Capetians in France Also wanted Italy
951 - seized territory in N. ItalyPope begs him for help dealing with nobles
Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962
Controls Northern Italy
Henry III
Emperor from 1046-1056Expected church to actively support him
and the empire3 men claimed the papacy during his
reign He removed them and chose the next 3
popes himself
Henry IV
5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power
Church sought to regain lost powerClashes with Pope Gregory VII
Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishopsGregory --> NOHenry --> YES
Gregory has Henry excommunicated
Pope vs. King
1077 --> Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked
1122 - Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops
Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States
Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I)Ruled Germany from 1152-1190Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy)
Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city
Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176
Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
Strongest medieval popeBelieved emperors/kings were no more
than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual
mattersUsed excommunication and interdict
freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings
Failed Unification
Italy and Germany never unitedFrederick II tried to bring both countries
together under his rule = FAILItaly divided into 3 regions
N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily