Chapter 13

Expansion and Immigration

0Polk administration: U.S. increased land area by 50%0Population increased dramatically during 1840s and

1850s0 Due to European immigration

01845-1854 = 3 million arrived0 Largest # of immigrants as a proportion of U.S. population (20 million)

in U.S. history

Immigration0First wave of Immigration from northern and western Europe

0 Majority = German and Irish0Motives: religious freedom and economic prosperity

0 America offered abundant job opportunities and cheap land0Early arrivals sent back optimistic reports about prosperity

Immigration

0Many swindled or exhausted savings waiting for ships to leave

0Voyages = miserable and long0Some disenchanted by what they found and left >

most stayed

Germans

0Diverse group (Bavarians, Saxons, etc.) coming for various reasons0 Escape economic depression, political conditions, religious freedom

0Catholics, Protestants, Jews0 Preserve culture

0Settled in ethnic neighborhoods or in rural ethnic communities0 Settled in OH, WI, MO

0 Hated by nativists for clannishness, but admired for work ethic

Irish

0Motives: 0 poverty, overcrowding,

discontent with British rule0 Potato blight in 1840s and

1850s0Settled in eastern city ghettos

(Boston, NYC)0Mostly Catholic > from

poorer classes0 Irish voting groups =

influential0 Speed assimilation

Irish0 Usually entered workforce near bottom0 Men: manual laborers (building railroads, canals, etc.)0 Women: domestic servants or textile workers

0 Irish unskilled labor competed directly with poor free blacks and native born white workers0 Stirred animosity toward blacks and hatred for abolitionists

Nativists0 Opposed immigrant

groups who were not easily acculturated > sometimes violently clashed

0 Irish Catholics targeted0 Nativists feared a

papal conspiracy to dominate America0 In one case, a

Catholic convent was burned by a protestant mob

Political Organizations0 “Know-Nothing” or American Party (1850s)

0 Relied on xenophobia (fear of foreigners) and temperance movement (Irish and Germans stereotyped as heavy drinkers)

0 Former President Millard Fillmore ran again in 1856 as a K-N0American Party absorbed by Republicans after 1856

0 As abolition became key issue, anti-immigration legislation became less important

0 Nativism continued > local and state level0Nativists tended to vote Whig rather than one of nativist

parties0 Immigrants used Democratic Party to gain political

power

Settlement of Texas

0Why did Mexico encourage Americans to settle in the Coahuila-Texas region?

0To help gain protection against Indian attacks and solidify Mexican control of the area from Native Americans

0Why did the relationship between the Mexican government and the Americans in the region become tense?

0 Mexico attempted to close Texas to further American immigration

0 Forbade the introduction of more slaves0Americans kept coming (and bringing slaves with them)

0 Mexico’s politics became increasingly unstable0Santa Anna restricted the power of his government and made himself

more powerful

0 Santa Anna’s brutality alarmed Texans0Santa Anna’s brutality toward rebellions caused by his restriction of

power shocked many Americans

The Texas Revolution, 18360What happened at

the Battle of the Alamo?0 Santa Anna and his 4,000

troops laid siege to San Antonio against 200Americans and Tejanos who retreated into the Alamo Mission

0 Most were killed by Santa Anna’s troops in the final assault; a few, like Davy Crockett surrendered > later executed on Santa Anna’s orders

0Why is the Battle of the Alamo significant?0It served as a rallying point for Sam Houston, president

of the newly declared Republic of Texas > “Remember the Alamo!!”0Houston surprised Santa Anna on a prairie near San

Jacinto River > his army of 800 killed nearly half of Santa Anna’s men in 15 minutes0Forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty recognizing the

independence of Texas

Annexing Texas0Most Texans favored annexation by U.S.

0Concerns that annexation would re-ignite slavery issue0TX as a state (or several) = lead to arguments over whether it

would be free or slave

0Mexico didn’t want annexation > threatened war if proceeded

0Texas began seeking treaties with foreign nations 0Concern that Britain had plans of adding Texas to its empire >

added urgency to annexation issue

1840 Election: Harrison v. Van Buren0Whig slogan: “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”0The “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign.0No party platform issued - ran a “hurrah” campaign

0Van Buren branded as Aristocrat. Harrison as a man of the people.

0Clay and Webster want Harrison as “figurehead President.”

Harrison wins 234 to 60

0First President from the Whig Party

0Clay and Webster expected to run the administration.0Harrison makes Webster his Sec. of

State and promises to defer to Congress.

0What happens to Harrison??0One month later - April 4 -

Harrison dies of pneumonia.

0Why is John Tyler’s ascendency to the presidency a disaster for the Whigs?0Behaved more like a

Democrat0Favored philosophy of states’

rights0Vetoed bills coming from

Whig-dominated Congress0Nearly all of Harrison’s

inherited cabinet resigned

Election of 18440Tyler drops out of race… Neither party wants him

0Henry Clay = Whig nomination0 Flip-flops on annexation position0Nothing against annexation if it didn’t disrupt sectional harmony >

Against annexation0 Whigs also tied to temperance and other Protestant causes0Encourages immigrants (Irish) to vote democrat

0 James G. Birney = Liberty Party0Whigs devoted to abolition of slavery

0 James K. Polk = “dark-horse” nominee for Democrats0 Supporter of immediate annexation of Texas > expansionist

Election of 18440Defection of Whigs to Liberty Party split the

Whig vote > Polk wins!!!

0Tyler as “Lame Duck” claims mandate to annex Texas0Saw election of expansionist Polk as mandate for annexation0Treaty to annex Texas = defeated in Senate > Northern

opposition and a fear of war with Mexico0Sponsored a Joint Resolution for annexation > only needs

majority of both houses to pass0Despite Whig opposition, passes > Texas = a state in 1845

Manifest Destiny, 1845

0What is Manifest Destiny?

0“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” Editor John Louis O’Sullivan (1845)0Invoking God and Nature to sanction expansion

Manifest Destiny

0What was the goal of most expansionists?

0Most expansionists looked to Oregon and California, not Texas0 In search of new ports and markets > trade with Asia0Jeffersonians looking to provide farmers with more land

and access to foreign markets for their produce

Polk’s Goals as President:0Resolve Oregon boundary 0Lower tariff rates.0 Walker Tariff 1846 slashes

duties

0Restore the Independent Treasury (dropped in 1841 by Whigs)0Acquisition of California.

What was the Oregon Boundary Dispute?

0US wanted 54,40. British claimed 42nd

0Oregon valued for fur trade.

0Also the fertile Willamette Valley, the terminus of the Oregon Trail

0Basis of American claim: 0Robert Grey discovered

Columbia River 17920Lewis & Clark Expedition

Polk - “54,40 or Fight” An election promise!

0He does not deliver on either claim.0Ultimately, the

treaty with Britain extends the U.S. border at the 49th parallel the remainder of the way to the Pacific.

Gaining California would fulfill America’s Manifest

Destiny.

0President Polk wanted to secure California.0He hoped to gain it through

peaceful negotiation but was not opposed to taking it by force if necessary.

Mexican Control of Southwest

0Spain controlled southwest of North America

0Struggled to hold onto it0 British, Russians, French

all posed a threat to California0Forts and missions set up

along coast

0Mexican Independence in 1821

0Mexico now in control of SW but govt. far away.0 American traders and

settlers began moving into Mexican territories in ever-larger numbers

American Economic Influence

0What was the economy like in the Mexican territories of Texas, New Mexico, and California?

0Long before the U.S. conquered the Mexican territories of Texas, New Mexico and California militarily, it had conquered them economically0New Mexico a thriving hub of trade w/ U.S.0 New England traders soon dominated California0Southerners spread the plantation economy into eastern

Texas

Santa Fe0Remote outpost of Spanish Empire founded in 17th century0Capital & trading ctr. for 60K Mexicans & Indians in New

Mexico01821 - Mexico welcomed U.S. traders0Santa Fe Trail formed by eastern merchants

0 U.S. goods traded for Mexican gold, silver, furs0 Wagon trains for mutual protection

California0Rumors of British or French

plans to take California unfounded but widespread

0Mexican govt. to far away to effectively run it.

0Many Californians believed that they would be better off without Mexico

0Some favored independence, others annexation by the U.S.

0When war with Mexico erupted (1846), California was ready to break away

Mexican War 1846-1848

0Why and how do we become involved in the Mexican-American war?

0Polk anxious to obtain California0Provoked war with Mexico by

sending troops into disputed border area of TX0 Mexico claimed Nueces – US

claimed Rio Grande as border of TX0 Mexico considered troops as

invaders

0At same time, Fremont takes troops to CA

0Mexican attack on “US Soil” prompts Congress to declare war

Mexican-American War0The war was short – a year and a half0U.S. quickly took control of New Mexico and California0Polk sent U.S. army all the way to Mexico City

0 Captured it in Sept. 18470Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) set Rio Grande as TX border +

NM & CA for $15 Million0 Gadsden Purchase (1853) added what is now southern AZ & NM

Wilmot Proviso

0What was the Wilmot Proviso?

0An amendment that stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory acquired by the negotiations with Mexico over Texas, New Mexico, and California

0Believed TX = last state for slave holders; NM and CA = for free labor

0 Strong northern support0 Southerners, like Calhoun, believed

slaves = property, therefore the Constitution gives slaveholders the right to carry their slaves wherever they please

Proposed by David Proviso

Election of 1848

0Zachary Taylor = Whig0 Slaveholder, political newcomer, war

hero

0Polk declined 2nd term > Democrats nominate Lewis Cass of MI0What is the Doctrine of

“squatter sovereignty” or popular sovereignty?0 Congress should let question of

slavery be decided by people who settle in territories0 Simple and vague > appealed to many

0Free-Soil Party = Martin Van Buren0 Broke from Democrats and joined

with Liberty Party abolitionists0 Dedication to “free trade, free labor,

free speech, and free men”

California Gold Rush - 18480How did the California

Gold Rush begin?

0 Discovered at Sutter’s Mill near Sacramento

0 “Gold Fever” spread quickly0 California’s population skyrocketed

0 14,000 in 18480 100,000 in 1849

0 Forty-Niners = gold seekers who flocked to CA in that year0 95% were men (from U.S. & abroad)0 San Francisco a major city overnight

California0What happened to California as

a result of the Gold Rush?

0Hispanic and Native American population of CA overwhelmed by massive invasion of whites

0California gold country was a destination for people from around the world0 Came from Europe, Latin America, Asia

0Chinese quickly make their mark, despite rampant racism

0California’s rapid growth led to quick statehood0 Basis for Compromise of 1850