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1920-1929

During the 1920s, rural America clashes with a faster-paced urban culture.

Women’s attitudes and roles change, influenced in part by the mass media.

Many African Americans join in the new urban culture.

Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the United States during the 1920s.

Objectives:

1. Explain how urbanization created a new way of life that often clashed with the values of traditional rural society.

2. Describe the controversy over the role of science and religion in American education and society in the 1920s.

Main Idea:◦ Americans experienced cultural conflicts as

customs and values changed in the 1920s.

Why It Matters Now:◦ The way in which different groups react to change

continues to cause conflict today.

Terms and Names:◦ Billy Sunday◦ 18th Amendment◦ Prohibition◦ Speakeasy◦ Bootlegger◦ “Organized Crime”◦ Al Capone◦ Fundamentalism◦ Clarence Darrow◦ Scopes Trial◦ William Jennings Bryan◦ John Scopes

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The New Urban Scene:◦ 1920 census: 51.2% of Americans in communities of

2,500 or more◦ 1922-1929: nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns

each year◦ Largest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia

65 other cities with 100,000 people or more◦ In 1920s, people are caught between urban and rural

cultures Anonymous crowds, moneymaking, pleasure-seeking in

cities Close ties, hard work, strict morals of small towns

◦ Use the top two paragraphs on page 435 of your text to fill in worksheet section

The Prohibition Experiment:◦ 18th Amendment

Launches the Prohibition era Supported by religious

groups, rural South, West

◦ Prohibition—production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal

◦ Government does not budget enough money to protect the law

Speakeasies and Bootleggers:◦ Speakeasies (hidden saloons, nightclubs) become

fashionable

◦ People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine

◦ Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding counties

Organized Crime:◦ Prohibition contributes to

organized crime in major cities

◦ Al Capone controls Chicago liquor business by literally killing off his competition

◦ Elliot Ness and his group of government agents called “The Untouchables” battled Capone

◦ By mid 1920s, only 19% support prohibition

◦ 18th Amendment is repealed in 1933 by 21st

Amendment

American Fundamentalism:◦ Fundamentalism—movement based on literal

interpretation of the Bible

◦ Fundamentalists skeptical of some scientific discoveries, theories

Reject theory of evolution

◦ Believe all important knowledge can be found in the Bible

Billy Sunday holds emotional meetings

Aimee Semple McPherson uses showmanship while preaching on radio

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The Scopes Trial:◦ 1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach

evolution

◦ American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) backs teacher John T. Scopes’ challenge of the law

◦ Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the time, defends Scopes

◦ Fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor

◦ Scopes “Monkey” Trial—debates evolution, role of science, religion in school National sensation—thousands follow

◦ Bryan admits Bible is open to interpretation, but Scopes is found guilty, and fined $100

Terms and Names:◦ Billy Sunday◦ 18th Amendment◦ Prohibition◦ Speakeasy

◦ Bootlegger◦ “Organized Crime”◦ Al Capone◦ Fundamentalism◦ Clarence Darrow◦ Scopes Trial◦ William Jennings Bryan

◦ John Scopes

Students pair up and work on Section 1 of Chapter 13 study guide.

American women pursue new lifestyles an assume new jobs and different roles in society in the 1920s.

Objectives:

1. Explain how the image of the flapper embodied the changing values and attitudes of young women in the 1920s.

2. Identify the causes and results of the changing roles of women in the 1920s.

Main Idea:◦ American women pursued new lifestyles and

assumed new jobs and different roles in society in the 1920s.

Why It Matters Now:◦ Workplace opportunities and trends in family life

are still major issues for women today.

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Terms and Names:◦ Flapper

◦ Double standard

The Flapper:◦ Flapper—emancipated young woman, adopts new

fashions, attitudes

◦ Many young women want equal status that men, become assertive

◦ Middle class men and women begin to see marriage as an equal partnership

However, housework and child-rearing still a woman’s job

Believe it or not…even your great grandma was cool “back in the day”

The Double Standard:◦ Elders disapprove new

behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads

◦ Casual dating begins to replace formal courtship

◦ Women subject to double standard-more sexual freedom granted to men and women having to observe stricter standards of behavior

New Work Opportunities:◦ After war, employers replace female workers with

men

◦ Female college graduates become teachers, nurses, librarians

◦ Many women become clerical workers as demand rises

◦ Some become sales clerks, factory workers

◦ Few become managers, always paid less than men

The Changing Family:◦ Birthrate drops partly due to birth control information◦ Manufactured products, public services, give

homemakers freedom

◦ Housewives can focus more on families and pastimes, not housework

◦ Marriages increasingly based on romantic love, companionship

◦ Children spend most of the day at school and in organized activities Adolescents resist parental control

◦ Working-class and college-educated women juggle family and work

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Terms and Names:◦ Flapper

◦ Double Standard

Students pair up and work on Section 2 of Chapter 13 study guide.

The mass media, movies, an spectator sports play important roles in creating the public culture of the 1920s—a culture that many artists and writers criticize

Objectives:

1. Describe the popular culture of the 1920s

2. Explain why the youth-dominated decade came to be called the Roaring Twenties

Main Idea:◦ The mass media, movies, and spectator sports

played important roles in creating the popular culture of the 1920s.

Why It Matters Now:◦ Much of today’s popular culture can trace its roots

back to the 1920s.

Youth in the Roaring Twenties:◦ Turn to page 444 in your textbook

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Terms and Names:◦ Charles A. Lindbergh

◦ George Gershwin

◦ Georgia O’Keefe

◦ Sinclair Lewis

◦ F. Scott Fitzgerald

◦ Edna St. Vincent Millay

◦ Ernest Hemingway

School Enrollments:◦ High school population increases dramatically in

the 1920s due to

Prosperity

Higher standards for industry jobs

◦ Pre-1920s, high school was only for college-bound

◦ In 1920s, high schools also offer vocational training

◦ Public schools prepare immigrant children who speak no English

◦ School taxes increase as school costs rise sharply

Expanding News Coverage:◦ Mass media shapes

mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy

◦ By 1914, hundreds of local newspapers replaced by national chains

◦ 1920s-mass market magazines thrive; Reader’s Digest, Timefounded

Radio Comes of Age:◦ Radio is the most

powerful communications medium of 1920s

◦ Networks provide shared national experience Can hear news as it

happens

New-Found Leisure Time:◦ In 1920s, many people have extra money and

leisure time to enjoy it

◦ Crowds attend sporting events; athletes glorified in the mass media

Lindbergh’s Flight:◦ Charles A. Lindbergh

makes first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic

◦ Small-town Minnesotan symbolizes honesty, bravery in age of excess

◦ Lindbergh paves way for other pilots

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Entertainment and the Arts:◦ Silent movies are already a

national pastime◦ Introduction of sound in 1927

leads millions to attend every week

◦ Playwrights and composers break away from European traditions

◦ George Gershwin uses jazz to create distinctly American music

◦ Painters portray American realities and dreams

◦ Georgia O’Keeffe paints intensely colored canvases of New York in the art deco style

Writers of the 1920s:◦ Sinclair Lewis is the first American to win Nobel

Prize for literature Criticizes conformity, materialism

◦ F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals negative side of the era’s excesses and freedom

◦ Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrates youth and independence in her poems

◦ Writers soured by American culture and war settle in Europe

◦ Expatriate Ernest Hemingway introduces a tough, simple American style

Writers of the 1920s:◦ F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (2013)

Terms and Names:◦ Charles A. Lindbergh

◦ George Gershwin

◦ Georgia O’Keefe

◦ Sinclair Lewis

◦ F. Scott Fitzgerald

◦ Edna St. Vincent Millay

◦ Ernest Hemingway

Students pair up and work on Section 3 of Chapter 13 study guide.

A shocking enemy attack in Vietnam, and a chaotic political convention help make 1968 the most explosive year of the decade.

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The nation’s longest war ends after nearly ten years and leaves a lasting impact on U.S. policy and American society.

1858-1884 - France invades Vietnam and makes Vietnam a colony.

October 1930 - Ho Chi Minh helps found the Indochinese Communist Party.

September 1940 - Japan invades Vietnam. May 1941 - Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet

Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam).

September 2, 1945 - Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam, called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

January 1950 - The Viet Minh receive military advisors and weapons from China.

July 1950 - The United States pledges $15 million worth of military aid to France to help them fight in Vietnam.

May 7, 1954 - The French suffer a decisive defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

July 21, 1954 - The Geneva Accords creates a cease-fire for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provides a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

October 26, 1955 - South Vietnam declares itself the Republic of Vietnam, with newly elected Ngo Dinh Diem as president.

December 20, 1960 - The National Liberation Front (NLF), also called the Viet Cong, is established in South Vietnam.

November 2, 1963 - South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is executed during a coup.

August 2 and 4, 1964 - North Vietnamese attack two U.S. destroyers sitting in international waters (the Gulf of Tonkin Incident).

August 7, 1964 - In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

March 2, 1965 - A sustained U.S. aerial bombing campaign of North Vietnam begins (Operation Rolling Thunder).

March 8, 1965 - The first U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam.

January 30, 1968 - The North Vietnamese join forces with the Viet Cong to launch the Tet Offensive, attacking approximately one hundred South Vietnamese cities and towns.

March 16, 1968 - U.S. soldiers kill hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the town of My Lai.

July 1968 - General William Westmoreland, who had been in charge of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, is replaced by General Creighton Abrams.

December 1968 - U.S. troops in Vietnam reaches 540,000. July 1969 - President Nixon orders the first of many U.S.

troop withdrawals from Vietnam. September 3, 1969 - Communist revolutionary leader Ho

Chi Minh dies at age 79. November 13, 1969 - The American public learns of the

My Lai massacre

April 30, 1970 - President Nixon announces that U.S. troops will attack enemy locations in Cambodia. This news sparks nationwide protests, especially on college campuses.

May 4, 1970- After a night of student protests and the burning of the ROTC building on campus, four students are killed and 9 injured when Ohio National Guardsmen open fire at Kent State University.

June 13, 1971 - Portions of the Pentagon Papers are published in The New York Times.

March 1972 - The North Vietnamese cross the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel to attack South Vietnam in what became known as the Easter Offensive.

January 27, 1973 - The Paris Peace Accords are signed that provide a cease-fire.

March 29, 1973 - The last U.S. troops are withdrawn from Vietnam. March 1975 - North Vietnam launches a massive assault on South

Vietnam. April 30, 1975 - South Vietnam surrenders to the communists. July 2, 1976 - Vietnam is unified as a communist country, the Socialist

Republic of Vietnam. November 13, 1982 - The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington

D.C. is dedicated.

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Chapter 22: The Vietnam War Years-1960-1975

Section 5: The End of the War and Its Legacy

Objectives:

1. Describe Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization

2. Explain the public’s reaction to the Vietnam War during Nixon’s presidency

3. Describe the end of U.S. involvement and the final outcome in Vietnam

4. Examine the war’s painful legacy in the United States and Southeast Asia

Main Idea:◦ President Nixon instituted his Vietnamization

policy, and America’s longest war finally came to an end.

Why It Matters Now:◦ Since Vietnam, the United States considers more

carefully the risks to its own interests before intervening in foreign affairs.

Terms and Names:◦ Richard Nixon

◦ Henry Kissinger

◦ Vietnamization

◦ Silent Majority

◦ My Lai

◦ Kent State University

◦ Pentagon Papers

◦ War Powers Act

The Pullout Begins:◦ New President Richard

Nixon finds negotiations with Vietnamese not progressing

◦ National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger works on a new plan

◦ Vietnamization—U.S. troops withdraw, S. Vietnam troops take over

“Peace With Honor”:◦ Nixon calls for “peace

with honor” to maintain U.S. dignity

◦ Orders bombing of North Vietnam and Vietcong hideouts in Laos, Cambodia

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Mainstream America:◦ Silent Majority—moderate, mainstream people who

support the war

The My Lai Massacre:◦ News breaks that a U.S. platoon massacred civilians in

My Lai village◦ Lt. William Calley Jr., in command, is convicted and

imprisoned

The Invasion of Cambodia:◦ 1970-U.S. troops invade Cambodia to clear out enemy

supply centers◦ 1.5 million protesting college students close down 1,200

campuses

Violence on Campus:◦ National Guard kills 4 students in confrontation at Kent

State University◦ Guardsmen kill two during confrontation at Jackson State

in Mississippi◦ 100,000 construction workers rally in NYC to support

government

The Pentagon Papers:◦ Nixon invades Cambodia; Congress repeals Gulf of

Tonkin Resolution◦ Pentagon Papers scandal-shows that U.S. had plans to

enter war under LBJ◦ Confirms belief that government was not honest about

intentions

This famous photograph made an important statement about the growing division about the Vietnam War. Before this event, Nixon and Agnew and their supporters were successful in characterizing youth as spoiled and not worth listening to.

1. Why does this photograph remain a symbol of the Vietnam War era today?

2. What do you think is the most striking element on the photo? Why?

“Peace is at Hand”:◦ 1971-60% think U.S.

should withdraw from Vietnam by end of the year

◦ 1972-North Vietnamese attack, the U.S. bombs cities and mines Haiphong Harbor

◦ Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal of U.S. “Peace is at Hand”

The Final Push:

◦ South Vietnam rejects the Kissinger plan

Talks break off, bombing resumes

◦ Congress calls for end to war, peace signed January 1973

The Fall of Saigon:

◦ Cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after North invades in 1975

American Veterans Cope Back Home:◦ 58,000 Americans, over 2 million North and South

Vietnamese die in the war

◦ Returning veterans face indifference, hostility at home

◦ About 15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder

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Further Turmoil in Southeast Asia:◦ Communists put 400,000 South Vietnamese in

labor camps—1.5 million flee

◦ Civil war breaks out in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge seize power

◦ Want to establish a peasant society; kill at least 1 million people

The Legacy of Vietnam:◦ Government abolishes military draft

◦ 1973-Congress passes the War Powers Act

President must inform Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops

90 day maximum deployment without Congressional approval

◦ War contributes to cynicism about government and political leaders

Terms and Names:◦ Richard Nixon

◦ Henry Kissinger

◦ Vietnamization

◦ Silent Majority

◦ My Lai

◦ Kent State University

◦ Pentagon Papers

◦ War Powers Act

Students pair up and work on Section 5 of Chapter 22 study guide.