chapter 13: the milky way · •milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •the disk...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 13:The Milky Way
Prof. Douglas LaurenceAST 1002
![Page 2: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“The Milky Way” vs. the Milky Way Galaxy
![Page 3: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Galaxies as Island Universes
• In the 1920’s, a “great debate” was taking place in astronomy regarding diffuse objects in the sky referred to as spiral nebulae.• One side thought they were small and lay within our own galaxy.• The other side thought they were very large, and lay very far outside
our galaxy. They referred to spiral nebulae as “island universes.”• Edwin Hubble, in 1924, proved that these spiral nebulae were much
too far away to be within our galaxy, and thus the “island universe” concept won out. • We now call these “island universes” galaxies.
![Page 4: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cepheid Variables
• Knowing the luminosity (absolute brightness) and the apparent brightness allows one to compute the distance to the Cepheid.
![Page 5: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cosmic Distance Ladder
![Page 6: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Structure of the Milky Way• Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk.• The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that
wind very tightly towards the center.• The galactic disk is some 150,000 ly across.
“Edge on” view“Face on” view
Galactic Halo
![Page 7: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Location of the Sun in the Milky Way
The Magellanic Clouds, nearby dwarf galaxies
![Page 8: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Star Content of the Milky Way
• Stars are distributed in two main ways:• Open clusters• Globular clusters
• Open clusters are loosely packed groups of stars, sometimes referred to as “clouds.”• Globular clusters are tightly packed groups
of stars, roughly spherical.• Open clusters are found in the galactic
disk, which globular clusters are found in the galactic halo.
![Page 9: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Examples of Star Clusters
Eagle Nebula (Open Cluster) M80 (Globular Cluster)
![Page 10: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Formation of the Milky Way
• Milk way is about 10 billion years old.• It forms through a process
essentially identical to that of stars.• All structure formation in the
universe occurs in basically the same way.
![Page 11: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Spiral Arms
• Spiral arms are inherently unstable if thought of as high density gas spinning around the galaxy. In this view, spiral arms would only last about 100 million years, not the 10 billion years corresponding to the age of the Milky Way.• Spiral Density Wave theory explains spiral arms as pressure waves
traveling through the gas/stars of the galaxy, which cause temporary compression of the gas, which we see as a spiral arm.
![Page 12: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Spiral Arms and Star Formation
• To be stable, spiral arms must rotate more slowly than the gas and stars within the galaxy.• Star formation occurs within
the spiral arms, which act like pressure waves, driving star formation.• Young stars form on the spiral
arms, while older stars are found in front of the arms.
![Page 13: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rotation Curves and Dark Matter
• Rotation vs. distance is determined by Kepler’s 3rd law.• Observed data doesn’t agree
with Kepler’s 3rd law.• Explanation: unseen matter
known as Dark Matter.• Alternate explanation:
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND).
![Page 14: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sagittarius A*
• At the very center of the MilkyWay, Sgr A*, is a very compact object with a mass of 4 million !⊙• This incredibly small an incredibly
massive object is a black hole.• Because of its mass is in the
millions of solar masses, it’s known as a supermassive black hole.• All galaxies are thought to have
SMBHs at their centers.
![Page 15: Chapter 13: The Milky Way · •Milky way is a spiral galaxy: a flat, rotating disk. •The disk splits itself into 2 spiral arms, that wind very tightly towards the center. •The](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042710/5f6a597041a118532c7f1469/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Different Types of Galaxies