chapter 14: adapting to the effects of climate change · adapting water resources management to the...
TRANSCRIPT
404 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
IntroductionAdapting to climate change, or adjusting to current or
future climate and its effects (Noble et al. 2014), is critical to minimizing the risks associated with climate change impacts. Adaptation actions can vary from passive (e.g., a “wait and see” approach), to relatively simple (e.g., in-creasing harvest rotation age), to complex (e.g., managing forest structure and processes across large landscapes for a future range of conditions) (Spittlehouse and Stewart 2003). Many adaptation actions are complementary to other land management goals and actions, and most land managers already have the tools and knowledge to start addressing climate change. However, managers may need to make some adjustments, considering new issues, scale and loca-tion of implementation, timing, and prioritization of actions (Swanston et al. 2016). For example, it will be increasingly important to prioritize which management actions to take, and where to take those actions, based on the vulnerability of resources to climate change and the likelihood that ac-tions in those places will be effective.
Federal land and water management agencies are re-quired to consider climate change in planning and project analysis, and to begin preparing for the effects of climate change (Federal Register 2009, 2013; USDA FS 2012). The processes and tools for developing adaptation strategies and tactics have differed within and among Federal agencies (Halofsky et al. 2015). However, as outlined in Peterson et al. (2011b), key steps in the process include: (1) education on basic climate change science, integrated with knowledge of local resource conditions and issues (review); (2) evalua-tion of the sensitivity of specific natural resources to climate change (rank); (3) development and implementation of adaptation strategies and tactics (resolve); and (4) monitor-ing of the effectiveness of adaptation options (observe), with adjustments as needed.
The development of climate change adaptation strate-gies and tactics is conducted in the third (“resolve”) step. Adaptation strategies describe how adaptation options could be employed, but they are still broad and general in their application across ecosystems. Tactics are more specific adaptation responses and can provide prescriptive directions for actions to be applied on the ground. At the broadest level, climate change adaptation strategies can be differentiated into four types: (1) resistance, (2) resilience, (3) response, and (4) realignment strategies (Millar et al.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
Jessica E. Halofsky
2007). The resistance strategy includes tactics that forestall impacts to protect highly valued resources. Resistance strategies are only a short-term solution but often describe the intensive and localized management of rare and isolated species (Heller and Zavaleta 2009). The resilience strategy includes tactics that improve the capacity of systems to return to desired conditions after disturbance. The response strategy employs tactics to facilitate transition of systems from current to new desired conditions. Finally, the realign-ment strategy uses restoration practices to ensure persistence of ecosystem processes and functions in a changing climate.
The Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP) project incorporated all steps in the adaptation process. An initial kickoff meeting with leadership and managers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) Intermountain Region involved review of basic climate change information set in a local context. The initial meet-ing was followed by a vulnerability assessment process that evaluated potential effects of climate change on water and soils (Chapter 4), fish and aquatic habitat (Chapter 5), forest vegetation (Chapter 6), nonforest vegetation (Chapter 7), ecological disturbance (Chapter 8), terrestrial species (Chapter 9), outdoor recreation (Chapter 10), infrastructure (Chapter 11), cultural resources (Chapter 12), and ecosys-tem services (Chapter 13). Vulnerability assessments set the stage for hands-on development of adaptation options (the “resolve” step) by resource managers in a series of five workshops across the IAP region. Managers engaged in facilitated discussions and completed worksheets, adapted from Swanston and Janowiak (2012), identifying key cli-mate change vulnerabilities and related adaptation strategies (overarching approaches for resource planning and manage-ment) and tactics (on-the-ground management actions). Participating land managers were encouraged to use the Climate Change Adaptation Library (http://adaptationpart-ners.org/library.php) for ideas on adaptation strategies and tactics, and to identify several types of strategies, including resilience, response, and realignment strategies. They also identified where tactics could be applied and opportuni-ties for implementation of tactics, where applicable. This chapter describes adaptation strategies and tactics developed in the workshops for each of the 10 resource areas covered in the vulnerability assessment. This chapter covers only adaptation strategies and tactics considered high priority by resource managers and discussed in the workshops. It is thus not intended to be an exhaustive list of possible actions.
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 405
Adapting Water Resources Management to the Effects
of Climate ChangeAcross the IAP region, lower snowpack and increased
drought with changing climate are likely to lead to lower base flows, reduced soil moisture, wetland loss, riparian area reduction or loss, and more frequent and possibly severe wildfire (Luce and Holden 2009) (table 14.1). In response to these changes, managers identified four main adaptation strategies: (1) conserve water; (2) store water; (3) manage for highly functioning riparian areas, wetlands, and ground-water-dependent ecosystems; and (4) develop policies for water rights (table 14.1). Although these adaptation options may do little to alleviate some of the direct consequences of shifting precipitation, snowpack timing, and temperature changes for ecosystems during drought conditions (e.g.,Vose et al. 2016), they can affect downstream water availability and consequences of hydrological drought.
Lower soil moisture and low flows in late summer, combined with increasing demand for water with population growth, are expected to reduce water availability for aquatic resources, recreation, and municipal uses (Chapter 4). A key adaptation strategy is to improve water conservation (Water Resources and Climate Change Workgroup 2016). For example, identify feasible and effective water-saving tactics. Drought-tolerant plants can be used for landscaping (table 14.1). Livestock water improvements can be managed ef-ficiently (e.g., cattle troughs and float valves). The benefit of water conservation can be communicated to public land user groups, and over the long term, increasing water conserva-tion and reducing user expectations of water availability will help to ensure adequate water supply.
In principle, replacing snowpack storage with storage in constructed reservoirs to carry water over from winter into summer could benefit municipal water supplies and irriga-tors in locations with irrigated agriculture. However, the degree of potential benefit varies substantially with existing water right regulations, reservoir operating rules, snowpack sensitivity to temperature and precipitation, expectations for future precipitation, and the role and future of summer pre-cipitation. The benefits of replacing snowpack storage with reservoir storage are based on the rationale that only timing is changing and total runoff volumes remain unchanged. If precipitation increases, temperature-induced changes could be compensated for in relatively cold regions (Luce et al. 2014). On the other hand, if precipitation decreases, total flow volume will be reduced, and it will be harder to fill reservoir storage because of other rights for water farther downstream that might not be fulfilled. Given the sizable financial and ecological costs of constructing dams and high-elevation reservoirs, coupled with the uncertainties around precipitation, a cost-benefit analysis is advised be-fore considering dam construction.
Shifting dam operation is another possibility for increas-ing water storage. It would cost significantly less than constructing reservoirs but would require some investment in monitoring upstream snowpack, soil, and weather. Streamflow forecasting informs management decisions on the balance between water storage for irrigation and mainte-nance of storage capacity to buffer potential flooding (e.g., Wood and Lettenmaier 2006). The current state of snow-pack is more beneficial than climate or weather forecasts for predicting runoff in basins with substantial snowmelt contributions (Wood et al. 2015). In addition to informing reservoir operation, improved runoff forecasting can be used to improve decisions for how to best use available water (Broad et al. 2007).
Reduced overall base flows (especially in summer) are expected to reduce riparian and wetland habitat and water storage. Managing for riparian, wetland, and groundwater-dependent ecosystem function can increase water storage and slow the release of water from the landscape (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Specifically, ecosystem function can be improved through active or passive restoration and by designing infrastructure to accommodate changes in flows (table 14.1). Some adaptation strategies that could help to maintain and improve groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) include: decommissioning and improving road systems to increase interception of precipitation and local retention of water, improving grazing management prac-tices, and maintaining more water at developed spring sites through improved engineering practices (e.g., float valves, diversion valves, pumps) (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Promoting and establishing (where currently extirpated) American beaver populations, water storage in beaver dam complexes and ponds, and beaver-related overbank flow processes could also help increase water storage (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Common and scientific names for species mentioned in this chapter are given in Chapters 5, 6, and 8, and Appendix 3.
Vegetation management, such as mechanical treatments and prescribed fire, can be used to achieve vegetation den-sity and composition that are optimum for water balance and healthy watersheds (table 14.1). Harvesting trees to increase water yield has been a practice of interest for some time (e.g., Bates and Henry 1928). In general, removing trees increases water yields, since trees are major consumers of water on the landscape (Brown et al. 2005; Jones and Post 2004; Troendle and King 1987; Troendle et al. 2010) but comes with certain caveats. For example, increases in water yield are generally greater in moister environments or years, with lower increases in drier locations or years (e.g., Brown et al. 2005). In some circumstances in drier climates, canopy removal will reduce water yields because of increased growth of understory plants and increasing solar radiation reaching the soil surface (Adams et al. 2011; Guardiola-Claramonte et al. 2011). Overall, areas where increases in water yield are desired are the same areas in which forest harvest is least effective (Troendle et al. 2010; Vose et al. 2012). Thinning treatments have proven ineffective for
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
406 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.1—
Wat
er r
esou
rces
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns fo
r th
e In
term
ount
ain
Ada
ptat
ion
Part
ners
hip
regi
on.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, h
ighe
r tr
ee m
orta
lity,
low
er r
ange
land
pro
duct
ivity
, los
s of
hab
itat,
low
er s
oil m
oist
ure,
w
etla
nd lo
ss, r
ipar
ian
area
red
uctio
n or
loss
, and
mor
e fr
eque
nt a
nd p
ossi
bly
mor
e se
vere
wild
fire
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
onse
rve
wat
er
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icPr
omot
e xe
risc
ape
faci
litie
sPr
ovid
e co
nser
vatio
n ed
ucat
ion
Bet
ter
man
age
lives
tock
wat
er im
prov
emen
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
dmin
istr
ativ
e fa
cilit
ies;
cam
pgro
unds
In p
ublic
out
reac
h; c
omm
uniti
es; F
ores
t web
site
s;
kios
ks; l
ocal
env
iron
men
tal p
rogr
ams;
Sm
okey
Bea
r m
essa
ges
Cat
tle tr
ough
s; fl
oat v
alve
s; in
gro
undw
ater
-de
pend
ent e
cosy
stem
s (d
evel
oped
and
und
evel
oped
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: S
tore
wat
er
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e sp
ecia
l-us
e da
ms
on h
igh-
el
evat
ion
mou
ntai
n la
kes;
man
age
prop
osal
s fo
r re
serv
oir
cons
truc
tion
and
addi
tions
Con
duct
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent (
e.g.
, mec
hani
cal
trea
tmen
ts, p
resc
ribe
d fir
e, a
nd w
ildla
nd fi
re u
se)
to d
evel
op a
ppro
pria
te v
eget
atio
n de
nsity
and
co
mpo
sitio
n fo
r op
timal
wat
er b
alan
ce a
nd h
ealth
y w
ater
shed
s (e
.g.,
aspe
n/co
nife
r an
d w
ater
yie
ld)
Con
duct
mea
dow
res
tora
tion
and
prom
ote
heal
thy,
ac
tive
beav
er c
olon
ies
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ex
istin
g fa
cilit
ies;
wat
er s
tora
ge s
truc
ture
sPr
iori
tize
wat
ersh
eds
whe
re fi
re s
uppr
essi
on o
r m
anag
emen
t has
alte
red
vege
tatio
n de
nsity
and
co
mpo
sitio
n (e
.g.,
whe
re c
onife
rs h
ave
repl
aced
as
pen)
; ide
ntify
are
as w
here
wild
land
fire
use
cou
ld
be a
n ap
prop
riat
e ta
ctic
Exis
ting
mea
dow
loca
tions
; im
pact
ed r
ipar
ian
area
s;
whe
re th
ere
is s
uffic
ient
hab
itat f
or b
eave
r an
d th
ey
will
not
inte
rfer
e w
ith in
fras
truc
ture
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op p
olic
ies
for
wat
er r
ight
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icD
evel
op p
olic
ies
rega
rdin
g sk
i-ar
ea w
ater
ri
ghts
Dev
elop
pol
icie
s re
gard
ing
lives
tock
man
agem
ent
wat
er u
se a
nd w
ater
rig
hts
Dev
elop
pol
icie
s re
gard
ing
ecos
yste
m v
alue
s an
d se
rvic
es (e
.g.,
inst
ream
use
)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Sk
i are
asG
razi
ng a
llotm
ents
Nat
iona
l For
est l
ands
and
adj
acen
t lan
ds
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
nges
in ty
pe a
nd a
mou
nt o
f pre
cipi
tatio
n, le
adin
g to
cha
nges
in ti
min
g of
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
anag
e fo
r hi
ghly
func
tioni
ng r
ipar
ian
area
s th
at c
an a
bsor
b an
d sl
owly
rel
ease
the
flow
of w
ater
off
the
land
scap
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icPr
eser
ve r
ipar
ian
area
func
tiona
lity
thro
ugh
term
s an
d co
nditi
ons
of p
erm
itted
ac
tiviti
es (e
.g.,
graz
ing)
, and
util
ize
best
m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es fo
r Fe
dera
l act
ions
Impl
emen
t act
ive
stre
am c
hann
el a
nd r
ipar
ian
area
res
tora
tion
(e.g
., na
tura
l cha
nnel
des
ign,
log
stru
ctur
es, r
econ
nect
ing
flood
plai
ns),
or p
assi
ve
rest
orat
ion
(e.g
., ap
prop
riat
e m
anag
emen
t of b
eave
r po
pula
tions
, red
uctio
n or
rem
oval
of a
ctiv
ities
that
are
de
trim
enta
l to
ripa
rian
func
tion)
Des
ign
new
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd r
ebui
ld e
xist
ing
infr
astr
uctu
re to
acc
omm
odat
e flo
odin
g (e
.g.,
plac
e or
rel
ocat
e in
fras
truc
ture
out
side
of r
ipar
ian
area
s;
desi
gn s
trea
m c
ross
ings
to m
inim
ize
rest
rict
ion
of
flow
abo
ve b
ankf
ull d
epth
; and
min
imiz
e im
perv
ious
su
rfac
es)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
per
mits
In d
egra
ded
ripa
rian
eco
syst
ems
Ever
ywhe
re
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 407
increasing water yields in the long term (Lesch and Scott 1997; Wilm and Dunford 1948), but thinning treatments can be useful in augmenting snow accumulation depths, for wildlife or recreational benefit (Sankey et al. 2015; Wilm 1944).
Canopy removal for streamflow augmentation is not always beneficial. Canopy reduction treatments may lead to advanced timing of runoff (Luce et al. 2012). An example of large-scale canopy loss in an area with vegetation and climate similar to the IAP region is the Boise River Basin, where about 45 percent of one basin burned while the other was left relatively unchanged after 46 years of calibration. This allowed for detection of a 5 percent increase in water yield from the 494,211-acre burned basin, providing an av-erage of an additional 50,000 acre-feet of water storage each year. However, the average timing of release advanced by 2 weeks because the exposed snowpack melted faster, and most of the additional runoff was available prior to April, when it would be of little use in bolstering low flows. Large-scale canopy treatments can also affect water quality, for example by warming stream temperatures (Isaak et al. 2010) or increasing sediment from additional road construction and use (Black et al. 2012; Luce and Black 1999).
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting water resource management to the effects of cli-mate change can be found in Appendix 4.
Adapting Soils Management to the Effects of Climate ChangeThough there has been a focus on forest soils manage-
ment to increase carbon storage to mitigate climate change (e.g., Malmsheimer et al. 2008), little information is avail-able on adapting management to maintain soil resistance and resilience to climate change. Changes in soils will take time, but unfortunately, they cannot be restored easily or quickly. Proactive, preventive methods are needed to increase the resistance and resilience of soils to climate change effects. Maintaining and protecting soil cover (both canopy and ground cover) and cryptobiotic crusts are critical to mitigat-ing heating of the soil surface and reducing evaporation and runoff (table 14.2). Utilizing grazing management systems that promote healthy root systems in plants can help them to survive short-term weather events, such as periods of drought and temperature increases, and can protect soils. Other tactics that help to increase soil resilience include promoting native plant species and plant diversity, limiting establishment and expansion of invasive plants that disturb soil processes, and restoring degraded systems. Managers may also want to consider soil climate vulnerability map-ping at various scales to categorize soils for their resilience to climate change (table 14.2).
Adapting Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Management to the Effects of Climate Change
Many options are available to facilitate climate change adaptation and improve the resilience of fish populations. Adaptation for fish conservation has been the subject of several comprehensive reviews (Beechie et al. 2013; Isaak et al. 2012; ISAB 2007; Luce et al. 2013; Mantua and Raymond 2014; Rieman and Isaak 2010; Williams et al. 2015). Resource managers used information from these re-views and a vulnerability assessment for aquatic organisms (Chapter 5) to develop adaptation strategies and tactics for aquatic organisms in the IAP region (table 14.3). Strategies focused on increasing resilience of native fish species by restoring structure and function of streams, riparian areas, and wetlands; monitoring for invasive species and eliminat-ing or controlling invasive populations; understanding and managing for community-level patterns and processes; and conducting biodiversity surveys to describe current baseline conditions and manage changes in fish distribution.
To increase resilience of native fish species and habitats, specific tactics include reconnecting floodplains and side channels to improve hyporheic and base flow conditions, ensuring that passage for aquatic organisms is effective, and maintaining large wood in forested riparian areas for shade and recruitment to streams (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Accelerating restoration in riparian areas and meadows may be an effective and lasting way to improve hydrologi-cal function and water retention. Prioritizing watershed restoration is critical because funds, labor, and time for management of native fish populations are limited (Peterson et al. 2013). Maintaining or restoring American beaver populations provides a “natural” engineering alternative for water retention (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Managers may consider augmenting snowpack with snow fences, such as on the Wasatch Plateau, to increase late summer flows.
In stream systems adjacent to grasslands and shrublands, livestock grazing can damage aquatic habitat, causing stress that may be exacerbated by warmer stream temperatures (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). An important adaptation ap-proach is to manage livestock grazing to restore ecological function of riparian vegetation and maintain streambank conditions. Specifically, managers can work to ensure that standards and guidelines for water quality are adhered to and monitored; alter the duration, timing, and intensity of grazing to improve streambank vegetative conditions; and make improvements that benefit water quality (e.g., offsite watering, fencing).
Interactions with nonnative fish species and other aquatic organisms are a significant stress for native cold-water fish species, and brook trout are a particular concern in the IAP region (Chapter 5). Removal of nonnative fish species, although challenging in some locations, may be the best option for maintaining or restoring native fish populations.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
408 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.2—
Soils
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns fo
r th
e In
term
ount
ain
Ada
ptat
ion
Part
ners
hip
regi
on.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
chan
ges
in s
oil t
empe
ratu
re a
nd s
oil m
oist
ure,
thus
affe
ctin
g so
il pr
oces
ses
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se s
oil r
esis
tanc
e an
d re
silie
nce
to c
limat
e ch
ange
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c Ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
CSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– D
Tact
icM
aint
ain
or in
crea
se s
oil c
over
to
miti
gate
hea
ting
of th
e so
il an
d re
duce
car
bon
loss
, ev
apor
atio
n, a
nd r
unof
f
Cat
egor
ize
soils
for
thei
r re
silie
nce
to c
limat
e ch
ange
th
roug
h co
mpl
etio
n of
soi
l cl
imat
e vu
lner
abili
ty m
appi
ng a
t va
riou
s sc
ales
Util
ize
graz
ing
man
agem
ent
syst
ems
that
can
res
pond
qui
ckly
to
shor
t ter
m p
erio
ds o
f dro
ught
and
te
mpe
ratu
re in
crea
ses
Prom
ote
nativ
e pl
ant s
peci
es a
nd
plan
t div
ersi
ty th
at is
ada
pted
to
the
proj
ecte
d so
il pr
oper
ties
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
atio
nal F
ores
t pla
n re
visi
ons
and
indi
vidu
al p
roje
ct
impl
emen
tatio
n as
sess
men
ts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ESp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– F
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
GSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– H
Tact
icM
aint
ain
and
prot
ect s
oil
cove
r (c
anop
y an
d gr
ound
co
ver)
; man
age
to m
aint
ain
or
rest
ore
biol
ogic
al s
oil c
rust
s w
here
they
are
eco
logi
cally
ap
prop
riat
e
Prom
ote
the
mai
nten
ance
and
th
e ad
ditio
n of
soi
l org
anic
m
atte
r
Prom
ote
nativ
e ve
geta
tion
and
min
imiz
e th
e ex
pans
ion
of in
vasi
ve
spec
ies
Focu
s re
stor
atio
n ef
fort
s on
are
as
that
can
sup
port
man
agem
ent
obje
ctiv
es
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
atio
nal,
Reg
iona
l and
For
est
leve
l pla
nnin
g an
d gu
idan
ce;
proj
ect d
esig
n; n
atio
nal b
est
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
Nat
iona
l, R
egio
nal a
nd F
ores
t le
vel p
lann
ing
and
guid
ance
; pr
ojec
t des
ign;
nat
iona
l bes
t m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es
Nat
iona
l, R
egio
nal a
nd F
ores
t lev
el
plan
ning
and
gui
danc
e; p
roje
ct
desi
gn; n
atio
nal b
est m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 409
Tabl
e 14
.3—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
ms
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: War
mer
str
eam
tem
pera
ture
s m
ay fa
vor
nonn
ativ
e sp
ecie
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of n
ativ
e fis
h sp
ecie
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e liv
esto
ck g
razi
ng to
res
tore
ec
olog
ical
func
tion
of r
ipar
ian
vege
tatio
n an
d m
aint
ain
vege
tate
d st
ream
bank
con
ditio
ns
Mai
ntai
n la
rge
woo
d in
fore
sted
rip
aria
n ar
eas
for
shad
e an
d w
ood
recr
uitm
ent t
o st
ream
s; r
econ
nect
flo
odpl
ains
and
sid
e ch
anne
ls to
impr
ove
hypo
rhei
c an
d ba
seflo
w c
ondi
tions
; con
duct
mea
dow
res
tora
tion;
au
gmen
t sno
wpa
ck w
ith s
now
fenc
es o
n th
e W
asat
ch
Plat
eau
to in
crea
se la
te s
umm
er fl
ows
Red
uce
habi
tat f
ragm
enta
tion
of n
ativ
e tr
out h
abita
t thr
ough
bar
rier
rem
oval
(e
.g.,
culv
erts
and
wat
er d
iver
sion
s);
rest
ore
nativ
e tr
out t
o hi
gh e
leva
tion,
co
ld w
ater
ref
ugia
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll pe
renn
ial a
nd in
term
itten
t str
eam
s an
d w
etla
nds
All
pere
nnia
l and
inte
rmitt
ent s
trea
ms
and
wet
land
sPr
iori
tize
area
s ba
sed
on s
ite-s
peci
fic
cond
ition
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
onito
r fo
r in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd s
uppr
ess/
elim
inat
e/co
ntro
l pop
ulat
ions
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ondu
ct e
nvir
onm
enta
l DN
A (e
DN
A)
mon
itori
ng fo
r ea
rly
dete
ctio
n of
in
vasi
ons
Red
uce
or s
uppr
ess
broo
k tr
out p
opul
atio
nsM
aint
ain
or c
onst
ruct
bar
rier
s to
pr
even
t spr
ead
of n
on-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s in
he
adw
ater
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
valu
e po
pula
tions
that
are
thou
ght
to b
e at
sig
nific
ant r
isk
of in
vasi
onH
eadw
ater
lake
s th
at a
ct a
s so
urce
pop
ulat
ions
; sm
all,
isol
ated
str
eam
s w
here
com
plet
e er
adic
atio
n is
po
ssib
le.
Sout
hern
por
tions
of I
AP
regi
on w
here
st
ream
hab
itats
are
sm
alle
r an
d m
ore
frag
men
ted
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
410 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.3 (
cont
inue
d)—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
ms
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill le
ad to
shi
fts in
nat
ive
spec
ies
dist
ribu
tions
and
com
mun
ity r
eorg
aniz
atio
n
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct b
iodi
vers
ity s
urve
ys to
des
crib
e cu
rren
t bas
elin
e co
nditi
ons
and
man
age
dist
ribu
tion
shift
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icFo
rmal
ize,
exp
and
and
stan
dard
ize
biol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
pro
gram
s (e
.g.,
man
agem
ent i
ndic
ator
spe
cies
)
Use
mod
ern,
low
-cos
t tec
hnol
ogie
s lik
e eD
NA
, DN
A
barc
odin
g, a
nd d
igita
l pho
to p
oint
sU
se a
ssis
ted
mig
ratio
n to
est
ablis
h po
pula
tions
in s
uita
ble
but c
urre
ntly
un
occu
pied
hab
itats
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ream
s, r
iver
s, a
nd la
kes
thro
ugho
ut
the
IAP
regi
onSt
ream
s, r
iver
s, a
nd la
kes
thro
ugho
ut th
e IA
P re
gion
Con
side
r ha
bita
ts o
utsi
de o
f his
tori
cal
rang
e (e
.g.,
nort
hern
ext
ent o
f spe
cies
di
stri
butio
ns) i
n ad
ditio
n to
his
tori
cal
rang
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
icU
se d
igita
l tec
hnol
ogy
in d
ata
colle
ctio
n an
d da
taba
se u
ploa
dsSt
ream
line
and
inte
grat
e fie
ld c
rew
dat
a co
llect
ion
prot
ocol
sFu
lly u
tiliz
e ex
istin
g co
rpor
ate
data
base
s an
d le
gacy
dat
aset
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ev
eryw
here
Ever
ywhe
reEv
eryw
here
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
loss
of b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd e
xcee
ding
eco
logi
cal t
ype
thre
shol
ds (b
ecau
se o
f cha
nges
in c
onne
ctiv
ity,
tem
pera
ture
, and
wat
er q
uant
ity)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: U
nder
stan
d an
d m
anag
e fo
r co
mm
unity
leve
l pat
tern
s an
d pr
oces
ses
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icU
tiliz
e th
e be
st a
vaila
ble
tech
nolo
gy
to m
onito
r, re
cord
, and
dis
trib
ute
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g th
e di
stri
butio
n of
a b
road
arr
ay o
f aqu
atic
spe
cies
(e.g
., us
e eD
NA
, nat
iona
l dat
abas
es)
Dev
elop
and
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g, a
dapt
ive
actio
ns,
and
mod
els
rela
ted
to n
on-g
ame
aqua
tic s
peci
es (e
.g.,
mus
sels
, dac
e, s
culp
in, s
prin
g sn
ails
, and
am
phib
ians
)
Con
tinue
to r
efine
and
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g, a
dapt
ive
actio
ns, a
nd
mod
els
rela
ted
to c
old
wat
er s
alm
onid
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 411
Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring can be useful for early detection of invasive species (table 14.3). To increase resilience of native species, maintaining or increasing habitat connectivity will be important to maintain access to summer cold-water refugia (Isaak et al. 2012). In some situ-ations, however, improving habitat connectivity may present a dilemma, because newly accessible waters can be invaded by nonnative fish species that can extirpate native species (Fausch et al. 2009). In some cases, barriers can be installed to prevent nonnative species invasions. Native populations above barriers may be secure but could be susceptible to loss from extreme disturbance events in limited habitats, requiring human intervention to reestablish or supplement populations.
In a warmer climate, it is almost certain that increased wildfire occurrence will contribute to erosion and sediment delivery to streams, thus reducing water quality for fisher-ies (Luce et al. 2012). Increasing resilience of vegetation to wildfire may reduce the frequency and severity of fires when they occur. Hazardous fuels treatments that reduce forest stand densities and surface fuels are an adaptation tactic that is already widely used in dry forest ecosystems (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). Disconnecting roads from stream networks is especially important because roads are a major source of sediment delivery to streams (Luce et al. 2012). Finally, erosion control measures can reduce postfire sediment delivery and are often a component of Burned Area Emergency Response (commonly known as “BAER”) on Federal lands.
Management actions in a changing climate will be more effective when informed by baseline surveys and long-term monitoring (Isaak et al. 2016). More data are needed for streamflow (more sites), stream temperature (annual data from sensors maintained over many years), and distributions of aquatic organisms. These data can be used for improved status-and-trend descriptions and to develop robust (more accurate and precise) models for species to understand the interactions of climate change, natural variation, and land management on aquatic species. The NorWeST stream temperature database (described in Chapter 5) could provide information for monitoring network design. The feasibility of monitoring at small to broad scales is increasing with the advent of rapid, reliable eDNA inventories of aquatic organisms (Thomsen et al. 2012) and the availability of inexpensive, reliable temperature and flow sensors (USEPA 2014).
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting fisheries and aquatic habitat management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 5.
Adapting Forest Vegetation Management to the Effects
of Climate ChangeIn the IAP region, wildfire exclusion, combined with ex-
tensive even-aged timber management and other land uses, has resulted in dry forests at risk to wildfire, insects, and disease (Schoennagel et al. 2004). As in other adaptation efforts (Halofsky and Peterson 2016; Peterson and Halofsky 2017), many tactics developed by IAP managers were focused on increasing resilience of forests to disturbance, mainly fire (table 14.4). Thinning and prescribed fire can both be used to reduce forest density and promote drought- and disturbance-resilient species, such as western larch. Promoting landscape diversity, in terms of species, age classes, and structure, is also likely to increase forest resil-ience to wildfire, insects, and disease (Janowiak et al. 2014). Promoting legacy trees of disturbance-resilient species may help to increase postfire regeneration. Managers may also want to increase seed collection and ensure that adequate nursery stock is available for postdisturbance planting (e.g., serotinous lodgepole pine) (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). Better understanding of potential disturbance regimes of the future and potential thresholds will help managers to better assist in ecosystem transition (Janowiak et al. 2014). With larger fires in the future, it will also be increasingly impor-tant for agencies to coordinate and work across boundaries to manage and suppress fire (Spies et al. 2010).
The area of alpine and subalpine vegetation will probably decrease in the IAP region, and frequency of drought and fire is likely to increase in subalpine forests (Chapter 6). Development of a consistent monitoring framework that can capture ecosystem changes with shifting climate is a key adaptation approach (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). For example, tracking tree species regeneration and distribution will help managers to determine how species are respond-ing to climatic changes and how to adjust management accordingly (e.g., guidelines for planting). For species that are currently stressed, such as spruce and fir species in the subalpine zone, seed collection, regeneration treatments, and planting may be necessary to ensure their persistence on the landscape.
Climate change will probably accelerate whitebark pine mortality through increased mountain pine beetle activity, fire, and white pine blister rust (Chapter 8). There is also likely to be a loss of site conditions that support whitebark pine (Chapter 6). To promote resilient whitebark pine communities, managers may want to focus restoration ef-forts on sites less likely to be affected by climate change (i.e., refugia). A variety of management strategies can be implemented to promote whitebark pine, including fire man-agement with fuelbreaks, removing competing species (e.g., subalpine fir), and increasing structural and age-class di-versity of whitebark pine communities (Keane et al. 2017). Genetically selected seedlings can be planted to promote
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
412 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.4—
Fore
sted
veg
etat
ion
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p R
egio
n.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
istu
rban
ce w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
will
affe
ct p
atte
rns,
str
uctu
re, a
nd s
peci
es c
ompo
sitio
n at
larg
e sp
atia
l sca
les
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
reat
e la
ndsc
ape
patte
rns
that
are
res
ilien
t to
past
and
exp
ecte
d di
stur
banc
e re
gim
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ontin
ue r
esea
rch
on e
xpec
ted
futu
re
dist
urba
nce
regi
mes
; eva
luat
e po
tent
ial
tran
sitio
ns a
nd th
resh
olds
Impr
ove
com
mun
icat
ion
acro
ss b
ound
arie
s
Man
age
for
dive
rsity
of s
truc
ture
and
pat
ch s
ize
with
fire
and
mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Lo
cal,
Reg
iona
l, an
d N
atio
nal s
cale
sIn
tern
ally
and
ext
erna
lly (w
ith p
artn
ers)
W
ater
shed
(s)
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lac
k of
dis
turb
ance
has
cau
sed
shift
s in
spe
cies
com
posi
tion
and
stru
ctur
e in
dry
mix
ed-c
onife
r fo
rest
s, p
uttin
g th
em a
t ris
k of
hi
gh-s
ever
ity fi
re w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
rest
ore
spec
ies
and
age-
clas
s di
vers
ity
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icId
entif
y an
d m
ap h
ighe
st r
isk
area
s at
la
rge
spat
ial s
ales
to p
rovi
de c
onte
xt fo
r pr
iori
tizat
ion
Red
uce
stan
d de
nsity
and
shi
ft co
mpo
sitio
n to
war
d sp
ecie
s th
at a
re m
ore
fire
adap
tive
and
drou
ght t
oler
ant
Res
tore
age
cla
ss d
iver
sity
whi
le p
rote
ctin
g le
gacy
tr
ees
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll la
nds
Prio
ritiz
e hi
ghes
t ris
k st
ands
in te
rms
of fi
re,
inse
cts,
and
dis
ease
Prio
ritiz
e hi
ghes
t ris
k st
ands
in te
rms
of fi
re, i
nsec
ts,
and
dise
ase
that
cur
rent
ly c
onta
in a
com
pone
nt o
f le
gacy
tree
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Wes
tern
larc
h ha
bita
t and
reg
ener
atio
n m
ay b
e re
duce
d w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se th
e co
mpe
titiv
e ab
ility
of w
este
rn la
rch
and
its r
esili
ence
to c
hang
ing
fire
regi
mes
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
icC
reat
e ga
ps in
fore
sts
to r
educ
e co
mpe
titio
n an
d in
crea
se la
rch
vigo
rR
egen
erat
e la
rch
with
app
ropr
iate
site
pre
para
tion
(e.g
., pr
escr
ibed
bur
ning
, fol
low
ed b
y pl
antin
g);
crea
te a
ppro
pria
te fi
re r
egim
es a
nd fu
el lo
ads
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ands
with
larc
h
Hab
itats
that
can
sup
port
larc
h
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
an
incu
rsio
n of
upp
er tr
eelin
e in
to a
lpin
e co
mm
uniti
es
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
cqui
re in
form
atio
n to
dev
elop
a b
ette
r un
ders
tand
ing
of h
igh-
elev
atio
n sy
stem
sen
sitiv
ity to
clim
ate
chan
ge
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icEs
tabl
ish
mon
itori
ng s
ites
Dev
elop
see
d tr
ansf
er g
uide
lines
.D
evel
op s
eed
colle
ctio
n an
d st
orag
e gu
idel
ines
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?R
esea
rch
natu
ral a
reas
Res
earc
h na
tura
l are
as
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 413
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
a r
educ
ed s
pruc
e-fir
com
pone
nt in
sub
alpi
ne s
pruc
e-fir
fore
sts,
whi
ch w
ill b
e ex
acer
bate
d by
on
goin
g sp
ruce
bee
tle o
utbr
eaks
that
hav
e re
duce
d av
aila
ble
seed
sou
rces
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
spec
ies
and
age
clas
s di
vers
ity in
sub
alpi
ne s
pruc
e-fir
fore
sts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ondu
ct r
egen
erat
ion
trea
tmen
ts (e
.g.,
harv
est,
pres
crib
ed fi
re) t
hat f
ocus
on
mai
ntai
ning
spe
cies
div
ersi
ty; p
lant
a
vari
ety
of s
peci
es, i
nclu
ding
Eng
elm
ann
spru
ce, D
ougl
as-fi
r an
d lo
dgep
ole
pine
Col
lect
see
d th
at w
ill c
over
a w
ide
rang
e of
see
d zo
nes
and
spec
ies
Plan
t a g
enet
ical
ly d
iver
se m
ix b
ased
on
adap
tive
trai
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
and
adj
acen
t lan
ds
Fore
st a
nd a
djac
ent l
ands
Fo
rest
and
adj
acen
t lan
ds
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lar
ge-s
cale
dis
turb
ance
with
clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill a
ffect
land
scap
e st
ruct
ural
div
ersi
ty o
f per
sist
ent l
odge
pole
pin
e an
d av
aila
ble
seed
s so
urce
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
land
scap
e he
tero
gene
ity to
miti
gate
adv
erse
impa
cts
on lo
dgep
ole
pine
from
fire
and
mou
ntai
n pi
ne b
eetle
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icPr
omot
e st
ruct
ural
div
ersi
ty a
t mul
tiple
sc
ales
Focu
s at
tent
ion
on c
olle
ctio
n of
via
ble
sero
tinou
s lo
dgep
ole
pine
see
d so
urce
sU
se a
vaila
ble
map
ping
pro
duct
s to
iden
tify
area
s of
po
tent
ial s
erot
inou
s lo
dgep
ole
pine
see
d so
urce
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
omog
eneo
us la
ndsc
apes
From
ser
otin
ous
lodg
epol
e pi
ne c
ones
that
co
ver
a w
ide
rang
e of
ele
vatio
n ba
nds
on
fore
st a
nd a
djac
ent l
ands
Fore
st a
nd a
djac
ent l
ando
wne
rs
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lar
ge-s
cale
dis
turb
ance
s w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
(e.g
., be
etle
s, fi
re, w
hite
pin
e bl
iste
r ru
st) w
ill n
egat
ivel
y af
fect
whi
teba
rk p
ine
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se th
e co
mpe
titiv
e ab
ility
and
res
ilien
ce o
f whi
teba
rk p
ine
to c
hang
ing
dist
urba
nce
regi
mes
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ontr
ol b
eetle
s (u
se V
erbe
none
afte
r sn
owm
elt)
Day
light
(thi
n) to
red
uce
com
petit
ion
(usu
ally
invo
lves
rem
ovin
g su
balp
ine
fir)
Reg
ener
ate
rust
-res
ista
nt s
trai
ns; i
ncre
ase
seed
so
urce
s; m
aint
ain
cach
e si
tes
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
otec
t tre
es in
hig
h-va
lue
area
s; im
port
ant
in c
entr
al Id
aho
and
the
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e A
rea
Impl
emen
t in
acce
ssib
le a
reas
and
hig
h va
lue
area
s (b
est r
ust r
esis
tant
are
as a
nd
area
s of
hig
h ha
bita
t and
rec
reat
ion
valu
e)
Are
as o
f dis
turb
ance
, or
area
s w
ith lo
w
resi
stan
ce; m
aint
ain
dens
ity fo
r C
lark
’s nu
tcra
cker
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
icC
reat
e fu
el b
reak
s in
loca
tions
adj
acen
t to
suba
lpin
e fir
or
othe
r le
thal
fire
reg
ime
area
sIm
prov
e st
ruct
ural
and
age
cla
ss d
iver
sity
of
whi
teba
rk c
omm
uniti
es a
t mul
tiple
sca
les
Res
tore
site
s w
here
the
spec
ies
is c
urre
ntly
ab
sent
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
acc
essi
ble
and
high
val
ue a
reas
Whi
teba
rk p
ine
com
mun
ities
dom
inat
ed b
y la
te s
ucce
ssio
nal c
onife
r sp
ecie
sSi
tes
that
hav
e pr
esen
t and
futu
re p
oten
tial t
o su
ppor
t whi
teba
rk p
ine
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
414 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.4(c
onti
nued
)—Fo
rest
ed v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns fo
r th
e In
term
ount
ain
Ada
ptat
ion
Part
ners
hip
Reg
ion.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Dir
ect a
nd in
dire
ct e
ffect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill r
educ
e th
e ca
paci
ty fo
r as
pen
stan
d re
gene
ratio
n
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se th
e ca
paci
ty fo
r as
pen
stan
d re
gene
ratio
n
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icIn
crea
se th
e pr
opor
tion
of th
e la
ndsc
ape
that
is in
ea
rly
succ
essi
onal
sta
ges
Max
imiz
e fle
xibi
lity
in m
anag
ing
herb
ivor
yM
axim
ize
gene
tic d
iver
sity
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?La
ndsc
apes
with
hig
h pr
opor
tion
of la
ter-
sera
l as
pen
in m
ixed
-con
ifer
fore
stFo
cus
on s
ites
with
goo
d as
pen
site
pot
entia
lO
n la
ndsc
apes
follo
win
g se
vere
fire
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
red
uced
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y on
the
frin
ge o
f per
sist
ent a
spen
com
mun
ities
.
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: F
ocus
trea
tmen
ts o
n ar
eas
whe
re p
ersi
sten
t asp
en c
omm
uniti
es a
re e
xpec
ted
to e
xpan
d an
d m
aint
ain
com
mun
ities
whe
re fu
ture
clim
atic
co
nditi
ons
will
allo
w
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icR
emov
e co
mpe
ting
vege
tatio
n (e
.g.,
juni
per)
an
d co
ntro
l ung
ulat
e br
owsi
ng to
allo
w fo
r re
crui
tmen
t
Red
uce
dens
ity o
f con
ifer
spec
ies
Use
ava
ilabl
e m
appi
ng p
rodu
cts
to
iden
tify
area
s of
pot
entia
l exp
ansi
on
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?O
n ex
istin
g fr
inge
per
sist
ent a
spen
com
mun
ities
Out
side
of e
xist
ing
stan
ds w
here
per
sist
ent
aspe
n is
exp
ecte
d to
exp
and
Are
as a
djac
ent t
o ex
istin
g pe
rsis
tent
as
pen
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill le
ad to
shi
fts in
hyd
rolo
gic
regi
me,
alte
ring
the
timin
g an
d m
agni
tude
of fl
ows.
Ant
icip
ated
cha
nges
incl
ude
low
er s
umm
er fl
ows,
hig
her
win
ter
flow
s, a
nd a
pot
entia
l dec
reas
e in
rip
aria
n ve
geta
tion
abun
danc
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
prom
ote
ripa
rian
are
a an
d w
etla
nd p
roce
sses
and
func
tions
.
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e up
land
veg
etat
ion
that
influ
ence
s ri
pari
an a
nd w
etla
nd fu
nctio
n an
d pr
oces
s (e
.g.,
with
thin
ning
and
pre
scri
bed
fire)
Res
tore
rip
aria
n ob
ligat
e sp
ecie
s Pr
omot
e st
ream
cha
nnel
func
tion
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
djac
ent t
o ri
pari
an v
eget
atio
n, w
here
con
ditio
ns
do n
ot o
ptim
ize
or p
rom
ote
ripa
rian
func
tion
and
proc
ess;
whe
re c
onife
rs a
re e
ncro
achi
ng in
m
eado
ws
and
gras
slan
ds
Whe
re u
plan
d, in
vasi
ve o
r un
desi
rabl
e sp
ecie
s ar
e ou
tcom
petin
g na
tives
; loc
atio
ns
that
hav
e be
en in
appr
opri
atel
y m
anag
ed in
th
e pa
st
Whe
re s
trea
m fu
nctio
n is
impa
ired
; pr
iori
tize
trea
tmen
ts w
here
they
are
m
ost l
ikel
y to
be
effe
ctiv
e
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 415
blister rust resistance. Managers may want to control beetle outbreaks in whitebark pine with Verbenone, particularly in high-value areas.
Recent decline has made quaking aspen a species of concern in the IAP region (Chapter 7), particularly because of its value as wildlife habitat (see the Adapting Terrestrial Animal Management to the Effects of Climate Change sec-tion below). Direct and indirect effects of future climate change may further stress this species. In older aspen stands, increasing the early-seral component may help to increase resilience. On sites with good aspen potential, managing herbivory by wildlife and livestock will help to ensure aspen regeneration and stand development (Rogers and Mittanck 2014). Removing competing vegetation, such as juniper and other conifers, is likely to help to increase aspen vigor and regeneration. Following fire, maximizing genetic diversity will help to ensure future persistence of aspen (DeRose et al. 2014).
Key climate change vulnerabilities for riparian areas and GDEs include shifts in the hydrological regime (changes in timing and magnitude of flows, lower summer flows) and changing biotic productivity and diversity in springs and wetlands. Maintaining or restoring stream channel form helps to increase hydrological function and store water, thereby benefiting riparian and wetland vegetation, water quality, and aquatic habitat (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Restoring and protecting riparian vegetation by manag-ing livestock, wild horse and burro, and recreational use similarly helps to protect aquatic habitat and water quality by increasing water storage and providing shade to streams (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). In areas where upland, inva-sive, or undesirable species are outcompeting native species, restoring riparian and wetland obligate species may help to restore ecological function. Riparian zones will prob-ably burn more frequently with warming climate, and thus managers may want to manage upland vegetation to reduce impacts in riparian areas (Luce et al. 2012). In some riparian areas, managers may want to reintroduce fire to help facili-tate the transition to future conditions.
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting forest vegetation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 6.
Adapting Nonforest Vegetation Management to the Effects of
Climate ChangeNonforest vegetation in the IAP region will almost cer-
tainly be affected by altered fire regimes, increased drought, and increased establishment of invasive species in a chang-ing climate (Chapter 7). Effects of climate change will also compound existing stressors in nonforest ecosystems caused by human activities (Chapter 7). Thus, adaptation options for nonforest vegetation focus on increasing the resilience
of rangeland ecosystems, including sagebrush and persistent pinyon-juniper ecosystems (table 14.5).
To control invasive species in rangelands, managers suggested minimizing spread and using biological controls, herbicides, and mechanical treatments (table 14.5). It may be particularly important to protect refugia, or areas that have not been invaded, and make sure that invasive species do not become established. Proactive management tactics such as early detection and rapid response can be used for new invasions (Reeves et al. 2017). Conducting outreach to educate employees and the public about invasive species and increasing collaboration among landowners and manag-ers will also be necessary to effectively control invasive species (Hellmann et al. 2008).
In addition to invasive species control and prevention, grazing management will be important in maintaining and increasing resilience of nonforest vegetation to climate change. Climatic changes will lead to altered availability of forage and water, requiring some reconsideration of grazing strategies; flexible and perhaps novel grazing man-agement plans may be necessary (Reeves et al. 2017). For example, altering the timing of use from year to year may help encourage recovery of all species by avoiding stress at the same period of growth (or dormancy) every year. Adapting grazing management may be particularly effective in allotments where soils and hydrology will support future sagebrush ecosystems in a warming climate (table 14.5).
To maintain native perennial species in sagebrush ecosystems, native seed sources adapted to future climatic conditions can be used for planting and restoration, fuel-breaks and fencing can be used for protection, and modified grazing strategies can be used to allow for flexibility in sea-son of use (Reeves et al. 2017). Developing modified seed zones and promoting propagation of native seed sources for sagebrush ecosystems will help to ensure the success of res-toration efforts. In sagebrush ecosystems where pinyon pine and juniper have encroached, active management (removal) is likely to help increase sagebrush resilience (Creutzburg et al. 2014). Given limited budgets, managers will need to prioritize areas for treatments where they will get the most return on investment (table 14.5).
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting nonforest vegetation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 7.
Adapting to the Effects of Ecological Disturbances in a Changing Climate
The frequency and extent of wildfire are likely to increase with warming in many dry forest and shrubland ecosystems of the IAP region (Littell et al. 2009). Increased fire activity was identified during the workshops as a pri-mary concern for resource managers in the IAP because of the potential negative effects on species, ecosystems, and
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
416 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.5—
Non
-for
este
d ve
geta
tion
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p R
egio
n.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
furt
her
loss
of s
ageb
rush
eco
syst
ems
(Wyo
min
g, m
ount
ain,
bas
in b
ig s
ageb
rush
spe
cies
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
prov
e re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce o
f sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ontr
ol in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
ffect
ing
ecol
ogy
of
sage
brus
h ec
osys
tem
s by
min
imiz
ing
spre
ad
and
usin
g bi
olog
ical
con
trol
s, h
erbi
cide
s,
and
mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts
Mai
ntai
n na
tive
pere
nnia
ls b
y: u
tiliz
ing
nativ
e se
ed s
ourc
es fo
r re
stor
atio
n (p
lant
ing)
th
at w
ill b
e ad
apte
d to
futu
re c
limat
e co
nditi
ons;
usi
ng fu
el b
reak
s an
d fe
ncin
g fo
r pr
otec
tion;
mod
ifyin
g gr
azin
g st
rate
gies
to
allo
w fo
r fle
xibi
lity
in s
easo
n of
use
Map
res
ilien
ce a
nd r
esis
tanc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge to
aid
in p
rior
itizi
ng a
reas
for
trea
tmen
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
tize
and
impl
emen
t in
area
s w
ith h
igh
prob
abili
ty o
f tre
atm
ent s
ucce
ss a
nd in
are
as
of h
igh
valu
e
Prio
ritiz
e an
d im
plem
ent i
n ar
eas
with
hig
h pr
obab
ility
of t
reat
men
t suc
cess
and
in a
reas
of
hig
h va
lue
Acr
oss
all a
reas
usi
ng s
oil,
vege
tatio
n an
d ex
istin
g in
form
atio
n; u
tiliz
e sa
gebr
ush
resi
lienc
e an
d re
sist
ance
rat
ing
crite
ria
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
icD
evel
op s
eed
zone
s an
d pr
omot
e pr
opag
atio
n of
nat
ive
seed
sou
rces
for
sage
brus
h ec
osys
tem
s
Ada
pt g
razi
ng m
anag
emen
t to
chan
ging
cl
imat
es a
nd e
colo
gica
l pot
entia
lPr
otec
t ref
ugia
; if a
nnua
ls g
rass
es a
re n
ot
pres
ent,
keep
them
out
thro
ugh:
rep
eat
mon
itori
ng (o
f exp
erim
ents
with
con
trol
s);
educ
atio
n; s
eed
colle
ctio
n; a
nd g
enet
ic
anal
ysis
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?R
egio
n-w
ide
seed
zon
e m
appi
ngA
llotm
ents
whe
re s
oils
and
hyd
rolo
gy
supp
ort f
utur
e sa
gebr
ush
ecos
yste
ms
in a
w
arm
ing
clim
ate
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
GSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– H
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
I
Tact
icA
ctiv
ely
man
age
piny
on-j
unip
er
encr
oach
men
t to
mai
ntai
n sa
gebr
ush
ecos
yste
ms
Ada
pt g
razi
ng m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es a
nd
polic
ies
to im
prov
e ec
olog
ical
res
ilien
ce
and
resi
stan
ce
Prot
ect e
xist
ing
sage
brus
h co
mm
uniti
es fr
om
fire
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ph
ase
1 an
d 2
piny
on-j
unip
er c
omm
uniti
esA
ll gr
azin
g al
lotm
ents
Are
as w
here
dry
sag
ebru
sh p
lant
com
mun
ities
ex
ist a
nd h
ave
long
fire
ret
urn
inte
rval
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
a lo
ss o
f clim
atic
ally
sui
tabl
e ha
bita
t for
per
sist
ent p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r ec
osys
tem
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
rest
ore
ecol
ogic
al in
tegr
ity o
f per
sist
ent p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r co
mm
uniti
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icId
entif
y an
d m
ap p
ersi
sten
t pin
yon-
juni
per
com
mun
ities
and
ass
ess
curr
ent c
ondi
tions
Red
uce
inva
sive
spe
cies
; mai
ntai
n or
res
tore
na
tive
unde
rsto
ry c
ompo
sitio
n M
aint
ain
or r
esto
re s
truc
tura
l div
ersi
ty to
pr
omot
e na
tura
l dis
turb
ance
reg
imes
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll la
nds
At-
risk
per
sist
ent c
omm
uniti
es
At-
risk
per
sist
ent c
omm
uniti
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 417
ecosystem services. Managers recommended that fuels treat-ments be conducted in strategic locations with the goal of protecting the wildland-urban interface and other high-value resources (table 14.6). Effective fire management requires better communication that helps clarify what actions need to occur and in what locations. For example, fire manag-ers need to know when it is acceptable for a fire to cross administrative boundaries (e.g., move from USFS to Bureau of Land Management lands). As noted previously, with larger fires in the future, it will be increasingly important for agencies to coordinate and work across boundaries to both manage (e.g., fire for resource benefit) and suppress fire (Spies et al. 2010).
After fires occur, managers will need to identify, priori-tize, and protect values at risk from postfire events such as flooding, erosion, and drought (e.g., soil, water, infra-structure, and vegetation) (table 14.6) (Luce et al. 2012). Programs could be initiated to assess values and determine the best protective actions to prevent negative impacts on species and ecosystems. Proactive, strategic plans for postfire response and restoration would make postfire management more efficient and effective over the long term. Postfire management would also benefit from increased col-laboration among agencies.
Native insect species have long played a role in eco-system dynamics in the IAP (Chapter 8), and it will be important to recognize the role of insects and accept that there will be insect-caused tree mortality under changing climate. However, there are some management actions that may increase ecosystem resilience to native insect outbreaks, such as mountain pine beetle outbreaks. For example, restoring historical fire regimes in dry forests, and increasing diversity of forest structure and age and size classes may help to minimize the impacts of insect outbreaks (Churchill et al. 2013). Increasing tree species diversity may also help to improve resilience to insect out-breaks (Dymond et al. 2014), particularly in low-diversity stands. In high-value areas, tactics such as beetle traps, spraying, and pheromones can be used to control beetles (table 14.6).
To manage invasive insect outbreaks, a first step is to identify nonnative invasive insects currently in the region (e.g., balsam woolly adelgid), monitor them, and consider potential future distribution. Monitoring could also be done for other invasive insects that are not currently present in the region, but that may be a future risk (e.g., spruce aphid, spruce-fir looper). Development of an integrated pest man-agement strategy would help guide strategic monitoring and response to invasive insect outbreaks.
Human activities can also be considered a type of eco-system disturbance, and climate change may exacerbate stresses to ecosystems and infrastructure caused by more people residing in the forest environment (table 14.6). To mitigate human impacts on ecosystems, managers can work to minimize increases in area of human disturbance and minimize adverse effects of infrastructure (roads, driveways, power lines, water delivery) on National Forest lands.
Increasing ecological connectivity and habitat continuity and viability will also help plants and animals adjust to hu-man disturbance and climate change effects (Mawdsley et al. 2009).
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting to the effects of increased disturbance with climate change can be found in Appendix 8.
Adapting Terrestrial Animal Management to the Effects
of Climate ChangeEffects of climate change on terrestrial animals (wildlife)
may already be recognized as threats (e.g., loss of wetlands or old-growth forest) or may point toward novel impacts (e.g., effects of earlier snowmelt). Exacerbation of current threats may require intensified conservation efforts, while threats unique to climate change will require innovative strategies (Bagne et al. 2014). The key to finding effective management actions is to identify the factors responsible for how a species may be vulnerable or resilient. In addition to enhancing single species management, a list of species and their vulnerabilities can make efforts more efficient by identifying common issues among species.
Increased water stress is likely to be a common issue among many animal species in the IAP region in a changing climate (table 14.7) (Chapter 9). Increasing temperatures and changing hydrology will affect riparian areas and, in particular, wetlands. Riparian and wetland habitats are important for many wildlife species across the IAP region (Chapter 9). The primary strategy for improving riparian habitat resilience is to restore or preserve floodplain con-nectivity appropriate to the landscape setting to promote retention of flood flows and improved storage of groundwa-ter; maintaining healthy American beaver populations is one of several ways that this can be accomplished (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Beaver complexes can buffer riparian systems against both low and high streamflows, and provide habitat structure and foraging opportunities for multiple species. As described previously, increasing hydrological function and minimizing stressors (e.g., unmanaged or mismanaged livestock grazing and recreational use) to riparian and wetland systems will help to increase their resilience, and the resilience of species that depend on them, to climate change (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Promoting connectiv-ity of riparian habitat conditions along stream networks can also help to provide for animal movement and range shifts (Mawdsley et al. 2009).
Removal or control of invasive plants or animals is another strategy that is likely to increase resilience of plant communities and wildlife that depend on them. Climate change may present more opportunities for establishment of invasive species. However, control of invasive species may be more successful when they are stressed by climate extremes (Higgins and Wilde 2005; Rahel and Olden 2008).
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
418 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.6—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Wild
fires
will
incr
ease
with
war
mer
and
dri
er c
ondi
tions
und
er c
hang
ing
clim
ate
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
educ
e th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
fire
in th
e w
ildla
nd-u
rban
inte
rfac
e (W
UI)
and
othe
r no
n-ne
gotia
ble
valu
es w
hile
allo
win
g fir
e to
pla
y a
natu
ral
role
on
the
land
scap
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
icSt
rate
gica
lly p
lace
fuel
trea
tmen
ts to
man
age
for
wild
fire
in
an e
colo
gica
lly a
ppro
pria
te w
ay d
epen
ding
on
vege
tatio
n ty
pes;
som
e tr
eatm
ents
may
be
out o
f nat
ural
ran
ge o
f va
riat
ion
to p
rote
ct v
alue
s
Dev
elop
com
mun
icat
ions
str
ateg
y to
det
erm
ine
wha
t nee
ds to
hap
pen
and
whe
re b
efor
e fir
es o
ccur
(e.g
., ne
ed to
kno
w w
hen
it is
acc
epta
ble
to le
t fire
s cr
oss
boun
dari
es a
nd w
hen
it is
not
); al
l par
tner
s ne
ed to
be
invo
lved
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
the
WU
I and
oth
er s
trat
egic
loca
tions
; con
side
r m
anag
emen
t bou
ndar
ies
(wild
erne
ss),
topo
grap
hy,
dom
inan
t win
ds
Nee
ds to
be
an “
all l
ands
” ap
proa
ch: c
ount
ies,
sta
tes,
res
iden
ts, B
urea
u of
La
nd M
anag
emen
t, N
atio
nal P
ark
Serv
ice,
etc
.; fo
r th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
, bot
h Fo
rest
s an
d D
istr
icts
nee
d to
be
invo
lved
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct p
ost-
fire
rest
orat
ion
and
man
age
post
-dis
turb
ance
res
pons
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icId
entif
y, p
rior
itize
and
pro
tect
val
ues
at r
isk;
in
itiat
e pr
ogra
ms
to a
sses
s va
lues
and
det
erm
ine
best
pro
tect
ive
actio
ns
Con
duct
pre
-fire
pla
nnin
g to
impr
ove
resp
onse
tim
e an
d ef
ficie
ncy,
pri
oriti
zing
ke
y ar
eas
at r
isk
to g
eolo
gic
haza
rd
Con
duct
pos
t-fir
e ve
geta
tion
man
agem
ent
and
prev
ent i
nvas
ives
with
wee
d co
ntro
l an
d m
onito
ring
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
eeds
to b
e do
ne a
t For
est l
evel
, as
it w
ill
be d
icta
ted
by lo
cal n
eeds
; foc
us o
n ar
eas
thre
aten
ing
publ
ic h
ealth
and
saf
ety
Nee
ds to
be
an “
all l
ands
” ap
proa
ch; f
or
Fore
st S
ervi
ce, b
oth
Fore
sts
and
Dis
tric
ts
need
to b
e in
volv
ed
In k
ey a
reas
iden
tified
in p
re-p
lann
ing
and
Bur
ned
Are
a Em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e;
mon
itor
inva
sive
s in
tran
sitio
n zo
nes
betw
een
ecot
ypes
, sou
th-f
acin
g sl
opes
, al
ong
road
cor
rido
rs, a
nd c
ampg
roun
ds
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: T
o pr
otec
t val
ues
on th
e la
ndsc
ape,
allo
w fo
r m
ore
man
aged
fire
to r
educ
e av
aila
ble
fuel
load
ings
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icD
evel
op u
nder
stan
ding
or
prod
ucts
that
hel
p m
anag
ers
and
line
offic
ers
mak
e de
cisi
ons
on m
anag
ing
long
dur
atio
n fir
es; i
ncor
pora
te
info
rmat
ion
lear
ned
into
the
Wild
land
Fir
e D
ecis
ion
Supp
ort S
yste
m
Util
ize
a ri
sk b
enefi
t mod
el to
iden
tify
key
loca
tions
whe
re fu
els
mod
ifica
tions
wou
ld
bene
fit th
e po
tent
ial u
se o
f man
aged
fire
Find
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
wor
k w
ith p
artn
ers
to e
xpan
d us
e of
nat
ural
fire
igni
tions
(s
uppo
rt n
etw
ork
of c
olla
bora
tors
); in
crea
se e
duca
tion
to p
ublic
on
the
role
of
fire
on
the
land
scap
e
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
nyw
here
on
the
land
scap
eA
ll fir
e-pr
one
land
scap
es
Land
s ad
jace
nt to
loca
l com
mun
ities
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 419
Tabl
e 14
.6 (
cont
inue
d)—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill li
kely
res
ult i
n in
crea
sed
mor
talit
y ca
used
by
nativ
e in
sect
s an
d di
seas
es (b
ark
beet
les,
def
olia
tors
, and
dw
arf
mis
tleto
es)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esis
tanc
e an
d re
silie
nce
to in
sect
s an
d di
seas
e in
sta
nds
and
land
scap
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e fo
r ag
e, s
ize
clas
s, a
nd s
peci
es d
iver
sity
Prot
ect h
igh
valu
e ar
eas
with
trap
tree
fe
lling
, bee
tle tr
aps,
spr
ayin
g, r
educ
ed b
asal
ar
ea, b
eetle
ris
k ra
ting,
and
phe
rom
ones
Prot
ect a
nd m
anag
e ar
eas
of s
peci
al
clas
sific
atio
n
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh
valu
e la
ndsc
apes
with
low
div
ersi
ty; l
imite
d to
whe
re th
ere
is a
cces
sA
reas
of h
igh
valu
eR
oadl
ess
area
s, w
ilder
ness
, and
are
as
rest
rict
ed to
non
-mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inv
asiv
e in
sect
s m
ay in
crea
se w
ith c
hang
ing
clim
ate
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
and
res
ista
nce
of tr
ees
to in
vasi
ve in
sect
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icD
evel
op a
n in
tegr
ated
pes
t man
agem
ent s
trat
egy,
in
clud
ing
iden
tifyi
ng in
sect
-res
ista
nt s
eed
(bal
sam
woo
lly a
delg
id)
Iden
tify
curr
ent a
nd p
roje
cted
dis
trib
utio
n of
ba
lsam
woo
lly a
delg
id a
nd o
ther
spe
cies
Id
entif
y an
d m
onito
r ot
her
non-
nativ
e,
inva
sive
inse
cts
(e.g
., sp
ruce
aph
id,
spru
ce-fi
r lo
oper
) not
cur
rent
ly p
rese
nt in
th
e re
gion
but
that
may
be
a fu
ture
ris
k
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
true
fir
com
mun
ities
and
sub
alpi
ne a
reas
In tr
ue fi
r co
mm
uniti
es; R
egio
n-w
ide;
ar
eas
whe
re lo
ss o
f sub
alpi
ne fi
r w
ould
be
ecol
ogic
ally
sig
nific
ant
Reg
ion-
wid
e
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e pe
ople
res
idin
g in
the
fore
st e
nvir
onm
ent w
ill in
crea
se s
tres
ses
to e
cosy
stem
s, in
fras
truc
ture
, and
bio
logi
cal a
nd p
hysi
cal
reso
urce
s; s
hifti
ng o
f util
izat
ion
of e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s cl
oser
to th
e so
urce
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
anag
e fo
r th
e hu
man
dis
turb
ance
foot
prin
t cau
sed
by h
ighe
r po
pula
tions
of p
eopl
e liv
ing
in fo
rest
s an
d th
e fo
rest
inte
rfac
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e th
e ef
fect
s of
infr
astr
uctu
re (r
oads
, dr
ivew
ays,
pow
erlin
es, w
ater
del
iver
y) o
n na
tiona
l for
est l
ands
Min
imiz
e in
crea
ses
in a
reas
of d
istu
rban
ceM
anag
e ec
olog
ical
con
nect
ivity
and
en
ergy
flow
; mai
ntai
n ha
bita
t con
tinui
ty
and
viab
ility
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
pply
on
road
s an
d dr
ivew
ays
and
with
co
llabo
rato
rs r
espo
nsib
le fo
r th
e w
hole
sys
tem
(e
.g.,
the
pow
er c
ompa
ny, c
ount
y tr
ansp
orta
tion
depa
rtm
ent,
cana
l com
pany
)
In a
nd a
roun
d re
side
ntia
l and
oth
er
deve
lopm
ent
Mai
ntai
n na
tura
l cor
rido
rs (s
trea
ms,
ri
pari
an) w
here
they
exi
st; m
aint
ain
larg
e ha
bita
t blo
cks;
mai
ntai
n ha
bita
t div
ersi
ty
in a
ppro
pria
te p
roxi
miti
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
420 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.7—
Terr
estr
ial a
nim
al a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Veg
etat
ion
and
anim
als
will
be
stre
ssed
bec
ause
of r
educ
ed s
oil m
oist
ure
with
cha
nges
in ti
min
g an
d am
ount
of p
reci
pita
tion,
dr
ough
t, an
d ea
rlie
r sn
owm
elt u
nder
cha
ngin
g cl
imat
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
esto
re a
nd e
nhan
ce w
ater
res
ourc
e fu
nctio
n an
d di
stri
butio
n at
the
appr
opri
ate
wat
ersh
ed le
vel;
prio
ritiz
e w
ater
shed
s ba
sed
on c
ondi
tion
and
a va
riet
y of
res
ourc
e va
lues
, inc
ludi
ng te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icIm
prov
e m
anag
emen
t of e
xist
ing
seep
an
d sp
ring
wat
er d
evel
opm
ents
, and
de
sign
pro
pose
d de
velo
pmen
ts fo
r ec
olog
ical
app
ropr
iate
ness
Man
age
for
mai
nten
ance
of v
eget
ativ
e co
ver
suffi
cien
t to
reta
in s
now
pack
with
in w
ater
shed
sPr
ovid
e en
hanc
ed w
ater
dis
trib
utio
n w
ith
appr
opri
ate
wild
life
use
desi
gns
and
bala
nce
wat
er u
se w
ith w
ildlif
e ne
eds;
pro
tect
he
adw
ater
s, s
prin
g he
ads,
rip
aria
n ar
eas,
etc
.
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny w
aste
ful o
r re
dund
ant
deve
lopm
ents
, or
on s
ites
caus
ing
unin
tend
ed e
colo
gica
l con
sequ
ence
s
Part
icul
arly
with
in s
ubal
pine
eco
syst
ems,
bu
t als
o ot
her
area
s ta
rget
ed fo
r ve
geta
tion
man
agem
ent a
ctiv
ities
Are
as w
here
ther
e is
con
cern
abo
ut a
mph
ibia
n po
pula
tions
and
oth
er w
ildlif
e sp
ecie
s de
pend
ent o
n w
ater
sou
rces
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
icR
educ
e bi
omas
s to
red
uce
evap
otra
nspi
ratio
n an
d m
orta
lity
resu
lting
from
wat
er s
tres
s fo
r gr
ound
wat
er-f
ed s
yste
ms
(with
thin
ning
an
d ot
her
vege
tatio
n tr
eatm
ents
) and
m
aint
ain
shad
e fo
r no
n-gr
ound
wat
er
fed
syst
ems
Incr
ease
wat
er s
tora
ge b
y m
anag
ing
for
beav
er
popu
latio
ns u
sing
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
bea
ver
stra
tegy
, and
by
redu
cing
cat
tle im
pact
s on
sm
all
wat
er s
ourc
es
Act
ivel
y re
stor
e an
d m
aint
ain
func
tioni
ng
wet
land
s; m
anag
e gr
azin
g to
pro
mot
e ri
pari
an
and
wet
land
func
tion
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Su
gges
ted
scal
e of
HU
C 8
to 1
2 ba
sed
on a
sses
smen
t for
wat
ersh
ed
prio
ritiz
atio
n
Rip
aria
n ar
eas
whe
re c
ondi
tions
are
app
ropr
iate
(p
rese
nce
of a
spen
and
will
ow) t
hat w
ill n
ot
resu
lt in
con
flict
(cul
vert
dam
age,
floo
ding
roa
ds)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 421
Tabl
e 14
.7 (
cont
inue
d)—
Terr
estr
ial a
nim
al a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
ngin
g in
tens
ity a
nd fr
eque
ncy
of fi
re w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
will
dec
reas
e ar
ea a
nd c
onne
ctiv
ity o
f som
e ha
bita
ts, n
otab
ly la
te-
succ
essi
onal
and
mat
ure
fore
st a
nd b
ig s
ageb
rush
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
curr
ent h
abita
t, re
stor
e hi
stor
ical
hab
itat,
prom
ote
pote
ntia
l fut
ure
habi
tat,
and
incr
ease
res
ilien
ce o
f the
se h
abita
ts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icSt
rate
gica
lly p
lace
fuel
bre
aks
to
min
imiz
e ri
sk to
impo
rtan
t hab
itat a
reas
Res
tore
dis
turb
ance
reg
imes
by
redu
cing
ac
cum
ulat
ed fu
el lo
ads;
rem
ove
piny
on a
nd
juni
per
in s
ageb
rush
eco
syst
ems;
whe
re th
ere
are
fire
defic
its, a
llow
wild
fires
to b
urn
for
reso
urce
be
nefit
Iden
tify
area
s th
at w
ill s
uppo
rt la
te-
succ
essi
onal
and
mat
ure
fore
sts
and
big
sage
brus
h in
the
futu
re, a
nd m
ange
to p
rom
ote
thei
r de
velo
pmen
t and
res
ilien
ce
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?O
n th
e w
indw
ard
side
of i
mpo
rtan
t ha
bita
t are
as; p
lace
in a
con
figur
atio
n to
min
imiz
e ri
sk o
f fire
spr
ead
acro
ss
the
land
scap
e
With
in th
e ha
bita
ts w
here
unc
hara
cter
istic
fu
el lo
ads
have
dev
elop
ed; b
alan
ce w
ith o
ther
ob
ject
ives
for
spec
ies
depe
nden
t on
a co
mpl
ex
unde
rsto
ry
Iden
tify
whe
re d
istu
rban
ce r
egim
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith y
our
targ
et h
abita
t will
shi
ft, a
nd fo
cus
rest
orat
ion
on th
ose
area
s an
d co
nnec
tivity
to
thos
e ar
eas
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay in
crea
se u
ncha
ract
eris
tic fi
res
in p
onde
rosa
pin
e th
at r
esul
t in
loss
of l
ate-
sera
l for
est a
nd s
nags
(affe
ctin
g Le
wis
’ woo
dpec
ker,
Alle
n’s
big-
eare
d ba
t, A
bert
’s sq
uirr
el, n
orth
ern
gosh
awk,
and
Uta
h pr
airi
e do
g)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
curr
ent h
abita
t, re
stor
e hi
stor
ical
str
uctu
re, a
nd in
crea
se m
osai
c st
ruct
ure
(incl
udin
g sn
ags)
.
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ondu
ct th
inni
ng a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
e tr
eatm
ents
; use
thin
ning
from
bel
ow;
mai
ntai
n na
tura
l str
uctu
re (d
iver
sity
and
de
nsity
); co
ntro
l lad
der
fuel
s
Man
age
graz
ing
to d
isco
urag
e ov
ergr
azin
g of
na
tive
plan
ts a
nd to
mai
ntai
n fin
e fu
els
to c
arry
fir
e
Plan
t ada
pted
(loc
ally
-sou
rced
) pon
dero
sa
pine
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ex
istin
g st
ands
on
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e la
nds
(alth
ough
thin
ning
is li
mite
d in
ro
adle
ss a
reas
and
wild
erne
ss)
Ever
ywhe
re p
onde
rosa
pin
e oc
curs
In a
reas
whe
re s
tand
-rep
laci
ng fi
res
have
oc
curr
ed, k
eepi
ng in
min
d th
e ca
paci
ty o
f th
e ar
ea to
sup
port
pon
dero
sa p
ine
(soi
ls a
nd
wat
er c
onsi
dera
tions
)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
422 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.7 (
cont
inue
d)—
Terr
estr
ial a
nim
al a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill li
kely
lead
to in
crea
sed
fire
freq
uenc
y, w
hich
may
lead
to lo
ss o
f mix
ed-a
ge a
spen
sta
nds
and
loss
of m
atur
e as
pen
and
snag
s (a
ffect
ing
ruffe
d gr
ouse
, flam
mul
ated
ow
l, go
shaw
k, a
nd m
any
othe
r sp
ecie
s)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain/
sust
ain/
reta
in a
spen
and
enc
oura
ge r
ecru
itmen
t to
the
over
stor
y
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icR
emov
e co
nife
rs w
ith p
resc
ribe
d fir
e an
d lo
ggin
gPr
otec
t/enc
oura
ge r
egen
erat
ion
usin
g fe
ncin
g, u
ngul
ate
man
agem
ent (
redu
ce
num
bers
and
cha
nge
seas
on o
f use
[gr
aze
earl
y]),
and
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
like
that
im
plem
ente
d by
Wol
f Cre
ek R
anch
(wor
ks
clos
ely
with
Wild
Uta
h Pr
ojec
t)
Con
duct
pub
lic o
utre
ach
to h
elp
man
age
for
aspe
n sn
ags;
res
tric
t fir
ewoo
d cu
tting
; tar
get r
anch
ette
ow
ners
with
info
rmat
ion;
incl
ude
aspe
n in
pub
lic e
duca
tion;
use
“th
is is
a
wild
life
hom
e” s
igns
and
sim
ilar
tool
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
, sta
te, a
nd p
rivat
e la
nds
that
are
with
con
ifer
encr
oach
men
tA
nyw
here
Scho
ols,
any
whe
re
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill le
ad to
cha
nges
in a
lpin
e sp
ecie
s co
mpo
sitio
n (o
f bot
h pl
ants
and
ani
mal
s, e
.g.,
spru
ce-fi
r en
croa
chm
ent,
rode
nts,
hum
ans)
bec
ause
of s
hrin
king
sno
wpa
ck, c
hang
es in
tim
ing
of s
now
mel
t, an
d in
crea
sing
tem
pera
ture
s th
at a
llow
spe
cies
to m
ove
up in
to a
lpin
e ec
osys
tem
s (a
ffect
ing
pika
, end
emic
pla
nts,
pol
linat
ors,
and
bla
ck r
osy
finch
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
educ
e ad
ditio
nal s
tres
sors
in a
lpin
e ha
bita
ts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icM
anag
e hu
man
acc
ess
(e.g
., bu
ild tr
ails
, har
den
site
s, u
se p
erm
it sy
stem
s or
out
fitte
r gu
ides
)M
aint
ain
mou
ntai
n go
ats
at p
opul
atio
n le
vels
that
elim
inat
e ad
vers
e im
pact
s (r
emov
e go
ats
if ne
eded
and
dis
cour
age
cont
inue
d in
trod
uctio
n of
goa
ts)
Mon
itor
mov
emen
t of p
lant
s (in
clud
ing
both
con
ifers
and
exo
tic w
eeds
) and
m
onito
r m
ovem
ent o
f tre
elin
e
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
lpin
e tr
ailh
eads
; are
as o
f hig
h us
e (e
.g.,
La S
als)
La S
als,
Tus
hars
, Mt.
Dun
ton,
Ash
ley
Ever
ywhe
re h
abita
t is
pres
ent
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 423
Preventive and early intervention programs to control invasive species can be applied where range expansion is predicted (Davies and Johnson 2011). Targeting the vulner-abilities of undesirable species fits well with “no regrets” and “win-win” strategies of climate change adaptation (Bagne and Finch 2013; Peterson et al. 2011b).
Changing fire regimes are another climate stressor common to many species in the IAP region (Chapter 8). Changing intensity and frequency of fire with climate change are likely to decrease area and connectivity of some habitats, notably late-successional and mature forest and big sagebrush (Chmura et al. 2011). Fuels reduction and strategic placement of fuelbreaks could help to lower fire se-verity and protect valued habitats (Peterson et al. 2011a). In ponderosa pine forests, where there are currently high levels of fuel loading relative to historical conditions (Chapter 6), creating more open conditions with fewer trees may be de-sirable for long-term sustainability in areas where increased seasonal drought stress is anticipated. Diverse understory food plants and shrub patches are important components of this habitat, and minimizing grazing impacts and controlling invasive plants can help to maintain characteristic fuel pat-terns and understory diversity (table 14.7). In areas where stand-replacing fires have occurred, planting adapted (lo-cally sourced) ponderosa pine is likely to enhance survival. A significant challenge will be promoting the development of large tree and open understory conditions in capable areas where large trees of fire-resilient species are not currently present (Stine et al. 2014).
Quaking aspen was identified as important because of its high productivity, role in structural diversity, and habitat for cavity-nesting birds. Ruffed grouse were also identified as strongly tied to aspen habitats. Reduction in the distribution and abundance of aspen is projected for some locations (es-pecially lower elevation) in a warmer climate (Chapter 6). Tactics for promoting aspen resilience are use of prescribed fire and logging to remove conifers from aspen stands, pro-tection from grazing, and public outreach on the importance of aspen for wildlife habitat (table 14.7).
In high-elevation alpine habitats, climate change will probably alter species composition of both plants and ani-mals because of shrinking snowpack, changes in timing of snowmelt, and increasing temperatures that allow species to move into alpine ecosystems (Chapter 6). Minimizing new stressors on alpine ecosystems may help to increase their resilience. For example, mountain goat populations can be maintained at levels that eliminate adverse impacts. As snow-based recreation is concentrated in smaller areas, efforts to minimize human impacts may be needed. Identifying and protecting climate and disturbance refugia can help to maintain high-elevation habitats for wildlife (Morelli et al. 2016). Population monitoring can also be a useful tool when climate effects or management options are uncertain.
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting terrestrial animal and habitat management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 9.
Adapting Outdoor Recreation Management to the Effects of
Climate ChangeOutdoor recreationists are highly adaptable to chang-
ing conditions (Hand and Lawson 2017). For example, water-based recreationists may adapt to climate change by choosing different sites that are less susceptible to changes in water levels (e.g., by seeking higher-elevation natural lakes) and changing the type of water-based recreation activity they engage in (e.g., from motorized boating on res-ervoirs to nonmotorized boating on natural lakes). Hunters may adapt by altering the timing and location of hunts or by targeting different species. Similarly, wildlife viewers may change the timing and location of viewing experiences and target different species. However, adaptation options for wildlife recreation may be limited if the abundance or distribution of highly valued species decreases the chance of viewing, and if substitute species are not available (Scott et al. 2007).
Management of recreation by Federal agencies may pres-ent considerable challenges under climate change (Hand and Lawson 2017). Managers may need to reconsider how infra-structure investments and the provisioning and maintenance of facilities align with changing ecological conditions and demands for recreation settings. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Clark and Stankey 1979) can be used to match changing conditions and preferences to the allocation of available recreation opportunities. Adaptation by managers may take the form of responding to changing recreation pat-terns, but also helping to shape the settings and experiences that are available to recreation users on public lands in the future (Hand and Lawson 2017).
For winter recreation, a general adaptation strategy is to transition recreation management to address shorter winter recreation seasons and changing recreational use patterns. Specifically, opportunities may exist to expand facilities where concentrated use increases, and options for snow-based recreation can be diversified to include more snowmaking, additional ski lifts, and higher-elevation runs (Scott and McBoyle 2007). In some cases, however, adapta-tion actions related to the availability and quality of winter recreation opportunities could result in tradeoffs with other activities (e.g., warm-weather access to higher-elevation sites or effects of snowmaking on streamflow) (Hand and Lawson 2017).
With higher temperatures and earlier snowmelt, warm-weather activity seasons are likely to lengthen (Mendelsohn and Markowski 2004). Recreation managers have options for responding to changing patterns in warm season rec-reation demand in order to provide sustainable recreation opportunities. A first step will be to conduct assessments to understand the changing patterns of use (Hand and Lawson 2017) (table 14.8). Then, adjustments can be made to increase the capacity of recreation sites that are showing
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
424 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.8—
Rec
reat
ion
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill le
ad to
cha
nges
in r
ecre
atio
n us
e pa
ttern
s (y
ear-
roun
d se
ason
s fo
r no
n-sn
ow a
ctiv
ities
, shi
ft in
sno
w-
depe
nden
t act
iviti
es, c
hang
es in
use
type
s an
d de
man
d)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se fl
exib
ility
and
cap
acity
for
man
agin
g re
crea
tion
reso
urce
s to
mee
t shi
fting
dem
ands
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icD
evel
op c
reat
ive
budg
et s
trat
egie
s to
su
ppor
t lon
ger/
over
lapp
ing
use
seas
ons;
pu
rsue
add
ition
al g
rant
fund
ing
and
part
ners
hips
and
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r ne
w fe
es (e
.g.,
som
ethi
ng s
imila
r to
A
dven
ture
Pas
s, p
arki
ng fe
es, u
se fo
r pe
ak u
se ti
mes
); le
vera
ge o
utfit
ting
and
guid
ing
fund
s
Incr
ease
flex
ibili
ty fo
r ye
ar-r
ound
use
of f
acili
ties;
re
deve
lop/
hard
en/m
itiga
te e
xist
ing
or n
ew s
ites
(e.g
., in
tegr
ate
sum
mer
use
s in
to s
ki a
rea
oper
atio
ns);
pave
acc
ess
road
s fo
r w
inte
r an
d w
et u
ses;
inst
all
gate
s or
oth
er a
cces
s co
ntro
l whe
re s
now
no
long
er c
lose
s ar
eas;
cha
nge
type
s of
infr
astr
uctu
re
(e.g
., m
arin
as u
sed
to b
e st
atic
but
now
nee
d to
be
flex
ible
); in
crea
se c
apac
ity a
t exi
stin
g si
tes
to
acco
mm
odat
e lo
nger
use
sea
sons
Leve
rage
loca
l par
tner
ship
s to
ass
ist w
ith
man
agem
ent o
f rec
reat
ion
faci
litie
s (e
.g.,
deve
lop
part
ners
hips
with
loca
l gov
ernm
ent,
othe
r ag
enci
es, t
ribe
s, a
nd u
ser
grou
ps,
non-
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns; p
rom
ote
trai
l ado
ptio
n; fa
cilit
ate
loca
l eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
- an
d re
gion
-wid
e; a
ll re
crea
tion
site
sPl
aces
with
vul
nera
bilit
y to
floo
ding
, cha
ngin
g w
ater
leve
ls, a
nd e
xpan
ding
sum
mer
act
iviti
es in
pr
evio
usly
win
ter-
only
are
as; c
onsi
der
desi
gn fo
r ye
ar r
ound
use
(vau
lt ve
rsus
flus
h to
ilets
)
Fore
st-
and
regi
on-w
ide;
esp
ecia
lly
impo
rtan
t in
area
s th
at a
re fa
r fr
om N
atio
nal
Fore
st fa
cilit
ies
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
icIm
plem
ent s
easo
nal u
se a
nd/o
r pe
rmitt
ing
for
activ
ities
that
are
usu
ally
se
ason
ally
con
stra
ined
but
that
may
ha
ve lo
nger
sea
sons
with
war
min
g cl
imat
e (e
.g.,
all-
terr
ain
vehi
cles
, m
ount
ain
biki
ng)
Dev
elop
cap
acity
for
flexi
bilit
y in
sea
sons
(ope
ning
da
tes
for
cam
pgro
unds
, acc
ess
to tr
ails
, roa
d cl
osur
es)
Eval
uate
impa
cts
to r
esou
rces
and
pot
entia
l co
nflic
ts b
etw
een
user
gro
ups
with
cha
nges
in
sea
sona
l use
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Es
peci
ally
at h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
Ana
lysi
s of
nee
d do
ne a
t Reg
iona
l lev
el, e
ach
unit
left
to c
arry
out
in p
ract
ice
Dis
tric
t and
For
est l
evel
dec
isio
ns
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Sea
son
of u
se, t
ypes
of r
ecre
atio
n, a
nd lo
catio
n of
act
iviti
es m
ay c
hang
e as
the
clim
ate
chan
ges
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y an
d pr
iori
tize
recr
eatio
nal s
ites
that
are
pro
ne to
cha
nge
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icU
se p
redi
ctiv
e m
odel
ing
that
in
corp
orat
es c
hang
ing
clim
ate
cond
ition
s (p
reci
pita
tion,
tem
pera
ture
, et
c.)
Surv
ey th
e pu
blic
dir
ectly
or
indi
rect
ly to
det
erm
ine
use
patte
rns
and
sens
itivi
ty to
cha
ngin
g cl
imat
e pa
ttern
s
Educ
ate
the
publ
ic a
bout
like
ly im
pact
s of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
cha
ngin
g re
crea
tiona
l op
port
uniti
es
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?D
urin
g lo
ng-t
erm
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
ses,
id
entif
y po
tent
ial u
ser
confl
icts
(e.g
., no
n-m
otor
ized
ver
sus
mot
oriz
ed w
inte
r us
e)
In N
atio
nal V
isito
r U
se M
onito
ring
; tra
il co
unte
rs;
web
-bas
ed to
ols
Focu
s on
Nat
iona
l For
est l
ocat
ions
/site
s in
whi
ch c
hang
es a
re o
ccur
ring
(e.g
., in
lo
catio
ns w
ith p
ine
beet
le in
fest
atio
ns)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 425
Tabl
e 14
.8 (
cont
inue
d)—
Rec
reat
ion
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed fl
oodi
ng a
nd fi
re w
ill r
esul
t in
few
er r
ecre
atio
nal s
ites,
mor
e us
e of
alte
rnat
ive
cam
pgro
unds
, red
uced
ser
vice
s, a
nd
incr
ease
d us
e of
few
er fa
cilit
ies
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
esea
rch
and
docu
men
t exi
stin
g us
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icIn
vent
ory–
use
and
upda
te th
e in
fras
truc
ture
dat
abas
e to
ass
ure
corr
ect
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble
Man
age
peop
le–a
s co
nditi
ons
chan
ge, m
ove
peop
le
to m
ore
desi
rabl
e si
tes
Com
mun
icat
e–ha
ve c
lear
and
con
stan
t di
scus
sion
s w
ith F
ores
ts a
nd D
istr
icts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll Fo
rest
s an
d si
tes
As
wea
ther
cha
nges
and
floo
ds a
nd/o
r fir
e in
crea
se,
may
nee
d to
util
ize
unde
ruse
d or
new
site
sA
t all
leve
ls a
s ne
ed a
rise
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
nge
in ti
min
g of
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y an
d ab
solu
te a
mou
nt o
f wat
er a
vaila
ble
will
affe
ct w
ater
-bas
ed r
ecre
atio
n. H
igh
tem
pera
ture
s m
ay d
rive
up d
eman
d fo
r w
ater
rec
reat
ion
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
lan
to a
ccou
nt fo
r th
ese
chan
ges
in d
eman
d
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icId
entif
y pl
aces
that
are
like
ly to
be
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge (e
ither
loss
of
wat
er-b
ased
rec
reat
ion,
or
whe
re
mor
e re
crea
tion
will
be
conc
entr
ated
)
Ret
hink
cam
pgro
und
loca
tions
to m
ake
them
mor
e pl
easa
nt fo
r ho
t clim
ates
(e.g
., sp
ots
in th
e sh
ade)
an
d ne
ar e
xist
ing
wat
er r
esou
rces
; use
inte
ntio
nal
loca
tions
to c
ontr
ol im
pact
s of
dis
pers
ed c
ampi
ng
Futu
re r
eser
voir
s m
ay b
e ne
eded
to m
eet
mun
icip
al w
ater
dem
and
that
will
als
o be
us
ed fo
r re
crea
tion,
but
may
als
o flo
od
exis
ting
recr
eatio
n si
tes
(cam
pgro
unds
, et
c.)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?O
n al
l For
ests
Fore
sts
espe
cial
ly a
ttrac
tive
to r
ecre
atio
nal v
ehic
les
Nea
r ex
istin
g w
ater
res
ourc
es, a
nd li
kely
ne
w s
ites
for
rese
rvoi
rs
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
426 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
increased use (e.g., campgrounds can be enlarged, and more fences, signs, and gates can be installed where necessary). However, there may be some limitations to increasing the capacity of some recreation sites. Managers will have to consider how use in the shoulder seasons is managed, adjusting timing of actions such as road and trail openings and closures and special use permits (Strauch et al. 2015). Managers may want to establish defined season of use for activities that were historically most popular in the summer but that may become more common in the spring and fall shoulder seasons, such as all-terrain vehicles and mountain bikes. As an alternative to date-specific closures, recreation managers could continuously monitor conditions and use weather- or condition-specific closures.
As temperatures increase, there may be increased de-mand for water-based recreation in particular (Mendelsohn and Markowski 2004). With shifts in timing of flow and lower summer streamflows, however, water-based recreation may become unavailable in some locations at certain times (Hand and Lawson 2017). Identifying places that are likely to be affected by climate change (either loss of water-based recreation, or where more recreation will be concentrated) will help managers plan for these changing patterns. Managing lake and river access capacity, and managing public expectations on site availability may also be neces-sary. Monitoring will be critical to assessing changes in use patterns and identifying demand shifts.
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting outdoor recreation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 10.
Adapting Infrastructure Management to the Effects
of Climate ChangeAs snowpacks decline and rain-to-snow ratios increase
with warming temperatures, flooding may increase in some parts of the IAP region (Chapter 4). Thus, reducing the vul-nerability of roads and infrastructure to flooding is a primary concern to managers. National Forests contain thousands of miles of roads, mostly unpaved. Damage to those roads and associated drainage systems reduces access by users and is extremely expensive to repair (Strauch et al. 2015). Road damage often has direct and deleterious effects on aquatic habitats as well, particularly when roads are adjacent to streams (Luce and Black 1999). Resilience to higher peakflows and frequency of flooding can be increased by (1) adapting the design standards where future rain-on-snow events are expected (Halofsky et al. 2011), (2) conducting a risk assessment of vulnerable roads and infrastructure (Strauch et al. 2015), and (3) performing road blading and grading activities during periods when natural moisture conditions are optimum (using water trucks as needed to supplement) (table 14.9).
In addition to flooding, fire and changing recreation demands may affect access to infrastructure for forest use (Strauch et al. 2015). As a first step, it will be important to determine how traffic patterns are changing seasonally. At-risk roads, specifically those that are prone to flooding, have insufficient culverts, or are located on unstable surfaces, can then be identified in high-use locations and be either up-graded or decommissioned (Halofsky et al. 2011). Damaged roads should not necessarily be rebuilt in kind, but rather rebuilt using specifications that account for climate-related changes (e.g., different levels and seasons of precipitation and use) or decommissioned (Halofsky et al. 2011; Strauch et al. 2015) (table 14.9).
Increases in extreme storm events and flooding with climate change may also affect bridges, dams, and levees. It will be important for specialists to consider increases in future extreme storm events when evaluating existing inventory for capacity and structural integrity, in structure design, and when determining location of new infrastructure (Strauch et al. 2015). Infrastructure management in a chang-ing climate will benefit from increased coordination with partners (table 14.9).
Buildings, including recreation residences, may face increased risk from catastrophic events, including fire, snow, flooding, avalanche, and ecological disturbance (Chapters 4, 8). The high cost of relocating buildings from floodplains and other high-risk locations will require that adaptation options focus on prevention of damage. For example, areas surrounding buildings can be examined for hazard trees, and the hazard trees removed. Managers and recreation residence holders can follow recommended practices for keeping buildings safe from fires (e.g., by removing flam-mable vegetation in areas near buildings) (table 14.9). In some cases, however, risk thresholds may be exceeded, and recreation residences and other buildings may need to be relocated or removed.
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting infrastructure management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 11.
Adapting Cultural Resource Management to the Effects
of Climate ChangeClimate change poses several threats to cultural resources
in the IAP region (Morgan et al. 2016; Rockman 2015). Increased fire will result in increased erosion and loss of vegetation, which may exacerbate damage and other impacts to cultural resources (Davis 2017). Fuels reduction around significant cultural resources already takes place in some locations, but these efforts could be increased to further re-duce likelihood of high-severity fire and damage to cultural resources (table 14.10). Fuels treatments are particularly im-portant around flammable wooden structures (Davis 2017). In some cases, wooden shingles on historic buildings can
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 427
Tabl
e 14
.9—
Infr
astr
uctu
re a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
road
des
ign
and
mai
nten
ance
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
whe
re r
oads
/str
eam
s in
tera
ct
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icA
dapt
the
desi
gn s
tand
ards
whe
re fu
ture
ra
in o
n sn
ow e
vent
s ar
e ex
pect
ed
Dev
elop
ris
k as
sess
men
t for
roa
d in
fras
truc
ture
Perf
orm
roa
d bl
adin
g/gr
adin
g ac
tiviti
es d
urin
g pe
riod
s w
hen
natu
ral m
oist
ure
cond
ition
s ar
e op
timum
, and
use
wat
er tr
ucks
as
need
ed to
su
pple
men
t
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay a
lter
acce
ss to
infr
astr
uctu
re fo
r fo
rest
use
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se th
e re
silie
nce
of tr
ansp
orta
tion
infr
astr
uctu
re to
clim
ate-
rela
ted
stre
ssor
s, s
uch
as c
hang
ing
recr
eatio
n de
man
ds, fi
re, a
nd w
ater
impa
cts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icId
entif
y ch
angi
ng tr
affic
pat
tern
s an
d us
es
in r
elat
ion
to p
reci
pita
tion
leve
ls a
nd
seas
onal
dis
trib
utio
n
Iden
tify
road
s pr
one
to fl
oodi
ng b
ased
on
thei
r lo
catio
n (e
.g.,
in r
ipar
ian
area
s) a
s w
ell a
s ro
ads
with
insu
ffici
ent c
ulve
rts
or w
hich
are
loca
ted
on
unst
able
sur
face
s
Do
not r
ebui
ld d
amag
ed r
oads
in k
ind;
rat
her,
use
spec
ifica
tions
that
acc
ount
for
clim
ate-
rela
ted
chan
ges
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pu
blic
sur
veys
, cou
nty
mee
tings
, dur
ing
mon
itori
ng, a
nd in
loca
tions
at w
hich
the
activ
ities
are
occ
urri
ng
Stre
am c
ross
ings
and
on
unst
able
soi
l loc
atio
nsD
urin
g re
gula
rly
sche
dule
d m
aint
enan
ce;
afte
r ca
tast
roph
ic e
vent
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
build
ing
desi
gn a
nd m
aint
enan
ce
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
rote
ct e
xist
ing
and
futu
re in
fras
truc
ture
by
exam
inin
g pr
esen
t and
futu
re h
azar
ds o
n bu
ildin
g in
fras
truc
ture
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icEx
amin
e su
rrou
ndin
gs fo
r ha
zard
tree
s,
and
rem
ove
thos
e th
at p
rese
nt h
azar
ds to
fa
cilit
ies
Follo
w r
ecom
men
ded
prac
tices
for
keep
ing
build
ings
saf
e fr
om fi
res
Ant
icip
ate
whe
re ic
e da
m p
robl
ems
may
oc
cur
in th
e fu
ture
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny b
uild
ing
Any
bui
ldin
gB
uild
ings
at h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
whe
re w
inte
r te
mpe
ratu
re m
ay fl
uctu
ate
near
free
zing
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
428 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.9—
Infr
astr
uctu
re a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Rec
reat
ion
resi
denc
es m
ay s
ee in
crea
sed
risk
from
ext
rem
e cl
imat
ic e
vent
s (e
.g.,
fire,
sno
w, fl
oodi
ng, a
vala
nche
, and
eco
logi
cal
dist
urba
nce)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op r
isk
asse
ssm
ent t
ools
, and
add
ress
ris
k w
ith h
olde
rs a
nd c
ount
y Em
erge
ncy
Med
ical
Ser
vice
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
omm
unic
ate
with
exi
stin
g re
crea
tion
resi
dent
hol
ders
D
evel
op c
lear
pro
cedu
res
for
rem
ovin
g a
recr
eatio
n re
side
nce
that
exc
eeds
a r
isk
thre
shol
dC
onsi
der
deve
lopi
ng in
-lie
u lo
ts o
r ot
her
recr
eatio
n tr
acts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll re
crea
tion
resi
denc
esSi
te-s
peci
fic a
nd in
eac
h D
istr
ict
Age
ncy
revi
ew o
f pro
gram
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed s
torm
freq
uenc
y an
d in
tens
ity w
ill h
ave
broa
d im
plic
atio
ns fo
r de
sign
and
mai
nten
ance
of b
ridg
es, d
ams,
can
als,
and
le
vees
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
rote
ct e
xist
ing
and
futu
re in
fras
truc
ture
by
exam
inin
g pr
esen
t and
futu
re h
azar
ds o
n br
idge
and
dam
infr
astr
uctu
re
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icEv
alua
te e
xist
ing
inve
ntor
y fo
r ca
paci
ty
and
stru
ctur
al in
tegr
ity u
sing
clim
ate
mod
el p
roje
ctio
ns fo
r ex
trem
e st
orm
ev
ents
Inco
rpor
ate
clim
ate
mod
els
proj
ectio
ns fo
r ex
trem
e st
orm
eve
nts
in s
truc
ture
des
ign
and
brid
ge lo
catio
n
Faci
litat
e pa
rtne
rshi
ps b
etw
een
priv
ate,
loca
l, St
ate,
and
Fed
eral
juri
sdic
tions
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny e
xist
ing
brid
ge, d
am, c
anal
, or
leve
eA
ny p
lann
ed b
ridg
e, d
am, c
anal
, or
leve
eA
ny e
xist
ing
or p
lann
ed b
ridg
e, d
am, c
anal
, or
leve
e
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 429
Tabl
e 14
.10—
Cul
tura
l her
itage
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns fo
r th
e In
term
ount
ain
Ada
ptat
ion
Part
ners
hip
regi
on.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed fi
re w
ill r
esul
t in
incr
ease
d er
osio
n an
d lo
ss o
f veg
etat
ion,
whi
ch m
ay in
crea
se d
amag
e an
d im
pact
s to
cul
tura
l re
sour
ces
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
ncou
rage
pre
- an
d po
st-d
istu
rban
ce s
trat
egie
s to
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icIn
crea
se th
e us
e of
pre
scri
bed
fire
or o
ther
veg
etat
ion
man
ipul
atio
nIn
vent
ory,
map
, and
rat
e fir
e ri
sk fo
r cu
ltura
l res
ourc
esD
evel
op a
pla
n to
add
ress
pos
t-fir
e im
pact
s to
cul
tura
l re
sour
ces
that
hav
e be
en a
ffect
ed
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
or
arou
nd c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
th
at a
re s
usce
ptib
le to
impa
ct
from
sev
ere
wild
fire
Acr
oss
Fore
sts
Acr
oss
burn
ed a
reas
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tem
pera
ture
cha
nges
bri
ng c
hang
es in
sea
son,
bot
h fo
r pe
ople
and
res
ourc
es, a
nd m
ay p
ut m
ore
pres
sure
on
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
an
d si
tes
(e.g
., lo
otin
g, c
olle
ctin
g, in
adve
rten
t im
pact
s fr
om u
sers
to c
ultu
ral h
erita
ge r
esou
rces
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
duca
te u
sers
and
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
CSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– D
Tact
icR
edir
ect p
ublic
to le
ss s
ensi
tive
cultu
ral a
reas
Prov
ide
educ
atio
n an
d in
terp
reta
tion
to in
form
the
publ
ic a
bout
why
cu
ltura
l res
ourc
es a
re im
port
ant;
enga
ge u
ser
grou
ps
Dir
ectly
pro
tect
cul
tura
l re
sour
ces
with
phy
sica
l ba
rrie
rs, f
enci
ng, v
eget
atio
n sc
reen
ing,
and
acc
ess
man
agem
ent
Inve
ntor
y hi
gh-r
isk
area
s an
d m
onito
r hi
gh p
rior
ity
reso
urce
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Sp
ecifi
c si
tes;
nee
d to
iden
tify
high
rec
reat
ion
use
loca
tions
and
w
here
impa
cts
are
occu
rrin
g or
m
ay o
ccur
in th
e fu
ture
Dis
pers
ed r
ecre
atio
n si
tes,
sys
tem
tr
ails
Spec
ific
site
sSe
t str
ateg
y at
reg
iona
l lev
el;
impl
emen
t at u
nit l
evel
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tra
ditio
nal f
ood
sour
ces
may
be
lost
with
incr
ease
d fir
e, in
vasi
ve s
peci
es e
stab
lishm
ent,
and
habi
tat c
hang
es u
nder
cha
ngin
g cl
imat
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
tegr
ate
trad
ition
al e
colo
gica
l kno
wle
dge
with
fire
man
agem
ent p
lans
and
cul
tura
l res
ourc
e da
ta b
ase
to h
olis
tical
ly m
anag
e fo
r tr
aditi
onal
fo
od s
ourc
es (s
uch
as h
uckl
eber
ries
, mus
hroo
ms,
pin
e nu
ts, s
age-
grou
se, e
tc.)
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icEm
phas
ize
pres
erva
tion
of tr
aditi
onal
fo
od s
ourc
es w
ith tr
ibal
and
loca
l si
gnifi
canc
e
Enha
nce
resi
lienc
e of
spe
cific
hab
itats
to fi
re
and
othe
r th
reat
s; m
anag
e fir
e to
mai
ntai
n or
pr
otec
t sag
ebru
sh r
ange
land
s an
d ot
her
sens
itive
ve
geta
tion
type
s
Iden
tify
and
prot
ect a
reas
sui
tabl
e fo
r tr
aditi
onal
food
gat
heri
ng u
nder
futu
re c
limat
e co
nditi
ons
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
- an
d re
gion
-wid
eFo
rest
- an
d re
gion
-wid
eFo
rest
- an
d re
gion
-wid
e
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
430 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
be replaced with fire-retardant treated wooden shingles, and where appropriate, susceptible structures can be wrapped with fire-retardant material when threatened by a wildfire. However, fire-retardant air drops on cultural resources should be avoided where possible, as they can stain cultural resources such as rock art, prehistoric stone structures, cliff faces and associated resources, historic buildings, and artifacts. Having archaeological resource advisors on fire teams can help ensure that practices which damage cultural resources are avoided whenever possible.
Traditional food sources may also be lost with increased fire, changing habitat conditions, and increased establish-ment of invasive species under changing climate (Chapter 12). Resilience of specific habitats to fire and other threats could be enhanced through silvicultural treatments and prescribed burning, although the effectiveness of treatments relative to the scope and scale of the cultural landscape is difficult to evaluate (Davis 2017). Careful monitoring and tracking of vegetation stability and change in cultural land-scapes will become increasingly important in future decades (Davis 2017). Managers may also want to identify and protect areas that are likely to be suitable for traditional food gathering under future climatic conditions (table 14.10).
An effective defense against losing structures and other cultural resources to fire is for managers to know which resources are under their jurisdiction, and where those re-sources are located (Rockman 2015). Survey and evaluation in areas where cultural resources are concentrated or likely is ongoing, although intermittent, in the IAP region. It will be possible to locate and monitor cultural resources only if these efforts are significantly expanded. High-elevation melting ice patches are a particular priority, but surveys are also critical in other locations where cultural resources are likely to be affected by fire or flooding and debris flows in mountain canyon and foothills areas (Davis 2017). Correlating areas where cultural resources are common with areas where disturbances are expected will help to focus attention in landscapes at greatest risk. Having postfire management plans in place before events occur will help to ensure efficient and effective postfire actions (table 14.10).
Warming temperatures will extend the warm-weather rec-reation season, potentially putting more pressure on cultural resources and sites. These impacts can be minimized if land managers work closely with their heritage staff to identify sites that are being damaged due to visitation, implement on-the-ground site monitoring, and have a plan in place to address resources that are anticipated to have more frequent visitation in the future. Managers can also provide education and interpretation to inform the public about why cultural resources are important. Other options include redirecting users to less sensitive areas and protecting cultural resources with physical barriers, fencing, vegetation screening, and access management (table 14.10).
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting management of cultural resources to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 12.
Adapting Ecosystem Services to the Effects of Climate ChangeThe climate change vulnerabilities in ecosystem services
that pose the highest concern include availability and qual-ity of forage for livestock, the availability and quality of municipal water, and habitat for pollinators. Many of these vulnerabilities stem from likely climate change impacts on other resources covered in this chapter.
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may increase rangeland productivity by increasing water-use efficiency (Polley et al. 2013; Reeves et al. 2014). In moisture-limited systems, however, increased temperatures will increase evaporative demand and reduce soil moisture and productivity unless precipitation increases significantly (Polley et al. 2013). Increased wildfire area burned and establishment of nonnative species may also decrease range-land productivity. Managers at the workshops proposed adaptation strategies for grazing that focused on increasing resilience of rangeland vegetation, primarily through non-native species control and prevention (table 14.11). Demand for grazing on high-elevation National Forest land may increase with warming. Federal land managers identified increasing flexibility in timing, duration, and intensity of authorized grazing as a tactic to prevent ecosystem degra-dation under changing conditions. They also stressed the importance of developing a holistic approach to grazing management, taking the needs of ranchers into consider-ation, and developing a collaborative relationship with range permittees that focuses on problem solving rather than rule enforcement.
Climate change is expected to alter hydrological regimes, with impacts on quantity and quality of municipal water supply (Chapter 4). Therefore, strategies developed for water resource management on National Forest lands should consider the timing of water availability as well as the quality of water delivered beyond National Forest System lands. Conducting assessments of potential climate change effects on municipal water supply and identifying potential vulnerabilities will help facilitate adaptive actions that can minimize climate change impacts. Water quality can be addressed by: (1) reducing hazardous fuels in dry forests to reduce the risk of crown fires, (2) reducing other types of disturbances (e.g., off-road vehicles, unregulated livestock grazing), and (3) using road management practices that reduce erosion (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). These tactics should be implemented primarily in high-value locations (near communities and reservoirs) on public and private lands. Communication among agencies, landowners, stake-holders, and governments will be essential to ensure future municipal water supply (Peterson and Halofsky 2017) (table 14.11).
Increasing temperatures are likely to have an effect on the thermoregulation of pollinators and may lead to a mismatch in the timing of emergence of flowers and pollina-tors (Fagan et al. 2014). Another possible indirect effect of
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 431
Tabl
e 14
.11—
Ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Pol
linat
ors
and
thei
r ha
bita
t may
be
sens
itive
to c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
nhan
ce p
ollin
ator
hab
itat o
n Fe
dera
l lan
ds a
nd F
eder
al fa
cilit
ies
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icD
irec
t Nat
iona
l For
ests
to im
prov
e po
llina
tor
habi
tat b
y in
crea
sing
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n an
d by
app
lyin
g po
llina
tor-
frie
ndly
fore
st-w
ide
best
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
and
see
d m
ixes
Esta
blis
h a
rese
rve
of n
ativ
e se
ed m
ixes
, in
clud
ing
polli
nato
r-fr
iend
ly p
lant
s th
at a
re
adap
ted,
ava
ilabl
e, a
fford
able
, and
effe
ctiv
e
Dev
elop
rev
eget
atio
n gu
idel
ines
that
in
corp
orat
e m
enu-
base
d se
ed m
ixes
by
habi
tat
type
(e.g
., sp
ecie
s th
at a
re g
ood
for
polli
nato
rs,
sage
-gro
use,
um
brel
la s
peci
es) a
nd b
y em
piri
cal o
r pr
ovis
iona
l see
d zo
nes
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
ty a
reas
incl
ude
alpi
ne, t
all f
orbs
, lo
w-e
leva
tion
wet
land
s, a
nd d
ry a
nd d
war
f sa
gebr
ush
com
mun
ities
IAP
geog
raph
ic a
reas
(e.g
., U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
).Ea
ch N
atio
nal F
ores
t
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se a
genc
y an
d pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
of th
e im
port
ance
of n
ativ
e po
llina
tors
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icEs
tabl
ish
a po
llina
tor
coor
dina
tor
to
com
mun
icat
e w
ith D
istr
ict-
and
For
est-
leve
l te
ams,
Reg
iona
l Offi
ce, a
nd p
ublic
Dev
elop
a c
heck
list t
o co
nsid
er p
ollin
ator
se
rvic
es in
pla
nnin
g, p
roje
ct a
naly
sis,
and
de
cisi
on m
akin
g
Esta
blis
h po
llina
tor
gard
ens
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ea
ch N
atio
nal F
ores
tIn
bot
h th
e N
atio
nal F
ores
t Man
agem
ent
Act
and
Nat
iona
l Env
iron
men
tal P
olic
y A
ct
proc
esse
s
On
Fede
ral f
acili
ties
or in
par
tner
ship
with
ot
her
publ
ic e
ntiti
es (e
.g.,
publ
ic s
pace
s, p
arks
, ba
ckya
rds)
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Am
ount
and
sea
sona
l dis
trib
utio
n of
wat
er m
ay s
hift,
thus
affe
ctin
g ab
ility
to m
eet w
ater
dem
and
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
sses
s an
d co
mm
unic
ate
Fore
st S
ervi
ce a
bilit
y to
hel
p m
eet w
ater
dem
and
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icC
ondu
ct in
tegr
ated
ass
essm
ent o
f clim
ate
effe
cts
on w
ater
at a
wat
ersh
ed s
cale
Enco
urag
e co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d fu
ll di
sclo
sure
of i
nfor
mat
ion
Con
duct
wat
er v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ents
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?W
ater
shed
cou
ncils
, mun
icip
al w
ater
shed
s,
inte
rage
ncy
wor
king
gro
ups
(e.g
., M
ount
ain
Acc
ord)
, loc
al c
omm
uniti
es
Ass
essm
ents
cou
ld b
e do
ne b
y co
mm
unity
, w
ater
shed
, adm
inis
trat
ive
boun
dary
, etc
.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
432 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
.11
(con
tinu
ed)—
Ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
adap
tatio
n op
tions
for
the
Inte
rmou
ntai
n A
dapt
atio
n Pa
rtne
rshi
p re
gion
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
her
tem
pera
ture
s an
d in
crea
sed
fire
activ
ity w
ill a
lter
the
com
posi
tion
and
prod
uctiv
ity o
f for
age
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of h
abita
ts u
sed
by u
ngul
ates
and
that
are
vul
nera
ble
to c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
CSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– D
Tact
icR
educ
e co
nver
sion
of n
ativ
e pe
renn
ial
vege
tatio
n to
inva
sive
spe
cies
Inte
grat
e gr
azin
g st
rate
gies
and
ve
geta
tion
trea
tmen
ts (b
oth
wild
an
d do
mes
tic u
ngul
ates
)
Emph
asiz
e co
llabo
rativ
e pr
oble
m
solv
ing
with
per
mitt
ees
and
othe
r in
tere
sted
par
ties
rath
er th
an
enfo
rcem
ent
Mod
ify fl
exib
ility
in ti
min
g,
dura
tion,
and
inte
nsity
of
auth
oriz
ed g
razi
ng
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
ty a
reas
incl
ude
tall
forb
s,
low
-ele
vatio
n w
etla
nds
and
ripa
rian
ar
eas,
and
dry
and
dw
arf s
ageb
rush
co
mm
uniti
es
Acr
oss
the
Nat
iona
l For
est
on a
ll gr
azin
g al
lotm
ents
; pr
iori
tize
allo
tmen
ts b
ased
vu
lner
abili
ty, s
oil t
ype,
etc
.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
vari
abili
ty a
nd w
arm
ing
will
impa
ct g
razi
ng r
esou
rces
and
pol
icy
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op a
hol
istic
app
roac
h to
gra
zing
man
agem
ent;
unde
rsta
nd th
e ra
nchi
ng b
usin
ess
appr
oach
, lan
ds u
sed,
wat
er m
anag
emen
t, an
d co
mpe
ting
dem
ands
from
oth
er r
esou
rces
and
mul
tiple
use
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
icPa
rtne
r w
ith p
erm
ittee
and
oth
er
man
ager
s of
land
s th
ey u
se to
cre
ate
a ho
listic
gra
zing
pro
gram
Und
erst
and
chan
ges
in w
ater
av
aila
bilit
y to
pre
pare
and
adj
ust
graz
ing
man
agem
ent
Impl
emen
t edu
catio
n pr
ogra
ms
abou
t clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s an
d su
stai
nabl
e gr
azin
g pr
actic
es (h
ighl
ight
bot
h po
sitiv
e an
d ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pu
blic
, priv
ate
and
all a
djac
ent l
ands
Aro
und
wat
er r
esou
rces
Nee
ds to
be
broa
dly
impl
emen
ted;
par
tner
ship
opp
ortu
nitie
s w
ith C
attle
men
’s A
ssoc
iatio
n, F
utur
e Fa
rmer
s of
Am
eric
a,
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es C
onse
rvat
ion
Serv
ice,
sch
ools
, env
iron
men
tal
orga
niza
tions
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 433
climate change on pollinators may be habitat loss and frag-mentation with invasive species and vegetation type shifts, leading to a reduction in forage resources or an increase in pests and diseases. Tools to promote native pollinators include directing National Forests and other agency units to improve pollinator habitat by increasing native vegeta-tion and by applying pollinator-friendly best management practices (table 14.11). Establishing a reserve of native seed mixes, including pollinator friendly plants that are adapted, available, affordable, and effective, will help to increase availability of pollinator friendly materials and encourage their use. Revegetation guidelines could be developed that incorporate menu-based seed mixes by habitat type (e.g., species that are good for pollinators, sage-grouse, umbrella species) and by empirical or provisional seed zones. To ensure that pollinators are considered in agency activities, a checklist could be developed that helps managers incor-porate pollinator services in planning, project analysis, and decisionmaking.
A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting management of ecosystem services to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 14.
ConclusionsThe IAP vulnerability assessment and workshop process
resulted in a comprehensive list of climate change adapta-tion strategies for natural resource management in the region. Although most of the suggested strategies and tactics focused on increasing resilience, there were some involving resistance (e.g., protection of whitebark pine) and response (e.g., transitioning recreation management to account for changing use patterns with climate change). Adaptation strategies and tactics that have benefits to more than one resource are likely to be most beneficial (Peterson et al. 2011b). Management activities intended to reduce fuels and restore hydrological function are standard practices, sug-gesting that many current resource management actions are already climate smart. However, the locations where actions are implemented may be different or strategically targeted in the context of climate change. For example, treatments for aspen may be targeted toward persistent aspen communi-ties that are expected to expand and maintain communities where future climatic conditions will allow.
Implementation will be the next challenge for the IAP (Chapter 15). Although implementing all adaptation options described in this chapter may not be feasible, managers can choose from the menu of strategies and tactics presented here. These adaptation strategies and tactics can thus pro-vide the basis for climate-smart management in the region.
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Appendix 5—Water Resource Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for water resources, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for water resources.
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438 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 5A
.1—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, g
reat
er tr
ee m
orta
lity,
red
uced
ran
gela
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, l
oss
of h
abita
t, re
duce
d so
il m
oist
ure,
wet
land
loss
, rip
aria
n ar
ea r
educ
tion
or lo
ss, a
nd m
ore
freq
uent
and
pos
sibl
y se
vere
wild
fire
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
anag
e ad
aptiv
ely
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
hyd
rolo
gica
l too
ls a
nd p
rodu
cts
to
pred
ict o
r ai
d in
ran
ge m
anag
emen
t with
ch
angi
ng c
limat
e; e
xplo
re v
ario
us o
ptio
ns to
al
low
mor
e fle
xibi
lity
in th
e m
anag
emen
t of
rang
elan
ds
Dev
elop
hyd
rolo
gica
l too
ls a
nd p
rodu
cts
to
pred
ict o
r ai
d in
the
pred
ictio
n of
rec
reat
ion
use
(whe
n w
ill r
oads
and
oth
er in
fras
truc
ture
be
rea
dy fo
r us
e by
the
recr
eatin
g pu
blic
); ex
plor
e va
riou
s op
tions
to a
llow
mor
e fle
xibi
lity
in th
e m
anag
emen
t of p
ublic
re
crea
tion
(e.g
., hi
ring
of s
easo
nal w
orkf
orce
)
Plan
for
poss
ible
cha
nges
in th
e ca
lcul
atio
n of
Tot
al M
axim
um D
aily
Loa
ds
(TM
DLs
) and
the
timin
g of
per
mitt
ed
disc
harg
e; b
e ab
le to
ada
pt to
thos
e ch
ange
s in
str
eam
flow
s an
d tim
ing.
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
ran
ge m
anag
emen
t allo
tmen
ts;
Nat
iona
l Env
iron
men
tal P
olic
y A
ct (N
EPA
) pr
oces
s; fo
rest
pol
icy
and
dire
ctiv
es; r
egio
nal
guid
ance
; bud
get a
nd g
rant
tim
ing
NEP
A; f
ores
t pol
icy
and
dire
ctiv
es; r
egio
nal
guid
ance
; sea
sona
l hir
ing
guid
ance
and
di
rect
ion;
bud
getin
g
Inte
rage
ncy
part
ners
hips
and
co
ordi
natio
n; p
lann
ing
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Bes
t man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
; allo
tmen
t m
anag
emen
t pla
ns; a
nnua
l ope
ratin
g in
stru
ctio
ns; f
ores
t pla
n di
rect
ion
Rec
reat
ion
plan
ning
; bud
getin
g an
d pl
anni
ng.
TMD
L de
velo
pmen
t or
rede
velo
pmen
t; fo
rest
pla
nnin
g; w
ater
use
pla
nnin
g;
proj
ect d
esig
n
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Soi
l pro
duct
ivity
may
dec
reas
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y vu
lner
abili
ties
to s
oil p
roce
sses
incl
udin
g te
mpe
ratu
re, m
oist
ure,
bio
logi
cal a
ctiv
ity a
nd c
arbo
n se
ques
trat
ion
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Mai
ntai
n an
d pr
otec
t soi
l cov
er (c
anop
y an
d gr
ound
cov
er)
Prom
ote
the
mai
nten
ance
and
the
addi
tion
of
soil
orga
nic
mat
ter
Prom
ote
nativ
e ve
geta
tion
and
min
imiz
e th
e ex
pans
ion
of in
vasi
ve s
peci
es
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
atio
nal,
regi
onal
, and
fore
st-l
evel
pla
nnin
g an
d gu
idan
ce; p
roje
ct d
esig
n; n
atio
nal b
est
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
(BM
Ps)
Nat
iona
l, re
gion
al, a
nd fo
rest
-lev
el p
lann
ing
and
guid
ance
; pro
ject
des
ign;
nat
iona
l BM
PsN
atio
nal,
regi
onal
, and
fore
st-l
evel
pl
anni
ng a
nd g
uida
nce;
pro
ject
des
ign;
na
tiona
l BM
Ps
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
BM
Ps; p
roje
ct d
esig
n an
d de
velo
pmen
tB
MPs
; pro
ject
des
ign
and
deve
lopm
ent
BM
Ps; p
roje
ct d
esig
n an
d de
velo
pmen
t
Com
men
tsM
ay b
e sp
ecifi
c to
soi
l tex
ture
; str
ateg
ize
and
prio
ritiz
e ba
sed
on s
oil t
extu
re; c
hang
es in
so
ils w
ill ta
ke ti
me—
they
can
not b
e re
stor
ed
easi
ly o
r qu
ickl
y; n
eed
proa
ctiv
e pr
even
tive
met
hods
May
be
spec
ific
to s
oil t
extu
re; s
trat
egiz
e an
d pr
iori
tize
base
d on
soi
l tex
ture
May
be
spec
ific
to s
oil t
extu
re; s
trat
egiz
e an
d pr
iori
tize
base
d on
soi
l tex
ture
; may
w
ant t
o pr
iori
tize
rare
pla
nts
asso
ciat
ed
with
spe
cific
soi
l typ
es a
nd c
ondi
tions
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 439
Tabl
e 5A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, g
reat
er tr
ee m
orta
lity,
red
uced
ran
gela
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, l
oss
of h
abita
t, re
duce
d so
il m
oist
ure,
wet
land
loss
, and
rip
aria
n ar
ea r
educ
tion
or lo
ss
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
onse
rve
wat
er
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Xer
isca
pe fa
cilit
ies
Prov
ide
cons
erva
tion
educ
atio
nB
ette
r m
anag
e liv
esto
ck w
ater
im
prov
emen
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
dmin
istr
ativ
e fa
cilit
ies;
cam
pgro
unds
In p
ublic
out
reac
h; c
omm
uniti
es; f
ores
t Web
si
tes;
kio
sks;
loca
l env
iron
men
tal p
rogr
ams;
Sm
okey
Bea
r m
essa
ges
Cat
tle tr
ough
s; fl
oat v
alve
s; in
gr
ound
wat
er-d
epen
dent
eco
syst
ems
(dev
elop
ed a
nd u
ndev
elop
ed)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
New
con
stru
ctio
n or
rem
odel
and
rep
air
proj
ects
; sus
tain
able
ope
ratio
ns p
rogr
ams;
fo
rest
pla
nnin
g, r
evis
ion
Part
ners
hips
; col
labo
rativ
es; s
choo
ls
(edu
catio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
outr
each
, cam
ps);
thro
ugh
publ
ic in
form
atio
n of
ficer
s
Ann
ual o
pera
ting
inst
ruct
ions
; pro
ject
de
sign
; per
mit
rene
wal
s; a
llotm
ent
man
agem
ent p
lans
Com
men
tsN
eed
fund
ing
and
educ
atio
nPu
blic
out
reac
h an
d ed
ucat
ion
is c
ritic
al to
ex
plai
ning
the
“why
”N
eed
inve
ntor
y of
exi
stin
g co
nditi
ons,
and
lo
catio
ns fo
r de
velo
ped
and
unde
velo
ped
seep
s, s
prin
gs, t
roug
hs, a
nd g
roun
dwat
er-
depe
nden
t eco
syst
ems
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, g
reat
er tr
ee m
orta
lity,
red
uced
ran
gela
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, l
oss
of h
abita
t, re
duce
d so
il m
oist
ure,
wet
land
loss
, and
rip
aria
n ar
ea r
educ
tion
or lo
ss
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: S
tore
wat
er
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
spec
ial-
use
dam
s on
hig
h- e
leva
tion
mou
ntai
n la
kes
Man
age
prop
osal
s fo
r m
ajor
res
ervo
ir
cons
truc
tion
and
addi
tions
Con
duct
mea
dow
res
tora
tion
and
prom
ote
beav
er d
ams
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ex
istin
g fa
cilit
ies;
wat
er s
tora
ge s
truc
ture
sW
here
they
are
pro
pose
dEx
istin
g m
eado
w lo
catio
ns; i
mpa
cted
ri
pari
an a
reas
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
NEP
A p
olic
ies;
fore
st p
lann
ing
and
revi
sion
; sp
ecia
l use
per
mits
NEP
A; p
olic
ies;
fore
st p
lann
ing
and
revi
sion
; co
llabo
ratio
n; c
oord
inat
ion
with
oth
er
agen
cies
and
par
tner
s
Iden
tify
rest
orat
ion
oppo
rtun
ities
and
pr
iori
ties
Com
men
tsIn
crea
sed
stor
age
may
not
alw
ays
be th
e an
swer
(bec
ause
of e
vapo
ratio
n lo
ss, i
mpa
cts
to w
ater
qua
lity,
tem
pera
ture
, aqu
atic
or
gani
sm p
assa
ge, e
tc.)
Incr
ease
d st
orag
e m
ay n
ot a
lway
s be
the
answ
er (b
ecau
se o
f eva
pora
tion
loss
, im
pact
s to
wat
er q
ualit
y, te
mpe
ratu
re, a
quat
ic
orga
nism
pas
sage
, etc
.)
Incr
ease
d st
orag
e m
ay n
ot a
lway
s be
the
answ
er (b
ecau
se o
f eva
pora
tion
loss
, im
pact
s to
wat
er q
ualit
y, te
mpe
ratu
re,
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
pas
sage
, etc
.)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
440 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 5A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, g
reat
er tr
ee m
orta
lity,
red
uced
ran
gela
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, l
oss
of h
abita
t, re
duce
d so
il m
oist
ure,
wet
land
loss
, and
rip
aria
n ar
ea r
educ
tion
or lo
ss
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op p
olic
ies
for
wat
er r
ight
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
pol
icie
s re
gard
ing
ski a
rea
wat
er
righ
tsD
evel
op p
olic
ies
rega
rdin
g liv
esto
ck
man
agem
ent w
ater
use
and
wat
er r
ight
sD
evel
op p
olic
ies
rega
rdin
g ec
osys
tem
val
ues
and
serv
ices
(e.g
., in
stre
am u
se)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Sk
i are
asG
razi
ng a
llotm
ents
Nat
iona
l for
est l
ands
and
adj
acen
t lan
ds
(e.g
., pr
ivat
e la
nds,
BLM
land
s, a
nd w
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t are
as)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Nat
iona
l pol
icy
and
dire
ctiv
es;
man
agem
ent p
lans
Nat
iona
l pol
icy
and
dire
ctiv
es;
man
agem
ent p
lans
Nat
iona
l pol
icy
and
dire
ctiv
es; m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
Com
men
tsH
ighe
r le
vel p
olic
y an
d di
rect
ion
need
ed--
-N
eed
to c
onsi
der
grou
ndw
ater
and
sur
face
wat
er
inte
ract
ions
; con
side
r th
e im
pact
s of
dep
lete
d re
char
ge to
gro
undw
ater
sys
tem
s; d
evel
op
map
pro
duct
s of
gro
undw
ater
sys
tem
s an
d po
ssib
ly in
puts
and
out
puts
to s
trea
ms
and
othe
r gr
ound
wat
er-d
epen
dent
sys
tem
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht w
ill le
ad to
low
er b
ase
flow
s, g
reat
er tr
ee m
orta
lity,
red
uced
ran
gela
nd p
rodu
ctiv
ity, l
oss
of h
abita
t, re
duce
d so
il m
oist
ure,
wet
land
loss
, rip
aria
n ar
ea r
educ
tion
or lo
ss, a
nd m
ore
freq
uent
and
pos
sibl
y se
vere
wild
fire
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
onsi
der
clim
ate
chan
ge in
pos
tdis
turb
ance
(fire
, dis
ease
) res
tora
tion
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
map
pro
duct
s fo
r at
-ris
k so
ils a
nd
vege
tatio
n co
mm
uniti
esD
evel
op fo
rest
or
ecol
ogic
al r
egio
n pl
ans
for
post
dist
urba
nce
reha
bilit
atio
n,
adju
sted
to w
arm
er, d
rier
clim
ate
scen
ario
s
Dev
elop
fore
st-l
evel
str
ateg
ies
for
alte
red
hydr
olog
ical
reg
imes
(rel
ated
to in
fras
truc
ture
, ro
ads,
cul
vert
s, b
ridg
es, c
ampg
roun
ds, e
tc.)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
-lev
el p
lann
ing;
reg
iona
l gui
danc
eFo
rest
-lev
el p
lann
ing;
reg
iona
l gui
danc
eFo
rest
-lev
el p
lann
ing;
reg
iona
l gui
danc
e
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Bur
ned
Are
a Em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e (B
AER
); en
gine
erin
g de
sign
s; p
roje
ct d
esig
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
BAER
; eng
inee
ring
des
igns
; pro
ject
des
ign
and
impl
emen
tatio
nBA
ER; e
ngin
eeri
ng d
esig
ns; p
roje
ct d
esig
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
Com
men
ts--
---
---
-
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 441
Tabl
e 5A
.2—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Uin
tas
and
Was
atch
Fro
nt s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Flo
w r
egim
es w
ill b
e al
tere
d, w
ith e
arlie
r sn
owm
elt a
nd lo
wer
sum
mer
bas
e flo
ws
Ada
ptio
n st
rate
gy/a
ppro
ach:
Res
tore
func
tion
of w
ater
shed
s, r
ipar
ian
area
s, w
etla
nds,
and
gro
undw
ater
-dep
ende
nt e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Prom
ote
and
incr
ease
bea
ver
popu
latio
ns
whe
re a
ppro
pria
tePr
omot
e ap
prop
riat
e liv
esto
ck g
razi
ng
man
agem
ent
Impr
ove
wat
er d
iver
sion
and
del
iver
y sy
stem
s fo
r liv
esto
ck a
nd o
ther
use
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?W
here
ther
e is
suf
ficie
nt h
abita
t an
d be
aver
will
not
inte
rfer
e w
ith
infr
astr
uctu
re
Gra
zing
allo
tmen
ts, p
artic
ular
ly in
rip
aria
n ar
eas,
w
etla
nds,
and
gro
undw
ater
-dep
ende
nt s
yste
ms
(e.g
., sp
ring
s)
Wat
er d
evel
opm
ents
and
div
ersi
ons;
di
vert
onl
y w
hat i
s ne
eded
from
the
natu
ral s
yste
m
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Use
Uta
h St
ate
Uni
vers
ity B
eave
r R
esto
ratio
n A
sses
smen
t Too
l (B
RAT
) to
look
for
oppo
rtun
ities
and
pri
oriti
es
Ensu
re c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith p
rope
r us
e st
anda
rds
U
se s
hut-
off v
alve
s an
d sp
litte
rs; l
ocat
e tr
ough
s aw
ay fr
om w
ater
sou
rces
; im
prov
e sp
ring
dev
elop
men
ts (e
.g.,
loca
te h
ead
box
away
from
spr
ing
sour
ce)
Com
men
tsU
se li
ving
-with
-bea
ver
tact
ics;
use
ed
ucat
ion
and
outr
each
to p
rom
ote
the
bene
fits
of b
eave
r, an
d ad
dres
s co
ncer
ns
(infr
astr
uctu
re)
---
---
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
her
peak
flow
s an
d ea
rlie
r ru
noff
will
occ
ur w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se w
ater
shed
res
ilien
ce b
y re
stor
ing
stre
am a
nd fl
oodp
lain
str
uctu
re a
nd p
roce
sses
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
for
deep
-roo
ted
ripa
rian
ve
geta
tion
(con
trol
ling
inva
sive
spe
cies
) to
incr
ease
cha
nnel
sta
bilit
y
Red
uce
road
and
trai
l den
sity
nea
r st
ream
sIn
crea
se s
trea
m c
ross
ing
capa
city
(e.g
. cu
lver
ts, b
ridg
es) t
o ac
com
mod
ate
high
flo
ws
and
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
pas
sage
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll st
ream
sA
ll st
ream
sA
ll st
ream
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Man
age
for
appr
opri
ate
lives
tock
use
; m
anag
e re
crea
tion
(e.g
., al
l-te
rrai
n ve
hicl
es, t
rails
, dis
pers
ed c
amps
ites)
Use
trav
el a
naly
sis
proc
ess
to s
et p
rior
ities
an
d el
imin
ate
unne
eded
roa
ds a
nd tr
ails
(bot
h au
thor
ized
and
una
utho
rize
d)
Use
trav
el a
naly
sis
proc
ess
to s
et p
rior
ities
an
d el
imin
ate
unne
eded
roa
ds a
nd tr
ails
(b
oth
auth
oriz
ed a
nd u
naut
hori
zed)
; in
corp
orat
e st
ream
sim
ulat
ion
tool
s in
cu
lver
t and
bri
dge
desi
gn
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
442 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 5A
.2 (
cont
inue
d)—
Wat
er r
esou
rces
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Wat
er te
mpe
ratu
res
will
be
high
er d
urin
g th
e su
mm
er lo
w-fl
ow p
erio
d
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se h
abita
t res
ilien
ce b
y re
stor
ing
stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
n of
str
eam
s, r
ipar
ian
area
s, a
nd w
etla
nds
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
lives
tock
gra
zing
to r
esto
re
ecol
ogic
al fu
nctio
n of
rip
aria
n ve
geta
tion
and
mai
ntai
n st
ream
bank
con
ditio
ns
Mai
ntai
n la
rge
woo
d in
fore
sted
rip
aria
n ar
eas
for
shad
e an
d re
crui
tmen
t R
econ
nect
floo
dpla
ins
and
side
cha
nnel
s to
impr
ove
hypo
rhei
c an
d ba
se fl
ow
cond
ition
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll pe
renn
ial a
nd in
term
itten
t str
eam
s an
d w
etla
nds
All
pere
nnia
l and
inte
rmitt
ent s
trea
ms
and
wet
land
sA
ll pe
renn
ial a
nd in
term
itten
t str
eam
s an
d w
etla
nds
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Ensu
re c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith p
rope
r us
e st
anda
rds
in r
ipar
ian
area
s
Ensu
re c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith r
ipar
ian
buffe
r st
anda
rds
and
best
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
R
eloc
ate
road
s ou
t of fl
oodp
lain
s,
reco
nnec
t old
cha
nnel
s; r
educ
e ha
bita
t fr
agm
enta
tion
thro
ugh
barr
ier
rem
oval
(e
.g.,
culv
erts
, wat
er d
iver
sion
s); r
esto
re
nativ
e tr
out t
o hi
gh-e
leva
tion,
col
d-w
ater
re
fugi
a
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 443
Tabl
e 5A
.3—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Pla
teau
s su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Flo
w r
egim
es w
ill b
e al
tere
d, w
ith e
arlie
r sn
owm
elt a
nd lo
wer
sum
mer
bas
e flo
ws
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
esto
re fu
nctio
n of
wat
ersh
eds,
floo
dpla
ins,
rip
aria
n ar
eas,
wet
land
s, a
nd g
roun
dwat
er-d
epen
dent
eco
syst
ems;
res
tore
wat
er q
ualit
y, q
uant
ity,
and
timin
g
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Impl
emen
t tra
nspo
rtat
ion
syst
em im
prov
emen
ts
(e.g
., ge
nera
l BM
Ps, t
rave
l man
agem
ent
impl
emen
tatio
n, c
ulve
rt/b
ridg
e de
sign
with
st
ream
sim
ulat
ion,
roa
d re
loca
tion,
per
mea
ble
fill t
o en
cour
age
subs
urfa
ce fl
ow);
prom
ote
and
incr
ease
bea
ver
popu
latio
ns w
here
app
ropr
iate
Prom
ote
appr
opri
ate
lives
tock
gra
zing
m
anag
emen
t and
pro
per
use
stan
dard
s;
impr
ove
wat
er d
iver
sion
s, d
eliv
ery
syst
ems,
and
live
stoc
k di
stri
butio
n; d
iver
t on
ly w
hat i
s ne
eded
from
the
natu
ral
syst
em a
nd m
inim
ize
impa
ct to
spr
ing
sour
ces
(e.g
., us
e sh
ut-o
ff va
lves
and
sp
litte
rs, l
ocat
e tr
ough
s aw
ay fr
om w
ater
so
urce
s, a
nd lo
cate
hea
d bo
xes
away
from
sp
ring
sou
rces
)
Con
duct
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent (
e.g.
, m
echa
nica
l tre
atm
ents
, pre
scri
bed
fire,
and
w
ildla
nd fi
re u
se) t
o de
velo
p ap
prop
riat
e ve
geta
tion
dens
ity a
nd c
ompo
sitio
n fo
r op
timal
wat
er b
alan
ce a
nd h
ealth
y w
ater
shed
s (e
.g.,
aspe
n an
d co
nife
rs, a
nd
wat
er y
ield
)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
tize
area
s fo
r re
stor
atio
n, b
ased
on
leve
l of
degr
adat
ion
and
oppo
rtun
ities
for
impr
ovem
ent;
anal
yze
whe
re fu
nds
will
mak
e th
e m
ost
diffe
renc
e
All
graz
ing
allo
tmen
ts a
nd p
artic
ular
ly
arou
nd d
rink
ing
wat
er s
ourc
es
Pr
iori
tize
wat
ersh
eds
whe
re fi
re
supp
ress
ion
or m
anag
emen
t has
alte
red
vege
tatio
n de
nsity
and
com
posi
tion
(e.g
., w
here
con
ifers
hav
e re
plac
ed a
spen
); id
entif
y ar
eas
whe
re w
ildla
nd fi
re u
se
coul
d be
an
appr
opri
ate
tact
ic
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
444 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 5A
.3—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Pla
teau
s su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay r
esul
t in
decr
ease
d m
onso
onal
moi
stur
e in
the
sum
mer
, inc
reas
ed d
roug
ht, w
etla
nd a
nd r
ipar
ian
redu
ctio
n or
loss
, and
incr
ease
d fir
e ac
tivity
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
prov
e na
tura
l wat
er s
tora
ge a
nd r
eten
tion
thro
ugh
heal
thy
wat
ersh
eds,
rip
aria
n an
d w
etla
nd a
reas
, and
gro
undw
ater
- de
pend
ent e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
duct
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent (
e.g.
, m
echa
nica
l tre
atm
ents
, pre
scri
bed
fire,
wild
land
fir
e us
e) to
dev
elop
app
ropr
iate
veg
etat
ion
dens
ity a
nd c
ompo
sitio
n fo
r op
timal
wat
er
bala
nce
and
heal
thy
wat
ersh
eds
(e.g
., as
pen
and
coni
fers
, and
wat
er y
ield
)
Con
duct
str
eam
and
mea
dow
res
tora
tion;
pr
omot
e an
d in
crea
se b
eave
r po
pula
tions
w
here
app
ropr
iate
Man
age
spec
ial-
use
auth
oriz
atio
ns fo
r w
ater
sto
rage
(dam
s on
hig
h-el
evat
ion
mou
ntai
n la
kes)
and
oth
er w
ater
di
vers
ions
; pro
tect
and
man
age
wat
er
deve
lopm
ents
at g
roun
dwat
er-d
epen
dent
ec
osys
tem
s (s
prin
gs, w
etla
nds,
fens
, etc
.)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
tize
wat
ersh
eds
whe
re fi
re s
uppr
essi
on o
r m
anag
emen
t has
alte
red
vege
tatio
n de
nsity
and
co
mpo
sitio
n (e
.g.,
whe
re c
onife
rs h
ave
repl
aced
as
pen)
; ide
ntify
are
as w
here
wild
land
fire
use
co
uld
be a
n ap
prop
riat
e ta
ctic
Whe
re th
ere
is s
uffic
ient
hab
itat
and
beav
er w
ill n
ot in
terf
ere
with
in
fras
truc
ture
Exis
ting
and
prop
osed
faci
litie
s; w
ater
di
vers
ion
and
stor
age
stru
ctur
es
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Use
Uta
h St
ate
Uni
vers
ity B
eave
r R
esto
ratio
n A
sses
smen
t Too
l (B
RAT
) to
look
for
oppo
rtun
ities
and
pri
oriti
es;
use
livin
g-w
ith-b
eave
r ta
ctic
s; c
ondu
ct
educ
atio
n an
d ou
trea
ch to
pro
mot
e th
e be
nefit
s of
bea
ver,
and
addr
ess
conc
erns
(in
fras
truc
ture
)
Ana
lyze
for
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
and
impr
oved
effi
cien
cy d
urin
g N
atio
nal
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pol
icy
Act
pro
cess
and
re
issu
ance
of s
peci
al u
se p
erm
its
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 445
Tabl
e 5A
.4—
Wat
er r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Gre
at B
asin
and
Sem
i Des
ert s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
nges
in ty
pe a
nd a
mou
nt o
f pre
cipi
tatio
n w
ill le
ad to
cha
nges
in ti
min
g of
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
anag
e fo
r hi
ghly
func
tioni
ng r
ipar
ian
area
s th
at c
an a
bsor
b an
d sl
owly
rel
ease
the
flow
of w
ater
off
the
land
scap
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Pres
erve
rip
aria
n ar
ea fu
nctio
nalit
y th
roug
h te
rms
and
cond
ition
s of
per
mitt
ed
activ
ities
, and
util
ize
best
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
for
Fede
ral a
ctio
ns
Impl
emen
t act
ive
stre
am c
hann
el
and
ripa
rian
are
a re
stor
atio
n (e
.g.,
natu
ral c
hann
el d
esig
n, lo
g st
ruct
ures
, re
conn
ectin
g flo
odpl
ains
), or
pas
sive
re
stor
atio
n (e
.g.,
appr
opri
ate
man
agem
ent
of b
eave
r po
pula
tions
, red
uctio
n or
re
mov
al o
f act
iviti
es th
at a
re d
etri
men
tal
to r
ipar
ian
func
tion)
Des
ign
new
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd r
ebui
ld
exis
ting
infr
astr
uctu
re to
acc
omm
odat
e flo
odin
g (e
.g.,
plac
e or
rel
ocat
e in
fras
truc
ture
out
side
of r
ipar
ian
area
s;
desi
gn s
trea
m c
ross
ings
to m
inim
ize
rest
rict
ion
of fl
ow a
bove
ban
kful
l; an
d m
inim
ize
impe
rvio
us s
urfa
ces)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
446 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Appendix 6—Aquatic Organism Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for aquatic organisms, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for native fish and other aquatic organisms.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 447
Tabl
e 6A
.1—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
m a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill a
ffect
food
web
dyn
amic
s an
d nu
trie
nt fl
ows
in s
trea
ms
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
resi
lient
flow
, sed
imen
tatio
n, a
nd th
erm
al r
egim
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Red
uce
fine
sedi
men
tatio
n an
d su
bstr
ate
embe
dded
ness
Res
tore
ana
drom
ous
fish
runs
(or
carc
ass
anal
ogs,
or
bot
h)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?B
asin
s w
ith h
igh
road
den
sity
and
whe
re r
oads
ar
e di
rect
ly a
djac
ent t
o st
ream
cha
nnel
sFo
rmer
ana
drom
ous
fish
habi
tats
whe
re
mig
ratio
ns a
re b
lock
ed
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Fish
pas
sage
pas
t dam
that
pre
clud
es m
igra
tions
Com
men
tsM
itiga
te a
dver
se e
ffect
s of
sed
imen
tatio
n on
m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
com
mun
ities
---
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: War
mer
str
eam
tem
pera
ture
s m
ay fa
vor
nonn
ativ
e sp
ecie
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
onito
r fo
r in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd s
uppr
ess,
elim
inat
e, a
nd c
ontr
ol p
opul
atio
ns
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Use
env
iron
men
tal D
NA
(eD
NA
) mon
itori
ng
for
earl
y de
tect
ion
of r
iver
or
stre
am
inva
sion
s
Red
uce
or s
uppr
ess
broo
k tr
out
popu
latio
nsC
onst
ruct
bar
rier
s th
at p
reve
nt a
cces
s to
an
d in
vasi
on o
f con
serv
atio
n po
pula
tions
in
head
wat
ers
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
valu
e po
pula
tions
that
are
thou
ght t
o be
at s
igni
fican
t ris
k of
inva
sion
Hea
dwat
er la
kes
that
act
as
sour
ce
popu
latio
ns; s
mal
l, is
olat
ed s
trea
ms
whe
re
com
plet
e er
adic
atio
n is
pos
sibl
e
Sout
hern
por
tions
of I
AP
regi
on w
here
st
ream
hab
itats
are
sm
alle
r an
d m
ore
frag
men
ted
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Prio
ritiz
e am
ong
hund
reds
(tho
usan
ds?)
of
hea
dwat
er s
trea
ms
and
lake
s ac
ross
the
IAP
regi
on
Smal
l hea
dwat
er s
trea
ms
whe
re b
arri
er
cons
truc
tion
is c
ost e
ffect
ive
and
poss
ible
Com
men
tsC
osts
of e
DN
A s
ampl
ing
are
low
eno
ugh
to
mak
e th
is b
road
ly a
pplic
able
Expe
nsiv
e an
d ri
sky
to im
plem
ent;
publ
ic
supp
ort n
eede
d fo
r su
cces
sLe
ss u
sefu
l tac
tic in
are
as w
ith a
nadr
omou
s sp
ecie
s or
fluv
ial p
opul
atio
ns o
f bul
l tro
ut
and
cutth
roat
trou
t
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
448 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 6A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
m a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Nat
ive
spec
ies
dist
ribu
tions
will
shi
ft, a
nd c
omm
uniti
es w
ill r
ealig
n
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct b
iodi
vers
ity s
urve
ys to
des
crib
e cu
rren
t bas
elin
e co
nditi
ons
and
man
age
dist
ribu
tion
shift
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Form
aliz
e, e
xpan
d, a
nd s
tand
ardi
ze
biol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
pro
gram
s (e
.g.,
Man
agem
ent I
ndic
ator
Spe
cies
Use
mod
ern,
low
-cos
t tec
hnol
ogie
s su
ch
as e
DN
A/D
NA
bar
codi
ng a
nd d
igita
l ph
otop
oint
s
Ass
iste
d m
igra
tions
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ream
s/riv
ers/
lake
s th
roug
hout
IAP
area
Stre
ams,
riv
ers,
lake
s th
roug
hout
IAP
regi
onSu
itabl
e bu
t cur
rent
ly u
nocc
upie
d ha
bita
ts;
cons
ider
hab
itats
out
side
of h
isto
rica
l ran
ge
(e.g
., no
rthe
rn e
xten
t of s
peci
es d
istr
ibut
ions
) in
add
ition
to h
isto
rica
l ran
ge
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
---
Clim
ate
Shie
ld fi
sh m
odel
can
be
used
to
iden
tify
high
-pro
babi
lity
habi
tats
; use
eD
NA
to
con
firm
spe
cies
pre
senc
e or
abs
ence
, and
th
en m
ove
fish
into
hig
h-pr
obab
ility
are
as
base
d on
cur
rent
/futu
re c
limat
e fo
reca
sts
Com
men
tsB
oise
NF,
Saw
toot
h N
F, a
nd S
alm
on-C
halli
s N
F ha
ve r
otat
ing
pane
l mon
itori
ng d
esig
ns
that
pro
vide
goo
d te
mpl
ates
bec
ause
bro
ad-
scal
e st
atus
and
loca
l tre
nd in
form
atio
n ar
e re
pres
ente
d
New
gen
omic
tech
niqu
es a
nd
tech
nolo
gies
are
inex
pens
ive
and
mak
e br
oad
appl
icat
ions
mor
e fe
asib
le th
an
prev
ious
ly
This
is a
con
trov
ersi
al ta
ctic
and
car
e is
ne
eded
to d
o it
prop
erly
; if t
hrea
tene
d an
d en
dang
ered
spe
cies
are
pre
sent
, the
re a
re
perm
ittin
g pr
oced
ures
that
mus
t be
follo
wed
; th
ere
are
cons
ider
atio
ns a
bout
whe
ther
the
syst
em h
ad fi
sh h
isto
rica
lly o
r no
t (e.
g.,
geol
ogic
bar
rier
s to
sui
tabl
e ha
bita
ts);
if it
is
a lis
ted
spec
ies,
we
may
nee
d to
des
igna
te
it as
an
“exp
erim
enta
l pop
ulat
ion”
to b
e po
litic
ally
feas
ible
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 449
Tabl
e 6A
.2—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
m a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Pla
teau
s su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: War
mer
str
eam
tem
pera
ture
s m
ay fa
vor
nonn
ativ
e sp
ecie
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of n
ativ
e fis
h sp
ecie
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
lives
tock
gra
zing
to r
esto
re e
colo
gica
l fu
nctio
n of
rip
aria
n ve
geta
tion
and
mai
ntai
n st
ream
bank
con
ditio
ns
Mai
ntai
n la
rge
woo
d in
fore
sted
rip
aria
n ar
eas
for
shad
e an
d re
crui
tmen
t; re
conn
ect fl
oodp
lain
s an
d si
de c
hann
els
to im
prov
e hy
porh
eic
and
base
flow
co
nditi
ons;
con
duct
mea
dow
res
tora
tion;
au
gmen
t sno
wpa
ck w
ith s
now
fenc
es
on th
e W
asat
ch p
late
au to
incr
ease
late
su
mm
er fl
ows;
mai
ntai
n ve
geta
tion
dens
ity a
nd c
ompo
sitio
n fo
r op
timal
wat
er
bala
nce
and
snow
acc
umul
atio
n
Rem
ove
or c
ontr
ol n
onna
tive
fish
spec
ies;
m
aint
ain
or c
onst
ruct
bar
rier
s to
pre
vent
sp
read
of n
onna
tive
spec
ies;
red
uce
habi
tat
frag
men
tatio
n of
nat
ive
trou
t hab
itat t
hrou
gh
barr
ier
rem
oval
(e.g
., cu
lver
ts a
nd w
ater
di
vers
ions
); re
stor
e na
tive
trou
t to
high
-el
evat
ion,
col
d-w
ater
ref
ugia
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll pe
renn
ial a
nd in
term
itten
t str
eam
s an
d w
etla
nds
All
pere
nnia
l and
inte
rmitt
ent s
trea
ms
and
wet
land
sPr
iori
tize
area
s ba
sed
on s
ite s
peci
fic
cond
ition
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Ensu
re c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith p
rope
r us
e st
anda
rds
in r
ipar
ian
area
s
---
Wor
k w
ith S
tate
fish
and
gam
e ag
enci
es to
fa
cilit
ate
nonn
ativ
e sp
ecie
s re
mov
al a
nd
nativ
e tr
out r
esto
ratio
n
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
450 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 6A
.3—
Aqu
atic
org
anis
m a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Gre
at B
asin
and
Sem
i Des
ert s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tra
nsiti
on o
r lo
ss o
f bio
dive
rsity
may
occ
ur w
ith c
ross
ing
of e
colo
gica
l typ
e th
resh
olds
(bro
adly
acc
ount
ing
for
chan
ges
in c
onne
ctiv
ity, t
empe
ratu
re, a
nd w
ater
qua
ntity
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: U
nder
stan
d an
d m
anag
e fo
r co
mm
unity
-lev
el p
atte
rns
and
proc
esse
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
Ttac
tic
– C
Tact
ics
Util
ize
best
ava
ilabl
e te
chno
logy
to
mon
itor,
reco
rd, a
nd d
istr
ibut
e in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he d
istr
ibut
ion
of
a br
oad
arra
y of
aqu
atic
spe
cies
(e.g
., en
viro
nmen
tal D
NA
, nat
iona
l dat
abas
es)
Dev
elop
and
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g,
adap
tive
actio
ns, a
nd m
odel
s re
late
d to
non
gam
e aq
uatic
spe
cies
(e.g
., m
usse
ls, d
ace,
scu
lpin
, spr
ings
nails
, and
am
phib
ians
)
Con
tinue
to r
efine
and
impr
ove
unde
rsta
ndin
g, a
dapt
ive
actio
ns, a
nd
mod
els
rela
ted
to c
old-
wat
er s
alm
onid
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 451
Appendix 7—Forest Vegetation Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for forest vegetation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for forest vegetation.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
452 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 7A
.1—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Dis
turb
ance
s w
ill a
ffect
land
scap
e-sc
ale
patte
rns,
str
uctu
re, a
nd s
peci
es c
ompo
sitio
n
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
reat
e la
ndsc
ape
patte
rns
that
are
res
ilien
t to
past
and
exp
ecte
d di
stur
banc
e re
gim
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
tinue
res
earc
h on
exp
ecte
d fu
ture
di
stur
banc
e re
gim
es; e
valu
ate
pote
ntia
l tr
ansi
tions
and
thre
shol
ds
Impr
ove
com
mun
icat
ion
acro
ss b
ound
arie
s
Man
age
for
dive
rsity
of s
truc
ture
and
pat
ch
size
with
fire
and
mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Lo
cal,
regi
onal
, nat
iona
l sca
les
Inte
rnal
ly a
nd e
xter
nally
(with
par
tner
s)
Wat
ersh
ed(s
)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Use
For
est I
nven
tory
and
Ana
lysi
s (F
IA)
prog
ram
dat
a to
impr
ove
or e
stab
lish
mon
itori
ng
Wor
ksho
ps; c
olla
bora
tive
grou
ps; g
et
exte
rnal
par
tner
s to
do
“tra
nsla
tiona
l ec
olog
y” (t
ellin
g a
layp
erso
n st
ory
that
the
publ
ic w
ill li
sten
to a
nd a
ccep
t)
Land
scap
e-sc
ale
proj
ects
(e.g
., th
inni
ng, fi
re)
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Shi
fts in
hyd
rolo
gica
l reg
ime
will
occ
ur a
nd in
volv
e ch
ange
s in
tim
ing
and
mag
nitu
de o
f flow
s;
expe
cted
cha
nges
incl
ude
low
er s
umm
er fl
ows,
hig
her
and
mor
e fr
eque
nt w
inte
r flo
ws,
and
pot
entia
lly a
dec
reas
e in
rip
aria
n ve
geta
tion
abun
danc
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
prom
ote
ripa
rian
pro
cess
es a
nd fu
nctio
ns
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Man
age
upla
nd v
eget
atio
n th
at in
fluen
ces
ripa
rian
fu
nctio
n an
d pr
oces
s (e
.g.,
with
thin
ning
and
pr
escr
ibed
fire
)
Res
tore
“tr
ue”
ripa
rian
obl
igat
e sp
ecie
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
djac
ent t
o ri
pari
an v
eget
atio
n w
here
con
ditio
ns d
o no
t opt
imiz
e or
pro
mot
e ri
pari
an fu
nctio
n an
d pr
oces
s A
quat
ic C
onse
rvat
ion
Stra
tegy
pri
oriti
es (m
ight
hav
e lis
ted
fish
or w
ildlif
e); w
here
upl
and,
inva
sive
, or
unde
sira
ble
spec
ies
are
outc
ompe
ting
nativ
e sp
ecie
s;
loca
tions
that
hav
e be
en in
appr
opri
atel
y m
anag
ed in
th
e pa
st
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Thin
ning
and
pre
scri
bed
fire
proj
ects
Trea
tmen
ts o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s; p
lant
ing
and
seed
ing;
th
inni
ng a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
e pr
ojec
ts
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 453
Tabl
e 7A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: The
wes
tern
larc
h ni
che
may
be
lost
(los
s of
hab
itat);
reg
ener
atio
n m
ay b
e re
duce
d by
oth
er
coni
fers
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se c
ompe
titiv
e ab
ility
of w
este
rn la
rch
and
its r
esili
ence
to c
hang
ing
fire
regi
mes
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Cre
ate
gaps
in fo
rest
s to
red
uce
com
petit
ion
and
incr
ease
larc
h vi
gor
Reg
ener
ate
larc
h w
ith a
ppro
pria
te s
ite p
repa
ratio
n (e
.g.,
pres
crib
ed b
urni
ng,
follo
wed
by
plan
ting)
; cre
ate
appr
opri
ate
fire
regi
me
and
fuel
load
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ands
with
larc
h
Hab
itats
that
can
sup
port
larc
h
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Plac
es w
ith la
rger
land
scap
e m
anag
emen
t pro
ject
s Pl
aces
with
larg
er la
ndsc
ape
man
agem
ent p
roje
cts
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lar
ge-s
cale
dis
turb
ance
s (b
eetle
s, fi
re, w
hite
pin
e bl
iste
r ru
st) w
ill im
pact
whi
teba
rk p
ine
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se c
ompe
titiv
e ab
ility
and
res
ilien
ce o
f whi
teba
rk p
ine
to c
hang
ing
dist
urba
nce
regi
mes
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
CSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– D
Tact
ics
Con
trol
bee
tles
Day
light
(thi
n) to
red
uce
com
petit
ion
(usu
ally
invo
lves
rem
ovin
g su
balp
ine
fir)
Reg
ener
ate
rust
-res
ista
nt
stra
ins;
incr
ease
see
d so
urce
s;
mai
ntai
n ca
che
site
s
Cre
ate
fuel
brea
ks
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
otec
t tre
es in
hig
h-va
lue
area
s; im
port
ant
in C
entr
al Id
aho
and
the
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e ar
ea
Impl
emen
t in
acce
ssib
le a
reas
and
hi
gh-v
alue
are
as (b
est r
ust-
resi
stan
t ar
eas
and
area
s of
hig
h ha
bita
t and
re
crea
tion
valu
e)
Are
as o
f dis
turb
ance
, or
area
s w
ith lo
w r
esis
tanc
e; m
aint
ain
dens
ity fo
r C
lark
’s nu
tcra
cker
In a
cces
sibl
e an
d hi
gh-v
alue
are
as
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Use
Ver
beno
ne to
pro
tect
tr
ees
from
bee
tles;
use
af
ter
snow
mel
t (co
nsid
er
seas
onal
con
stra
ints
)
---
In a
cces
sibl
e ar
eas
In lo
catio
ns a
djac
ent t
o su
balp
ine
fir o
r ot
her
leth
al fi
re r
egim
e ar
eas
Com
men
ts--
-Th
ink
abou
t lad
der
fuel
s an
d fu
el
miti
gatio
n is
sues
whe
n da
ylig
htin
gO
nly
have
sm
all c
apac
ity s
o fa
r. Th
ere
is a
whi
teba
rk p
ine
seed
orc
hard
in R
egio
n 1.
Con
side
r im
pact
s to
soils
and
long
-ter
mm
aint
enan
ce
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
454 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 7A
.2—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cap
acity
for
aspe
n st
and
rege
nera
tion
will
be
redu
ced
due
to d
irec
t and
indi
rect
impa
cts
from
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se c
apac
ity fo
r as
pen
stan
d re
gene
ratio
n
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Incr
ease
the
prop
ortio
n of
the
land
scap
e th
at is
in
ear
ly-s
ucce
ssio
nal s
tage
s
Max
imiz
e fle
xibi
lity
in m
anag
ing
herb
ivor
yM
axim
ize
gene
tic d
iver
sity
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?La
ndsc
apes
with
hig
h pr
opor
tion
of la
ter-
sera
l as
pen
mix
ed c
onife
rFo
cus
on s
ites
with
goo
d as
pen
site
pot
entia
lLa
ndsc
apes
follo
win
g se
vere
fire
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Pres
crib
ed fi
re, w
ildfir
e m
anag
emen
t, c
ultu
ral
trea
tmen
tsC
ontin
ue to
wor
k w
ith e
xist
ing
part
ners
hips
an
d de
velo
p ne
w p
artn
ersh
ips
Prot
ectin
g se
edlin
gs
Com
men
tsR
educ
ed s
now
pack
and
incr
ease
d fr
eque
ncy
and
seve
rity
of d
roug
ht c
reat
e in
crea
sed
aspe
n ex
posu
re to
her
bivo
ry d
urin
g po
stdi
stur
banc
e re
gene
ratio
n
---
Cur
rent
ly e
stab
lishi
ng n
ew a
spen
clo
nes
from
see
d
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Whi
teba
rk p
ine
(WB
P) c
omm
uniti
es w
ill b
e su
scep
tible
to c
hang
es in
dis
turb
ance
reg
imes
(i.e
., fir
e, in
sect
s, a
nd d
isea
se)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of w
hite
bark
com
mun
ity ty
pes
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Impr
ove
stru
ctur
al d
iver
sity
of W
BP
com
mun
ities
at m
ultip
le s
cale
sIm
prov
e ag
e-cl
ass
dive
rsity
of W
BP
com
mun
ities
at m
ultip
le s
cale
sC
ondu
ct r
esto
ratio
n w
here
WB
P is
cu
rren
tly a
bsen
t
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?W
BP
com
mun
ities
dom
inat
ed b
y la
te-
succ
essi
onal
con
ifero
us s
peci
es
WB
P co
mm
uniti
es d
omin
ated
by
late
- su
cces
sion
al c
onife
rous
spe
cies
Site
s th
at h
ave
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
pot
entia
l to
sup
port
WB
P bu
t whe
re it
is c
urre
ntly
ab
sent
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Pres
crib
ed fi
re a
nd s
ilvic
ultu
ral t
reat
men
tsPr
escr
ibed
fire
and
silv
icul
tura
l tre
atm
ents
Reg
ener
atio
n tr
eatm
ents
usi
ng d
isea
se-
resi
stan
t WB
P
Com
men
tsA
lthou
gh W
BP
has
limite
d ge
ogra
phic
ext
ent,
it is
con
side
red
a ke
ysto
ne s
peci
es--
---
-
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 455
Tabl
e 7A
.2 (
cont
inue
d)—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
chan
ges
in s
oil m
oist
ure
in m
esic
mea
dow
s an
d ri
pari
an g
rass
land
and
forb
com
mun
ities
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
plem
ent m
anag
emen
t str
ateg
ies
that
ret
ain
soil
moi
stur
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Mai
ntai
n an
d im
prov
e so
il fu
nctio
n an
d he
alth
Impr
ove
stre
am c
hann
el fu
nctio
nM
anag
e up
land
fore
st v
eget
atio
n
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
reas
con
trib
utin
g to
det
rim
enta
l soi
l m
oist
ure
rete
ntio
nW
here
str
eam
func
tion
is im
pair
ed; p
rior
itize
w
here
mos
t effe
ctiv
eC
onife
r en
croa
chm
ent i
n m
eado
ws
and
gras
slan
ds
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Div
ertin
g ac
tiviti
es a
way
from
thes
e ar
eas;
pr
iori
tize
whe
re m
ost e
ffect
ive
Rip
aria
n re
stor
atio
n; r
esto
re a
nd p
rote
ct
beav
er p
opul
atio
ns; i
mpr
ove
lives
tock
m
anag
emen
t
Cul
tura
l tre
atm
ents
Com
men
tsPl
an a
nd im
plem
ent i
nfra
stru
ctur
e to
m
inim
ize
impa
cts
on m
esic
and
wet
m
eado
ws
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Upp
er tr
eelin
e m
ay m
ove
upw
ard
in e
leva
tion
into
alp
ine
com
mun
ities
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
cqui
re in
form
atio
n to
dev
elop
und
erst
andi
ng o
f sen
sitiv
ity to
clim
ate
chan
ge
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Esta
blis
h m
onito
ring
site
sD
evel
op s
eed
tran
sfer
gui
delin
esD
evel
op s
eed
colle
ctio
n an
d st
orag
e gu
idel
ines
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?R
esea
rch
Nat
ural
Are
asR
esea
rch
Nat
ural
Are
as--
-
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
456 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 7A
.3—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lar
ge-s
cale
dis
turb
ance
s w
ill im
pact
land
scap
e st
ruct
ural
div
ersi
ty o
f per
sist
ent l
odge
pole
pin
e (L
P) a
nd a
vaila
ble
seed
s so
urce
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
land
scap
e he
tero
gene
ity to
miti
gate
adv
erse
impa
cts
from
fire
and
mou
ntai
n pi
ne b
eetle
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Prom
ote
stru
ctur
al d
iver
sity
at m
ultip
le s
cale
sFo
cus
atte
ntio
n on
col
lect
ion
of v
iabl
e se
rotin
ous
LP s
eed
sour
ces
Use
ava
ilabl
e m
appi
ng p
rodu
cts
to id
entif
y ar
eas
of p
oten
tial s
erot
inou
s LP
see
d so
urce
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
omog
eneo
us la
ndsc
apes
From
ser
otin
ous
LP c
ones
that
cov
er
a w
ide
rang
e of
ele
vatio
nal b
ands
on
natio
nal f
ores
t and
adj
acen
t lan
ds
Fore
st a
nd a
djac
ent l
ando
wne
rs
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Reg
ener
atio
n ha
rves
t and
pre
scri
bed
fire
(incl
udin
g w
ildfir
e fo
r ec
olog
ical
ben
efit)
in
area
s w
here
feas
ible
The
Ash
ley
Nat
iona
l For
est h
as th
e hi
ghes
t po
tent
ial f
or s
erot
inou
s LP
col
lect
ions
in
the
Uin
tas
and
Was
atch
Fro
nt
Fore
st In
vent
ory
and
Ana
lysi
s
Com
men
tsTh
e no
rth
slop
e of
the
Ash
ley
Nat
iona
l For
est
curr
ently
has
an
over
abun
danc
e of
you
nger
ag
e cl
asse
s
The
Uin
ta-W
asat
ch-C
ache
Nat
iona
l For
est
has
limite
d LP
con
e se
rotin
y; th
e M
anti-
La
Sal N
atio
nal F
ores
t doe
s no
t hav
e LP
---
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Red
uced
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y w
ill a
ffect
the
frin
ge o
f per
sist
ent a
spen
com
mun
ity ty
pes
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: F
ocus
on
area
s w
here
per
sist
ent a
spen
com
mun
ities
are
exp
ecte
d to
exp
and
and
mai
ntai
n co
mm
uniti
es w
here
futu
re c
limat
ic c
ondi
tions
will
al
low
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Rem
ove
com
petin
g ve
geta
tion
(e.g
., co
mm
on
juni
per)
and
con
trol
ung
ulat
e br
owsi
ng to
al
low
for
recr
uitm
ent
Red
uce
dens
ity o
f con
ifer
spec
ies
Use
ava
ilabl
e m
appi
ng p
rodu
cts
to id
entif
y ar
eas
of p
oten
tial e
xpan
sion
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?O
n fr
inge
of e
xist
ing
pers
iste
nt a
spen
co
mm
uniti
esO
utsi
de o
f exi
stin
g st
ands
whe
re p
ersi
sten
t as
pen
is e
xpec
ted
to e
xpan
dA
reas
adj
acen
t to
exis
ting
pers
iste
nt a
spen
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Pass
ive
man
agem
ent;
limite
d us
e of
cul
tura
l tr
eatm
ents
, pre
scri
bed
fire,
and
fenc
ing
Focu
s on
act
ive
man
agem
ent:
cultu
ral
trea
tmen
ts a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
eW
ork
with
oth
er d
isci
plin
es to
iden
tify
pote
ntia
l are
as o
f exp
ansi
on (e
.g.,
soils
, ra
nge)
Com
men
tsSc
ale
of tr
eatm
ents
nee
ds to
be
larg
e en
ough
to
miti
gate
effe
cts
of u
ngul
ates
Whe
re p
aren
t mat
eria
l will
sup
port
pe
rsis
tent
asp
en (e
.g.,
fine-
text
ured
ca
lcar
eous
soi
ls)
Use
exi
stin
g da
ta s
ourc
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 457
Tabl
e 7A
.3 (
cont
inue
d)—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay le
ad to
a r
educ
tion
in th
e sp
ruce
-fir
com
pone
nt in
sub
alpi
ne s
pruc
e-fir
fore
sts,
whi
ch w
ill b
e ex
acer
bate
d by
cur
rent
spr
uce
beet
le o
utbr
eaks
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
spec
ies
and
age-
clas
s di
vers
ity
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Reg
ener
atio
n tr
eatm
ents
(e.g
., ha
rves
t, pr
escr
ibed
fir
e) th
at fo
cus
on m
aint
aini
ng s
peci
es d
iver
sity
; pl
ant a
var
iety
of s
peci
es in
clud
ing
Enge
lman
n sp
ruce
, Dou
glas
-fir,
and
LP
Col
lect
see
d th
at w
ill c
over
a w
ide
rang
e of
see
d zo
nes
and
spec
ies
Plan
t a g
enet
ical
ly d
iver
se m
ix b
ased
on
adap
tive
trai
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
and
adj
acen
t lan
dow
ners
Fo
rest
and
adj
acen
t lan
dow
ners
Fo
rest
and
adj
acen
t lan
dow
ners
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Tim
ber
harv
est a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
e in
are
as w
here
fe
asib
leA
reas
that
stil
l hav
e vi
able
see
d so
urce
sR
efine
see
d zo
ne m
aps
base
d on
exp
ecte
d ge
netic
ada
ptat
ion
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
458 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 7A
.4—
Fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he P
late
aus
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Lac
k of
dis
turb
ance
has
cau
sed
shift
s in
spe
cies
com
posi
tion
and
stru
ctur
e in
dry
mix
ed c
onife
r fo
rest
s, p
uttin
g th
em a
t ris
k of
hi
gh-s
ever
ity fi
re w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
rest
ore
spec
ies
and
age-
clas
s di
vers
ity
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Iden
tify
and
map
hig
hest
ris
k ar
eas
at th
e la
ndsc
ape
leve
l to
prov
ide
cont
ext f
or
prio
ritiz
atio
n
Red
uce
stan
d de
nsity
and
shi
ft co
mpo
sitio
n to
war
d sp
ecie
s th
at a
re m
ore
fire
adap
tive
and
drou
ght t
oler
ant
Res
tore
age
-cla
ss d
iver
sity
whi
le p
rote
ctin
g le
gacy
tree
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll la
nds
Prio
ritiz
e hi
ghes
t ris
k st
ands
in te
rms
of
fire,
inse
cts,
and
dis
ease
Prio
ritiz
e, in
term
s of
fire
, ins
ects
, and
di
seas
e, th
e hi
ghes
t ris
k st
ands
that
cur
rent
ly
cont
ain
a co
mpo
nent
of l
egac
y tr
ees
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Inte
grat
ion
with
oth
er r
esou
rces
(e.g
., w
ildlif
e, a
quat
ics,
fire
and
fuel
s)C
ultu
ral t
reat
men
ts a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
eC
ultu
ral t
reat
men
ts a
nd p
resc
ribe
d fir
e
Com
men
tsW
ill a
ccep
t and
rec
ogni
ze a
ntic
ipat
ed
elev
atio
nal s
hifts
in s
peci
esIn
sect
pre
vent
ion
and
supp
ress
ion
trea
tmen
tsTh
in p
rior
to p
resc
ribe
d fir
e to
red
uce
risk
of
losi
ng le
gacy
tree
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 459
Appendix 8—Nonforest Vegetation Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for nonforest vegetation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for nonforest vegetation.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
460 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 8A
.1—
Non
fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay r
esul
t in
a lo
ss o
f sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s (W
yom
ing,
mou
ntai
n bi
g, b
asin
sag
ebru
sh s
peci
es)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
prov
e re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce o
f sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
trol
inva
sive
spe
cies
affe
ctin
g ec
olog
y of
sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s, b
y m
inim
izin
g sp
read
and
usi
ng b
iolo
gica
l con
trol
s,
herb
icid
es, a
nd m
echa
nica
l tre
atm
ents
Mai
ntai
n na
tive
pere
nnia
ls b
y: u
tiliz
ing
for
rest
orat
ion
(pla
ntin
g) n
ativ
e se
ed s
ourc
es th
at
will
be
adap
ted
to fu
ture
clim
ate
cond
ition
s;
usin
g fu
elbr
eaks
and
gra
zing
str
ateg
ies;
fenc
ing
for
prot
ectio
n; a
nd m
odify
ing
graz
ing
stra
tegi
es
to a
llow
for
flexi
bilit
y on
sea
son
of u
se
Map
res
ilien
ce a
nd r
esis
tanc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge to
aid
in p
rior
itizi
ng a
reas
for
trea
tmen
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
tize
and
impl
emen
t in
area
s w
ith
high
pro
babi
lity
of tr
eatm
ent s
ucce
ss; a
lso
impl
emen
t in
high
-val
ue a
reas
Prio
ritiz
e an
d im
plem
ent i
n ar
eas
with
hi
gh p
roba
bilit
y of
trea
tmen
t suc
cess
; als
o im
plem
ent i
n hi
gh-v
alue
are
as
Acr
oss
all a
reas
usi
ng s
oil,
vege
tatio
n, a
nd
exis
ting
info
rmat
ion;
util
ize
sage
brus
h re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce r
atin
g cr
iteri
a
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Stat
e an
d C
ount
y w
eed
man
agem
ent
agre
emen
ts; i
nclu
de in
fore
st a
nd
allo
tmen
t man
agem
ent p
lans
In p
ostfi
re r
ehab
ilita
tion,
oil
and
gas
rest
orat
ion
site
s, tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
infr
astr
uctu
re, a
nd
allo
tmen
ts
In fo
rest
pla
nnin
g as
sess
men
ts, a
nd
allo
tmen
t man
agem
ent p
lans
Com
men
tsN
eed
bette
r m
onito
ring
and
all-
land
s pa
rtne
ring
Nee
d be
tter
mon
itori
ng a
nd a
ll-la
nds
part
neri
ngN
eed
bette
r m
onito
ring
and
all-
land
s pa
rtne
ring
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
see
d zo
nes
and
prom
ote
prop
agat
ion
of n
ativ
e se
ed s
ourc
es fo
r sa
gebr
ush
ecos
yste
ms
Ada
pt g
razi
ng m
anag
emen
t to
chan
ging
cl
imat
es a
nd e
colo
gica
l pot
entia
l
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?R
egio
nwid
e se
ed z
one
map
ping
Allo
tmen
ts w
here
soi
ls a
nd h
ydro
logy
sup
port
fu
ture
sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s in
a w
arm
ing
clim
ate
(see
res
ilien
ce a
nd r
esis
tanc
e m
appi
ng
tact
ic)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Col
labo
rate
with
Sta
te, o
ther
Fed
eral
ag
enci
es, n
urse
ries
, non
gove
rnm
enta
l or
gani
zatio
ns, a
nd p
rivat
e co
mpa
nies
, pr
iori
tizin
g sp
ecie
s fo
r pr
opag
atio
n
Prio
ritiz
e sa
gebr
ush
syst
ems
that
hav
e po
tent
ial
to m
aint
ain
ecol
ogic
al c
ompo
nent
s fo
r lis
ted
or
pote
ntia
lly li
sted
spe
cies
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 461
Tabl
e 8A
.2—
Non
fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he P
late
aus
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
atic
ally
sui
tabl
e ha
bita
t for
per
sist
ent p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r ec
osys
tem
s m
ay b
e lo
st
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
rest
ore
ecol
ogic
al in
tegr
ity o
f per
sist
ent p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r co
mm
uniti
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Iden
tify
and
map
per
sist
ent p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r co
mm
uniti
es (v
ersu
s en
croa
ched
pin
yon-
juni
per)
and
ass
ess
curr
ent c
ondi
tions
Red
uce
inva
sive
spe
cies
; mai
ntai
n or
re
stor
e na
tive
unde
rsto
ry c
ompo
sitio
n M
aint
ain
or r
esto
re s
truc
tura
l div
ersi
ty to
pr
omot
e na
tura
l dis
turb
ance
reg
imes
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll la
nds
At-
risk
per
sist
ent c
omm
uniti
es
At-
risk
per
sist
ent c
omm
uniti
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
462 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 8A
.3—
Non
fore
st v
eget
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Sag
ebru
sh (W
yom
ing,
mou
ntai
n bi
g, b
asin
sag
ebru
sh s
peci
es) e
cosy
stem
s m
ay b
e lo
st to
ann
ual g
rass
es
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
prov
e re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce o
f sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
A
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics:
Map
res
ilien
ce a
nd r
esis
tanc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge
(spe
cific
to a
nnua
ls) t
o ai
d in
pri
oriti
zing
are
as fo
r tr
eatm
ents
. Whe
re c
an w
e m
ake
a di
ffere
nce
in th
e sh
ort t
erm
?
Prot
ect r
efug
ia; i
f ann
ual g
rass
es a
re n
ot
pres
ent,
keep
them
out
thro
ugh
repe
at
mon
itori
ng (o
f exp
erim
ents
with
con
trol
s),
educ
atio
n, s
eed
colle
ctio
n, a
nd g
enet
ic
anal
ysis
Man
age
sage
brus
h to
res
ist i
nvas
ion
of
annu
als;
con
duct
:1.
Edu
catio
n2.
Tar
gete
d gr
azin
g (n
ot c
hang
ing
perm
ittee
)3.
Inva
sive
spe
cies
con
trol
by
min
imiz
ing
spre
ad a
nd u
sing
bio
logi
cal c
ontr
ols,
he
rbic
ides
, and
mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts4.
Mai
nten
ance
of n
ativ
e pe
renn
ials
by:
ut
ilizi
ng fo
r re
stor
atio
n (p
lant
ing)
nat
ive
seed
sou
rces
that
will
be
adap
ted
to fu
ture
cl
imat
e co
nditi
ons;
usi
ng fu
elbr
eaks
and
gr
azin
g st
rate
gies
; fen
cing
for
prot
ectio
n;
and
mod
ifyin
g gr
azin
g st
rate
gies
to a
llow
for
flexi
bilit
y on
sea
son
of u
se
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?--
---
---
-
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Stat
e an
d C
ount
y w
eed
man
agem
ent
agre
emen
ts; i
nclu
de in
fore
st a
nd a
llotm
ent
man
agem
ent p
lans
Post
fire
reha
bilit
atio
n; o
il an
d ga
s re
stor
atio
n si
tes;
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d in
fras
truc
ture
; al
lotm
ents
Com
men
tsTh
is is
the
first
ste
p; th
en o
ther
tact
ics
can
be
impl
emen
ted
Nee
d be
tter
mon
itori
ng a
nd a
ll-la
nds
part
neri
ngN
eed
bette
r m
onito
ring
and
all-
land
s pa
rtne
ring
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Sag
ebru
sh (W
yom
ing,
mou
ntai
n bi
g, b
asin
sag
ebru
sh s
peci
es) e
cosy
stem
s m
ay b
e lo
st to
ann
ual g
rass
es
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Im
prov
e re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce o
f sag
ebru
sh e
cosy
stem
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
D
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ESp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– F
Tact
ics
If an
nual
gra
sses
are
pre
sent
, ada
pt a
nd m
ake
use
of it
; tal
k w
ith o
ther
reg
ions
, suc
h as
Reg
ion
5,
to s
hare
idea
s; c
ondu
ct r
esea
rch;
con
side
r nu
rse
crop
s, e
spec
ially
afte
r fir
e
Dev
elop
see
d zo
nes
and
prom
ote
prop
agat
ion
of n
ativ
e se
ed s
ourc
es fo
r sa
gebr
ush
ecos
yste
ms
Ada
pt g
razi
ng m
anag
emen
t to
chan
ging
cl
imat
es a
nd e
colo
gica
l pot
entia
l
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
cros
s al
l are
as u
sing
soi
l, ve
geta
tion,
and
oth
er
exis
ting
info
rmat
ion;
util
ize
sage
brus
h re
silie
nce
and
resi
stan
ce r
atin
g cr
iteri
a
Reg
ionw
ide
seed
zon
e m
appi
ngA
llotm
ents
whe
re s
oils
and
hyd
rolo
gy
supp
ort f
utur
e sa
gebr
ush
ecos
yste
ms
in
a w
arm
ing
clim
ate
(see
res
ilien
ce a
nd
resi
stan
ce m
appi
ng ta
ctic
)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
In fo
rest
pla
nnin
g as
sess
men
ts, a
nd a
llotm
ent
man
agem
ent p
lans
Col
labo
rate
with
Sta
te, o
ther
Fed
eral
ag
enci
es, n
urse
ries
, non
gove
rnm
enta
l or
gani
zatio
ns, a
nd p
rivat
e co
mpa
nies
, pr
iori
tizin
g sp
ecie
s fo
r pr
opag
atio
n
Prio
ritiz
e sa
gebr
ush
syst
ems
that
hav
e po
tent
ial t
o m
aint
ain
ecol
ogic
al c
ompo
nent
s fo
r lis
ted
or p
oten
tially
list
ed s
peci
es
Com
men
tsN
eed
bette
r m
onito
ring
and
all-
land
s pa
rtne
ring
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 463
Appendix 9—Ecological Disturbance Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for ecological distur-bance, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for ecological disturbances.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
464 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 9A
.1—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e w
ildfir
es w
ill o
ccur
with
war
mer
, dri
er c
ondi
tions
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct p
ostfi
re r
esto
ratio
n an
d m
anag
e po
stdi
stur
banc
e re
spon
se
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Iden
tify,
pri
oriti
ze, a
nd p
rote
ct v
alue
s at
ris
k;
initi
ate
prog
ram
s to
ass
ess
valu
es a
nd d
eter
min
e be
st p
rote
ctio
n ac
tions
; res
ourc
es in
clud
e so
il,
wat
er, i
nfra
stru
ctur
e, a
nd v
eget
atio
n fo
r m
ass
was
ting
prev
entio
n
Prefi
re p
lann
ing
to im
prov
e re
spon
se ti
me
and
effic
ienc
y; p
rior
itizi
ng k
ey a
reas
at
risk
to g
eolo
gic
haza
rd a
nd o
ther
are
as a
t ri
sk (e
.g.,
infr
astr
uctu
re, t
hrea
tene
d an
d en
dang
ered
spe
cies
hab
itat,
area
s th
at m
ay
com
prom
ise
publ
ic h
ealth
and
saf
ety
and
wat
er s
uppl
y)
Con
duct
pos
tfire
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent
and
prev
ent i
nvas
ive
spec
ies
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
eeds
to b
e do
ne a
t for
est l
evel
, as
it w
ill
be d
icta
ted
by lo
cal n
eeds
; foc
us o
n ar
eas
thre
aten
ing
publ
ic h
ealth
and
saf
ety
Nee
ds to
be
an a
ll-la
nds
appr
oach
; for
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
, bot
h fo
rest
s an
d di
stri
cts
need
to b
e in
volv
ed
In k
ey a
reas
iden
tified
in p
repl
anni
ng a
nd
BAER
; nee
ds to
be
an a
ll-la
nds
appr
oach
; for
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
, bot
h fo
rest
s an
d di
stri
cts
need
to
be
invo
lved
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Post
fire;
initi
ate
imm
edia
te r
espo
nse
for
phys
ical
res
ourc
es (B
urne
d A
rea
Emer
genc
y R
espo
nse
[BA
ER])
; ide
ntify
val
ues
with
non
-Fo
rest
Ser
vice
sta
keho
lder
s
Con
duct
a G
IS e
xerc
ise
to id
entif
y fo
cal
area
s fo
r so
il st
abili
zatio
n; id
entif
y ke
y co
ld-w
ater
ref
ugia
(use
fish
ass
essm
ent
info
rmat
ion)
Post
dist
urba
nce;
if p
lann
ed a
head
of t
ime,
fir
e (a
nd th
e fu
ndin
g) c
an b
e us
ed in
a
stra
tegi
c w
ay to
impr
ove
ecol
ogic
al a
nd
othe
r co
nditi
ons,
and
pub
lic p
erce
ptio
n an
d un
ders
tand
ing
Com
men
ts--
-N
eed
a lo
ng-t
erm
pla
n fo
r fir
e re
spon
se
and
rest
orat
ion;
nee
d to
take
a m
ore
stra
tegi
c ap
proa
ch in
stea
d of
wai
ting
until
af
ter
even
t occ
urs
Nee
ds to
be
clim
ate-
smar
t and
con
side
r w
hat i
s ap
prop
riat
e fo
r a
give
n ni
che
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 465
Tabl
e 9A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge m
ay r
esul
t in
incr
ease
d m
orta
lity
due
to n
ativ
e in
sect
s an
d di
seas
es (b
ark
beet
les,
def
olia
tors
, and
dw
arf
mis
tleto
es)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esis
tanc
e an
d re
silie
nce
to b
eetle
s in
sta
nds
and
land
scap
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
for
age-
and
siz
e-cl
ass
dive
rsity
Prot
ect h
igh-
valu
e ar
eas
with
trap
tree
fe
lling
, bee
tle tr
aps,
spr
ayin
g, r
educ
ed b
asal
ar
ea, b
eetle
ris
k ra
ting,
and
phe
rom
ones
Man
age
for
spec
ies
dive
rsity
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
valu
e la
ndsc
apes
with
low
siz
e-cl
ass
dive
rsity
; lim
ited
to w
here
ther
e is
acc
ess
Hig
h-va
lue
area
sH
igh-
valu
e la
ndsc
apes
with
low
spe
cies
di
vers
ity (e
spec
ially
in m
onot
ypic
are
as);
limite
d to
whe
re th
ere
is a
cces
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Mer
chan
tabl
e tim
ber
area
s, s
ince
ther
e is
a
need
for
mar
kets
to p
ay fo
r tr
eatm
ents
; thi
s m
ay d
epen
d on
spe
cies
and
qua
lity
(siz
e,
form
); ne
ed to
con
side
r ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s to
ge
t par
tner
buy
-in;
bio
mas
s en
ergy
is a
val
ue-
adde
d pr
oduc
t
Can
be
appl
ied
near
cam
pgro
unds
and
ot
her
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd in
the
wild
land
- ur
ban
inte
rfac
e; c
an a
lso
be a
pplie
d in
see
d or
char
ds, p
roge
ny a
reas
, and
gen
etic
ally
re
sist
ant t
rees
(whi
teba
rk p
ine)
In fo
rest
-typ
e tr
ansi
tion
area
s;ne
eds
to b
e an
all-
land
s ap
proa
ch a
nd
incl
ude
Cou
ntie
s, S
tate
s, a
nd r
esid
ents
Com
men
tsN
eed
for
the
righ
t tim
ing,
pub
lic e
duca
tion,
an
d th
e ri
ght a
ctiv
ities
in th
e ri
ght p
lace
s;
mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
ts a
re li
mite
d; th
ere
are
supp
ly is
sues
Mai
nten
ance
nec
essa
ry; t
imin
g is
impo
rtan
t; ne
ed to
mon
itor
beet
le p
opul
atio
ns to
kno
w
whe
n to
do
thin
gs;
how
do
we
do th
is w
ith p
artn
ers?
May
pro
vide
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r as
sist
ed
mig
ratio
n; m
echa
nica
l tre
atm
ents
are
lim
ited;
how
do
we
do th
is w
ith p
artn
ers?
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
466 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 9A
.1 (
cont
inue
d)—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Mid
dle
Roc
kies
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e pe
ople
res
idin
g in
the
fore
st e
nvir
onm
ent w
ill in
crea
se s
tres
ses
to e
cosy
stem
s, in
fras
truc
ture
, and
bio
logi
cal a
nd p
hysi
cal
reso
urce
s an
d w
ill s
hift
utili
zatio
n of
eco
syst
em s
ervi
ces
clos
er to
the
sour
ce
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
anag
e fo
r th
e hu
man
dis
turb
ance
foot
prin
t cau
sed
by h
ighe
r po
pula
tions
of p
eopl
e liv
ing
in fo
rest
s an
d th
e fo
rest
inte
rfac
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
the
effe
cts
of in
fras
truc
ture
(roa
ds,
driv
eway
s, p
ower
line
s, w
ater
del
iver
y) o
n Fo
rest
Ser
vice
land
s
Min
imiz
e in
crea
ses
in a
reas
of d
istu
rban
ceM
anag
e ec
olog
ical
con
nect
ivity
and
en
ergy
flow
; mai
ntai
n ha
bita
t con
tinui
ty
and
viab
ility
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
pply
on
road
s an
d dr
ivew
ays
and
with
co
llabo
rato
rs r
espo
nsib
le fo
r th
e w
hole
sy
stem
(e.g
., th
e po
wer
com
pany
, Cou
nty
tran
spor
tatio
n de
part
men
t, ca
nal c
ompa
ny)
In a
nd a
roun
d re
side
ntia
l and
oth
er
deve
lopm
ent
Mai
ntai
n na
tura
l cor
rido
rs (s
trea
ms,
ri
pari
an) w
here
they
exi
st; m
aint
ain
larg
e ha
bita
t blo
cks;
mai
ntai
n ha
bita
t div
ersi
ty
in a
ppro
pria
te p
roxi
miti
es
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Pred
evel
opm
ent p
lann
ing;
take
adv
anta
ge
duri
ng p
lan
revi
sion
cyc
les;
wor
k w
ith
Cou
nty
plan
ners
—in
sert
info
rmat
ion
(dat
a,
fore
st m
anag
emen
t obj
ectiv
es) i
nto
part
ner’s
pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss; p
lann
ing
for
clim
ate
scen
ario
s an
d av
oida
nce
of c
limat
e-as
soci
ated
di
stur
banc
e ev
ents
Aw
aren
ess;
wor
k w
ith p
artn
ers
gene
rally
re
cept
ive
to th
e m
essa
ge (m
inim
ize
foot
prin
t)
Col
labo
rate
with
wild
life
prot
ectio
n gr
oups
(e.g
., R
ocky
Mou
ntai
n El
k Fo
unda
tion,
Wild
Tur
key,
Tro
ut U
nlim
ited)
, re
crea
tion
grou
ps, a
nd c
olla
bora
tive
grou
ps; i
dent
ify im
port
ant h
abita
ts a
nd
corr
idor
s
Com
men
tsA
lso
cons
ider
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
Th
ere
are
seco
ndar
y ef
fect
s su
ch a
s an
incr
ease
in im
perv
ious
sur
face
s,
intr
oduc
tion
of o
rnam
enta
l or
inva
sive
pl
ants
and
live
stoc
k, p
et c
onfli
cts
with
na
tive
wild
life,
and
gro
undw
ater
dra
wdo
wn;
th
e ex
tend
ed h
uman
foot
prin
t is
larg
er th
an
grou
nd d
istu
rban
ce
Con
side
r pr
etre
atm
ent a
nd p
osttr
eatm
ent
mon
itori
ng
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 467
Tabl
e 9A
.2—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Sou
ther
n G
reat
er Y
ello
wst
one
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
her
elev
atio
n fu
els
will
be
mor
e av
aila
ble
to b
urn,
and
mor
e fr
eque
nt fi
re w
ill o
ccur
at h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
in v
eget
atio
n ty
pes
at h
igh
elev
atio
ns
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Incr
ease
het
erog
enei
ty th
roug
h pr
escr
ibed
fire
Con
duct
fire
beh
avio
r an
d sp
atia
l m
odel
ing
to id
entif
y hi
gh-p
rior
ity a
reas
to
bre
ak u
p or
mai
ntai
n fu
els
Man
age
vege
tatio
n th
roug
h si
lvic
ultu
ral m
eans
(p
resc
ribe
d fir
e, th
inni
ng, d
aylig
htin
g/ra
dial
thin
ning
)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Su
ppor
tive
wild
land
-urb
an in
terf
ace
(WU
I) ar
eas;
wild
erne
ss a
reas
, roa
dles
s ar
eas;
larg
e co
ntin
uous
pat
ches
All
land
s, a
cros
s ju
risd
ictio
nal
boun
dari
es; h
igh-
valu
e ar
eas
and
high
est r
isk
com
pari
son
Hig
h-va
lue
area
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Stan
ley
Wild
fire
Col
labo
rativ
e; F
arm
Bill
pr
ovis
ions
Sam
e as
abo
ve--
-
Com
men
tsN
ote
diffe
renc
es a
nd c
halle
nges
by
elev
atio
n, a
nd b
y w
ilder
ness
ver
sus
non-
wild
erne
ss v
ersu
s W
UI
Cal
ibra
tion
in m
odel
s to
acc
omm
odat
e ob
serv
ed a
nd fu
ture
fire
beh
avio
rA
cces
s, a
s w
ell a
s fu
ndin
g, m
ay b
e a
key
chal
leng
e;
need
to c
onsi
der
high
-val
ue h
abita
t for
spe
cies
(lyn
x am
endm
ent)
that
req
uire
hig
h-el
evat
ion
fore
st
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e ar
ea w
ill b
urn
over
a lo
nger
fire
sea
son
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se a
nd m
aint
ain
mod
erat
e fir
e da
nger
con
ditio
ns o
n th
e la
ndsc
ape
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Incr
ease
edu
catio
n to
pub
lic o
n th
e ro
le o
f fir
e on
the
land
scap
e (fi
re to
day
coul
d sa
ve
your
hom
e to
mor
row
)
Rev
ise
Fore
st P
lan
to in
corp
orat
e m
anag
ed
fire
for
reso
urce
obj
ectiv
esLi
mit
pote
ntia
l for
inva
sive
est
ablis
hmen
t th
at m
ay in
crea
se w
ith in
crea
sed
fire
thro
ugh
pret
reat
men
ts a
nd p
osttr
eatm
ents
, wee
d co
ntro
l, an
d m
onito
ring
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
cros
s th
e re
gion
Fire
-ada
pted
land
scap
es (i
.e.,
nativ
e pl
ant
com
mun
ities
, see
d so
urce
s, m
ultip
le a
ge
clas
ses
to m
aint
ain
dive
rsity
, hom
es w
ith
defe
nsib
le s
pace
)
Tran
sitio
n zo
nes
betw
een
diffe
rent
eco
type
s;
sout
h-fa
cing
slo
pes;
alo
ng r
oad
corr
idor
s; h
igh-
elev
atio
n gr
azin
g; c
ampg
roun
ds
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Use
fore
st c
oalit
ions
and
col
labo
rativ
es,
fire
prot
ectio
n di
stri
cts
and
coop
erat
ors,
Id
aho
Con
serv
atio
n Le
ague
, The
Nat
ure
Con
serv
ancy
(TN
C)
Use
fore
st c
oalit
ions
and
col
labo
rativ
es, fi
re
prot
ectio
n di
stri
cts
and
coop
erat
ors,
Idah
o C
onse
rvat
ion
Leag
ue, T
NC
Inva
sive
spe
cies
pro
gram
man
ager
s, n
ativ
e pl
ant a
nd s
eed
soci
etie
s, r
esea
rche
rs
Com
men
tsC
halle
nges
: sm
oke,
out
reac
h de
liver
y to
the
publ
icN
eed
to a
void
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
s on
oth
er
reso
urce
s (i.
e., w
ater
qua
lity)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
468 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 9A
.2 (
cont
inue
d)—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Sou
ther
n G
reat
er Y
ello
wst
one
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inv
asiv
e in
sect
s w
ill li
kely
con
tinue
to a
ffect
nat
ive
tree
s in
the
futu
re.
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
and
res
ista
nce
of tr
ees
to in
vasi
ve in
sect
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
an
inte
grat
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t st
rate
gy, i
nclu
ding
iden
tifyi
ng in
sect
-re
sist
ant s
eed
(bal
sam
woo
lly a
delg
id)
Iden
tify
curr
ent a
nd p
roje
cted
dis
trib
utio
n of
ba
lsam
woo
lly a
delg
id a
nd o
ther
spe
cies
Id
entif
y an
d m
onito
r ot
her
nonn
ativ
e, in
vasi
ve
inse
cts
(i.e.
, spr
uce
aphi
d, s
pruc
e fir
loop
er) n
ot
curr
ently
pre
sent
in th
e re
gion
but
that
may
be
a fu
ture
ris
k
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Tr
ue fi
r co
mm
uniti
es: s
ubal
pine
True
fir
com
mun
ities
; reg
ionw
ide;
are
as
whe
re lo
ss o
f sub
alpi
ne fi
r w
ould
be
ecol
ogic
ally
sig
nific
ant
Reg
ionw
ide
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Bio
logi
cal a
nd in
sect
icid
e co
ntro
ls;
phen
otyp
ic a
nd g
enot
ypic
see
d id
entifi
catio
n an
d co
llect
ion;
tree
gen
e co
nser
vatio
n an
d di
vers
ity; p
ossi
bly
inco
rpor
ate
into
pro
ject
-lev
el fo
rest
do
cum
ents
/gui
delin
es; F
arm
Bill
land
scap
e-le
vel a
naly
ses
Net
wor
k of
mon
itore
d pl
ots
to id
entif
y co
nnec
tions
bet
wee
n in
sect
s an
d w
ildfir
e;
rese
arch
com
mun
ity, F
ores
t Ser
vice
Pac
ific
Nor
thw
est R
esea
rch
Stat
ion,
fire
eco
logi
sts,
en
tom
olog
ists
APH
IS, d
etec
tion
and
mon
itori
ng p
rogr
ams,
in
vasi
ve a
nd d
isea
se a
ctio
n pl
ans
that
pri
oriti
ze
targ
ets
for
rapi
d re
spon
se
Com
men
tsA
lread
y pr
esen
t in
the
regi
on a
nd d
istri
butio
n is
cur
rent
ly c
limat
e-lim
ited
but m
ay e
xpan
d ra
nge
unde
r war
min
g co
nditi
ons
Sout
hwes
tern
spe
cies
that
may
exp
and
rang
e in
to r
egio
n an
d m
ay s
tres
s tr
ees
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Dis
turb
ance
s m
ay in
tera
ct to
affe
ct p
ostd
istu
rban
ce p
roce
sses
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se p
ostd
istu
rban
ce p
lann
ing,
man
agem
ent,
and
impl
emen
tatio
n
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Cre
ate
a st
rate
gy a
nd c
rite
ria
to p
rior
itize
ar
eas
that
are
mor
e lik
ely
to r
ecov
er (i
.e.,
criti
cal h
abita
ts, p
opul
atio
n se
rved
by
dist
urbe
d ha
bita
t, re
cove
ry li
kelih
ood)
Prom
ote
clim
ate-
adap
ted
spec
ies
(i.e.
, di
stur
banc
e re
sist
ant o
r re
silie
nt) a
nd
geno
type
s; b
uild
see
d ba
nks
for
habi
tats
that
do
not
exi
st o
n th
e la
ndsc
ape
yet
Iden
tify
site
s m
ore
susc
eptib
le to
com
poun
ding
di
stur
banc
es (i
.e.,
dry
fuel
load
s +
bee
tle
kills
+ in
vasi
ves
+ g
eolo
gic
haza
rd);
mon
itor
occu
rren
ce a
nd p
rior
itize
see
d so
urce
s to
pr
eser
ve s
ome
site
s; c
ondu
ct s
patia
l map
ping
of
site
s ac
ross
land
scap
e; im
plem
ent p
roac
tive
trea
tmen
ts o
f are
as m
ore
resi
stan
t to
dist
urba
nce
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?D
istu
rbed
are
asM
ay n
eed
to c
onsi
der
plan
ting
in w
ilder
ness
---
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
See
Terr
ebon
ne P
aris
h, L
ouis
iana
exa
mpl
e of
sys
tem
atic
pri
oriti
zatio
n of
site
s fo
r re
stor
atio
n
Dou
glas
-fir;
incl
uded
in B
urne
d A
rea
Emer
genc
y R
espo
nse
proc
ess
Fore
st In
vent
ory
and
Ana
lysi
s ne
twor
k of
plo
ts to
lo
ok a
t com
poun
ding
dis
turb
ance
s; R
esea
rch
Com
men
tsIm
pact
s of
“no
act
ion”
opt
ion
post
dist
urba
nce;
ada
ptiv
e an
d fle
xibl
e st
rate
gies
and
crit
eria
und
er fu
ture
con
ditio
ns
Cha
lleng
es o
f see
d tr
ansl
ocat
ion
polic
ies
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 469
Tabl
e 9A
.3—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Uin
tas
and
Was
atch
Fro
nt s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed m
orta
lity
due
to b
ark
beet
les
will
occ
ur in
a w
arm
ing
clim
ate
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esis
tanc
e an
d re
silie
nce
to b
eetle
s in
sta
nds
and
land
scap
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
for
age-
and
siz
e-cl
ass
dive
rsity
Prot
ect h
igh-
valu
e ar
eas
by tr
ap tr
ee
felli
ng, b
eetle
trap
s, s
pray
ing,
red
uctio
n of
ba
sal a
rea,
bee
tle r
isk
ratin
g, e
tc.
Man
age
for
spec
ies
dive
rsity
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
valu
e la
ndsc
apes
with
low
siz
e-cl
ass
dive
rsity
Hig
h-va
lue
area
sH
igh-
valu
e la
ndsc
apes
with
low
spe
cies
di
vers
ity (e
spec
ially
in m
onot
ypic
are
as)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Mer
chan
tabl
e tim
ber
area
s; n
eed
mar
kets
to p
ay
for
trea
tmen
ts; t
his
may
dep
end
on s
peci
es, q
ualit
y (s
ize,
form
)
Nea
r ca
mpg
roun
ds, o
ther
infr
astr
uctu
re,
wild
land
-urb
an in
terf
ace
(WU
I)In
fore
st-t
ype
tran
sitio
n ar
eas
Com
men
tsTi
min
g, p
ublic
edu
catio
n, r
ight
act
iviti
es, r
ight
pl
aces
Mai
nten
ance
nec
essa
ry; t
imin
g is
im
port
ant;
need
to m
onito
r be
etle
po
pula
tions
to k
now
whe
n to
take
act
ion
May
pro
vide
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r as
sist
ed
mig
ratio
n
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e w
ildfir
es w
ill o
ccur
with
war
mer
, dri
er c
ondi
tions
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
educ
e th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
fire
in th
e W
UI a
nd o
ther
non
-neg
otia
ble
valu
es w
hile
allo
win
g fir
e to
pla
y a
natu
ral r
ole
on th
e la
ndsc
ape
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Iden
tify,
pri
oriti
ze, a
nd p
rote
ct v
alue
s at
ris
k;
prog
ram
s as
sess
val
ues
and
dete
rmin
e be
st
prot
ectio
n ac
tions
Red
uce
fuel
s in
sys
tem
atic
loca
tions
; som
e tr
eatm
ents
may
be
out o
f nat
ural
ran
ge
of v
aria
tion
to p
rote
ct v
alue
s; s
trat
egic
pl
acem
ent o
f fue
ls tr
eatm
ents
to m
anag
e fo
r w
ildfir
e in
an
ecol
ogic
ally
app
ropr
iate
w
ay d
epen
ding
on
vege
tatio
n ty
pes
Dev
elop
com
mun
icat
ions
str
ateg
y to
de
term
ine
wha
t nee
ds to
hap
pen
whe
re,
and
befo
re fi
res
occu
r (e
.g.,
need
to
know
whe
n it
is a
ccep
tabl
e to
let fi
res
cros
s bo
unda
ries
and
whe
n it
is n
ot);
all
part
ners
nee
d to
be
invo
lved
—it
is n
ot ju
st
a Fo
rest
Ser
vice
or
Fede
ral p
robl
em
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?N
eeds
to b
e do
ne a
t nat
iona
l for
est l
evel
as
it w
ill b
e di
ctat
ed b
y lo
cal n
eeds
; for
exa
mpl
e, a
ca
mpg
roun
d m
ay r
equi
re p
reve
ntio
n ed
ucat
ion
or “
hard
enin
g st
rate
gies
” (fi
repr
oof s
truc
ture
s);
isol
ated
com
mun
ities
in h
igh-
risk
loca
tions
may
re
quir
e w
ell-
deve
lope
d co
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
WU
I; st
rate
gic
loca
tions
; loo
k at
m
anag
emen
t bou
ndar
ies
(wild
erne
ss),
topo
grap
hy, d
omin
ant w
inds
Nee
ds to
be
an a
ll-la
nds
appr
oach
: C
ount
ies,
Sta
tes,
res
iden
ts, B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t, N
atio
nal P
ark
Serv
ice,
etc
.; fo
r Fo
rest
Ser
vice
, bot
h fo
rest
s an
d di
stri
cts
need
to b
e in
volv
ed
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Nat
iona
l for
est l
evel
; For
est P
lans
; site
-spe
cific
N
atio
nal E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pol
icy
Act
ana
lysi
s;
iden
tify
valu
es w
ith n
on-F
ores
t Ser
vice
sta
keho
lder
s
Coo
rdin
atio
n be
twee
n Fu
els/
Fire
and
all
othe
r re
sour
ce m
anag
ers;
coo
rdin
atio
n w
ith lo
cal a
genc
ies,
priv
ate
sect
or, e
tc.
Bui
ld o
ff pr
inci
ples
of N
atio
nal C
ohes
ive
Wild
land
Fir
e M
anag
emen
t Str
ateg
y; th
is
is u
nder
way
alr
eady
Com
men
tsN
eed
long
-ter
m p
lan
for
fuel
s m
anag
emen
t an
d m
aint
enan
ce; w
hat i
s be
st w
ay to
pr
otec
t the
res
ourc
e/va
lue?
If pl
anne
d ah
ead
of ti
me,
fire
(and
the
fund
ing)
can
be
used
in a
str
ateg
ic w
ay to
im
prov
e ec
olog
ical
and
oth
er c
ondi
tions
, an
d pu
blic
per
cept
ion
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
470 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 9A
.3 (
cont
inue
d)—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Uin
tas
and
Was
atch
Fro
nt s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
h-w
ater
eve
nts
will
occ
ur w
ith h
ighe
r in
tens
ity a
nd fr
eque
ncy
and
with
diff
eren
t tim
ing
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y an
d pr
iori
tize
thre
aten
ed v
alue
s (in
fras
truc
ture
and
eco
logi
cal)
and
miti
gatio
n ac
tiviti
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Mov
e it;
for
exam
ple,
mov
e ca
mpg
roun
d ou
t of
flood
plai
nM
odify
it; f
or e
xam
ple,
rep
lace
low
-flow
cu
lver
t with
larg
er c
ulve
rt; fl
oodp
roof
ca
mpg
roun
d st
ruct
ures
; inc
reas
e ro
ughn
ess
to r
educ
e ve
loci
ty a
nd im
prov
e sa
fe s
ites
for
desi
red
spec
ies
duri
ng fl
oods
Forg
et it
; for
exa
mpl
e, p
erm
anen
t or
seas
onal
clo
sure
s of
cam
pgro
und;
no
new
str
uctu
res
in fl
oodp
lain
s to
allo
w fo
r na
tura
l cha
nnel
mov
emen
t
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ream
and
wat
erw
ay c
orri
dors
; whe
re th
ere
are
safe
ty c
once
rns
or v
ery
econ
omic
ally
impo
rtan
t va
lues
Stre
am a
nd w
ater
way
cor
rido
rs; w
here
th
ere
are
safe
ty c
once
rns
or v
ery
econ
omic
ally
impo
rtan
t val
ues
Stre
am a
nd w
ater
way
cor
rido
rs; w
here
th
ere
are
safe
ty c
once
rns;
low
er p
rior
ity
area
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Whe
re th
ere
is o
verl
ap in
val
ues
with
par
tner
ag
enci
es th
at h
ave
fund
ing
Engi
neer
to m
ore
extr
eme
even
ts (f
rom
50
-yea
r flo
od s
peci
ficat
ions
to 5
00-y
ear
flood
)
Whe
reve
r Fo
rest
Ser
vice
iden
tifies
a
low
er p
rior
ity a
nd w
here
par
tner
ship
op
port
uniti
es a
re li
mite
d
Com
men
ts--
---
-Pu
blic
com
mun
icat
ion
and
feed
back
will
be
issu
e; p
ublic
may
not
see
how
thes
e is
sues
affe
ct th
eir
valu
es u
ntil
flood
occ
urs
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 471
Tabl
e 9A
.4—
Ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce a
dapt
atio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Sou
ther
n G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Mor
e fir
e w
ill o
ccur
on
the
land
scap
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: T
o pr
otec
t val
ues
on th
e la
ndsc
ape,
allo
w fo
r m
ore
man
aged
fire
to r
educ
e av
aila
ble
fuel
load
ings
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
und
erst
andi
ng o
r pr
oduc
ts th
at h
elp
man
ager
s an
d lin
e of
ficer
s m
ake
deci
sion
s on
man
agin
g lo
ng-d
urat
ion
fires
; inc
orpo
rate
in
form
atio
n le
arne
d in
to th
e W
ildla
nd F
ire
Dec
isio
n Su
ppor
t Sys
tem
Util
ize
a ri
sk-b
enefi
t mod
el to
iden
tify
key
loca
tions
whe
re fu
els
mod
ifica
tions
wou
ld
bene
fit th
e po
tent
ial u
se o
f man
aged
fire
(b
asic
ally
a fi
re b
ehav
ior
mod
elin
g ex
erci
se)
Find
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
wor
k w
ith p
artn
ers
to e
xpan
d us
e of
nat
ural
fire
igni
tions
(d
evel
op g
reat
er s
uppo
rt n
etw
ork
of
colla
bora
tors
)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
nyw
here
on
the
land
scap
eA
ll of
our
fire
-pro
ne la
ndsc
apes
La
nds
adja
cent
to lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Opp
ortu
nitie
s m
ay a
t firs
t be
limite
d, b
ut th
e ho
pe is
that
the
avai
labl
e la
ndsc
ape
open
s up
th
roug
h tim
e
Alig
n w
ith o
ther
land
man
agem
ent a
ctiv
ities
or
othe
r co
llabo
rativ
e ef
fort
s; w
here
it w
ould
hel
p m
ove
tow
ard
desi
red
cond
ition
Dev
elop
opp
ortu
nitie
s w
here
ther
e is
al
ignm
ent i
n th
e la
ndsc
apes
and
soc
ial
acce
ptan
ce o
r w
illin
gnes
s to
sup
port
the
use
of fi
re
Com
men
tsG
oal o
f thi
s is
to b
ette
r ar
ticul
ate
the
bene
fits
of m
anag
ing
a fir
e ev
ent n
ow v
ersu
s pu
tting
it
off t
o th
e fu
ture
and
bal
anci
ng th
e ec
olog
ical
an
d so
cial
ben
efits
of fi
re
Goa
l is
to p
rior
itize
and
iden
tify
key
stra
tegi
c lo
catio
ns fo
r fu
els
trea
tmen
t tha
t wou
ld e
nhan
ce
the
abili
ty to
man
age
natu
ral i
gniti
ons
Goa
l is
to b
uild
loca
l sup
port
for
fire
on th
e la
ndsc
ape
and
to d
evel
op a
nd
reco
gniz
e th
e be
nefit
s an
d ri
sks
that
can
be
rea
lized
; use
this
to h
elp
info
rm fi
re
man
agem
ent d
ecis
ionm
akin
g
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed s
tres
s on
ran
gela
nd r
esou
rces
will
occ
ur d
ue to
less
fora
ge p
rodu
ctio
n ca
pabi
lity
from
man
aged
and
unm
anag
ed
ungu
late
use
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: L
ook
for
optio
ns to
impr
ove
rang
e co
nditi
on
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Look
at o
ptio
ns fo
r ch
angi
ng tu
rnou
t dat
es to
ca
ptur
e th
e gr
een-
up p
hase
of c
heat
gras
s Ex
plor
e op
tions
for
assi
sted
mig
ratio
n of
so
uthe
rn g
rass
es, t
hrou
gh e
ither
see
d zo
ne
mod
ifica
tions
or
enha
ncem
ent o
f gen
etic
dri
ft (h
ybri
diza
tion)
In a
col
labo
rativ
e se
tting
, exp
lore
opt
ions
to
rea
ch o
ptim
al fe
ral h
orse
num
bers
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Lo
catio
ns th
at h
ave
abun
dant
che
atgr
ass
and
that
do
not h
ave
othe
r is
sues
(e.g
., th
reat
ened
an
d en
dang
ered
spe
cies
)
Are
as o
f cri
tical
hab
itat
Are
as o
f cri
tical
hab
itat
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
May
hav
e lim
ited
optio
ns
Focu
s on
favo
rabl
e cl
imat
e si
tuat
ions
or
suita
ble
habi
tats
for
succ
ess
Rem
ain
oppo
rtun
istic
on
loca
tions
whe
re
coop
erat
ors
wou
ld b
e in
tere
sted
Com
men
tsG
oal i
s to
cap
ture
the
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ce;
may
be
a to
ol to
hel
p w
ith th
e co
nver
sion
to
nativ
e sp
ecie
s
Goa
l is
to im
prov
e th
e dr
ough
t and
gra
zing
to
lera
nce
of r
ange
fora
ge s
peci
esTh
is is
a c
ontr
over
sial
topi
c bu
t an
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
n w
hen
thin
king
ab
out l
ong-
term
man
agem
ent o
f bot
h th
e ho
rses
and
nat
ive
spec
ies
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
472 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Appendix 10—Terrestrial Animal Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for terrestrial animals, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for terrestrial animals.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 473
Tabl
e 10
A.1
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Foo
d w
eb a
nd n
utri
ent fl
ows
will
be
affe
cted
by
chan
ging
clim
ate
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
resi
lient
flow
, sed
imen
tatio
n, a
nd th
erm
al r
egim
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Red
uce
fine
sedi
men
tatio
n an
d su
bstr
ate
embe
dded
ness
Res
tore
ana
drom
ous
fish
runs
(or
carc
ass
anal
ogs)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?B
asin
s w
ith h
igh
road
den
sity
and
whe
re r
oads
are
di
rect
ly a
djac
ent t
o st
ream
cha
nnel
sFo
rmer
ana
drom
ous
fish
habi
tats
whe
re m
igra
tions
are
blo
cked
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Fish
pas
sage
pas
t dam
that
pre
clud
es m
igra
tions
Com
men
tsM
itiga
te a
dver
se e
ffect
s of
sed
imen
tatio
n on
m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
com
mun
ities
---
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Col
oniz
atio
n an
d ex
pans
ion
of in
vasi
ve s
peci
es m
ay o
ccur
with
clim
ate
chan
ge
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
onito
r fo
r in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd s
uppr
ess/
elim
inat
e/co
ntro
l pop
ulat
ions
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Envi
ronm
enta
l DN
A (e
DN
A) m
onito
ring
for
earl
y de
tect
ion
of r
iver
and
str
eam
inva
sion
s.R
educ
e or
sup
pres
s br
ook
trou
t po
pula
tions
barr
iers
that
pre
vent
acc
ess
to in
vasi
on o
r in
vasi
on o
f con
serv
atio
n po
pula
tions
in
head
wat
ers
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
valu
e po
pula
tions
that
are
thou
ght t
o be
at
sig
nific
ant r
isk
of in
vasi
onH
eadw
ater
lake
s th
at a
ct a
s so
urce
po
pula
tions
; sm
all,
isol
ated
str
eam
s w
here
co
mpl
ete
erad
icat
ion
is p
ossi
ble
Sout
hern
por
tions
of I
AP
regi
on w
here
st
ream
hab
itats
are
sm
alle
r an
d m
ore
frag
men
ted
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Prio
ritiz
e am
ong
hund
reds
(tho
usan
ds?)
of
hea
dwat
er s
trea
ms
and
lake
s ac
ross
the
IAP
regi
on
Smal
l hea
dwat
er s
trea
ms
whe
re b
arri
er
cons
truc
tion
is c
ost e
ffect
ive
and
poss
ible
Com
men
tsC
osts
of e
DN
A s
ampl
ing
are
low
eno
ugh
to
mak
e th
is b
road
ly a
pplic
able
Expe
nsiv
e an
d ri
sky
to im
plem
ent;
publ
ic
supp
ort n
eede
d fo
r su
cces
s.Le
ss u
sefu
l tac
tic in
are
as w
ith
anad
rom
ous
spec
ies
or fl
uvia
l pop
ulat
ions
of
bul
l tro
ut o
r cu
tthro
at tr
out
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
474 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 10
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Col
oniz
atio
n an
d ex
pans
ion
of in
vasi
ve s
peci
es m
ay o
ccur
with
clim
ate
chan
ge (c
ontin
ued)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
onito
r fo
r in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd s
uppr
ess/
elim
inat
e/co
ntro
l pop
ulat
ions
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Tact
ics
Impl
emen
t mon
itori
ng a
nd b
oat i
nspe
ctio
n pr
ogra
ms
to
dete
ct in
vasi
ve m
usse
l and
aqu
atic
pla
nts
spec
ies
in la
kes
befo
re p
opul
atio
ns a
re e
stab
lishe
d
Con
duct
ear
ly-i
n-lif
e ed
ucat
ion
and
educ
ate
duri
ng th
e in
itial
st
ages
of i
nvas
ion
(pro
activ
e cr
isis
ave
rsio
n)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ate
bord
ers
and
near
-lak
e ac
cess
poi
nts
(e.g
., Sa
wto
oth
NF)
(e.g
., 10
0th
Para
llel I
nitia
tive)
Scho
ols
(e.g
., Tr
out U
nlim
ited’
s Tro
ut in
the
Cla
ssro
om)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Nea
r hi
gh-v
alue
res
ourc
es w
here
fund
ing
mak
es
addi
tiona
l sta
ffing
pos
sibl
eEa
rly
life
expe
rien
ces
to c
reat
e st
rong
neg
ativ
e at
titud
es to
war
d in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
nd te
ach
valu
e of
nat
ive
spec
ies
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Nat
ive
spec
ies
dist
ribu
tions
will
shi
ft, a
nd c
omm
unity
rea
lignm
ents
will
occ
ur w
ith c
hang
ing
clim
ate
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct b
iodi
vers
ity s
urve
ys to
des
crib
e cu
rren
t bas
elin
e co
nditi
ons
and
man
age
dist
ribu
tion
shift
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Form
aliz
e, e
xpan
d, a
nd s
tand
ardi
ze
biol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
pro
gram
s (e
.g.,
Man
agem
ent I
ndic
ator
Spe
cies
)
Use
mod
ern,
low
-cos
t tec
hnol
ogie
s su
ch
as e
DN
A/D
NA
bar
codi
ng a
nd d
igita
l ph
otop
oint
s
Impl
emen
t ass
iste
d m
igra
tions
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
ream
s, r
iver
s, la
kes
thro
ugho
ut IA
P re
gion
Stre
ams,
riv
ers,
lake
s th
roug
hout
IAP
regi
onSu
itabl
e bu
t cur
rent
ly u
nocc
upie
d ha
bita
ts; c
onsi
der
habi
tats
out
side
of
hist
oric
al r
ange
(e.g
., no
rthe
rn e
xten
t of
spe
cies
dis
trib
utio
ns) i
n ad
ditio
n to
hi
stor
ical
ran
ge
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
---
Clim
ate
Shie
ld fi
sh m
odel
can
be
used
to
iden
tify
high
-pro
babi
lity
habi
tats
; eD
NA
use
d to
con
firm
spe
cies
pre
senc
e or
abs
ence
; the
n m
ove
fish
into
hig
h-
prob
abili
ty a
reas
bas
ed o
n cu
rren
t and
fu
ture
clim
ate
fore
cast
s
Com
men
tsB
oise
NF,
Saw
toot
h N
F, a
nd S
alm
on-
Cha
llis
NF
have
rot
atin
g pa
nel m
onito
ring
de
sign
s th
at p
rovi
de g
ood
tem
plat
es
beca
use
broa
d-sc
ale
stat
us a
nd lo
cal t
rend
in
form
atio
n is
rep
rese
nted
New
gen
omic
tech
niqu
es a
nd
tech
nolo
gies
are
inex
pens
ive
and
mak
e br
oad
appl
icat
ions
mor
e fe
asib
le th
an
prev
ious
ly
This
is a
con
trov
ersi
al ta
ctic
and
car
e is
ne
eded
to d
o it
prop
erly
; if t
hrea
tene
d an
d en
dang
ered
spe
cies
are
pre
sent
, th
ere
are
perm
ittin
g pr
oced
ures
that
m
ust b
e fo
llow
ed; c
onsi
dera
tions
abo
ut
whe
ther
the
syst
em h
ad fi
sh h
isto
rica
lly
or n
ot (e
.g.,
geol
ogic
bar
rier
s to
sui
tabl
e ha
bita
ts);
if it
is a
list
ed s
peci
es, w
e m
ay
need
to d
esig
nate
it a
s an
“ex
peri
men
tal
popu
latio
n” to
be
polit
ical
ly fe
asib
le
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 475
Tabl
e 10
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Nat
ive
spec
ies
dist
ribu
tions
will
shi
ft, a
nd c
omm
unity
rea
lignm
ents
will
occ
ur w
ith c
hang
ing
clim
ate
(con
tinue
d)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct b
iodi
vers
ity s
urve
ys to
des
crib
e cu
rren
t bas
elin
e co
nditi
ons
and
man
age
dist
ribu
tion
shift
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
DSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– E
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
F
Tact
ics
Use
dig
ital t
echn
olog
y in
dat
a co
llect
ion
and
data
base
upl
oads
Stre
amlin
e an
d in
tegr
ate
field
cre
w d
ata
colle
ctio
n pr
otoc
ols
Fully
util
ize
exis
ting
corp
orat
e da
taba
ses
and
lega
cy d
atas
ets
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ev
eryw
here
Ever
ywhe
reEv
eryw
here
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Fiel
d co
mpu
ters
for
reco
rdin
g da
ta
digi
tally
in s
tand
ardi
zed
form
ats
One
cre
w m
easu
res
mul
tiple
par
amet
ers
inst
ead
of fi
ve c
rew
s m
easu
ring
one
pa
ram
eter
File
cab
inet
s ne
ed to
be
open
ed a
nd
tech
nici
ans
assi
gned
to d
ata
entr
y ta
sk;
huge
val
ue a
dded
by
mak
ing
exis
ting
data
sets
usa
ble
Com
men
tsTe
chni
cal s
uppo
rt s
taff
mem
bers
are
ke
y an
d ne
ed to
be
wel
l int
egra
ted
with
re
sour
ce e
xper
ts
Cou
ld s
ome
terr
estr
ial a
nd a
quat
ic
para
met
ers
be m
easu
red
by s
ame
crew
s?
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
476 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 10
A.2
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd fi
re r
egim
e sh
ifts
will
affe
ct p
ersi
sten
ce o
f mid
- an
d la
te-s
ucce
ssio
nal s
ageb
rush
(affe
ctin
g sa
ge-g
rous
e, s
age
thra
sher
, Bre
wer
’s sp
arro
w, p
ygm
y ra
bbit)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
eter
min
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te m
anag
emen
t str
ateg
ies
to r
educ
e co
nife
r en
croa
chm
ent
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Det
erm
ine
whe
ther
futu
re fi
re is
mov
ing
tow
ard
or
away
from
his
tori
cal r
egim
e; w
here
we
susp
ect fi
re
regi
mes
are
dep
arte
d fr
om h
isto
rica
l, al
low
wild
fires
to
burn
for
reso
urce
ben
efit
Use
mec
hani
cal m
eans
to
redu
ce p
inyo
n-ju
nipe
r; u
se fi
re
to im
prov
e ha
bita
t for
fire
-po
sitiv
e sp
ecie
s
Con
side
r fu
ture
clim
ate
enve
lope
s of
sag
ebru
sh
whe
n de
term
inin
g ac
tion
(avo
id in
vest
men
t in
man
agin
g fo
r sa
gebr
ush
whe
re it
is u
nlik
ely
to
pers
ist)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
reas
that
do
not h
ave
sage
-gro
use
habi
tat a
nd w
here
th
ere
are
few
con
cern
s ab
out i
nvas
ive
spec
ies
Mec
hani
cal t
reat
men
t whe
re
pres
crib
ed fi
re c
anno
t be
used
Enga
ge r
esto
ratio
n ef
fort
s an
d fu
ture
inve
stm
ents
fo
r sa
gebr
ush
whe
re fu
ture
clim
ate
is li
kely
to
sup
port
sag
ebru
sh c
omm
uniti
es; e
stab
lish
alte
rnat
ive
plan
s fo
r ar
eas
not l
ikel
y to
sup
port
pe
rsis
tent
sag
ebru
sh
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Are
as w
here
nat
ural
igni
tion
occu
rs; c
ondi
tion
(con
ifers
enc
roac
hing
?) a
nd c
omm
unity
type
(e.g
., m
ount
ain
sage
brus
h) w
ill d
eter
min
e w
heth
er fi
re w
ill
bene
fit
Alr
eady
app
rove
d ta
ctic
for
pres
crib
ed fi
re b
ased
on
prec
ipita
tion;
fire
for
>12
inch
es
diam
eter
; onl
y m
echa
nica
l for
<
12 in
ches
Con
side
r ut
ility
of l
ands
cape
app
roac
h an
d se
ek
coop
erat
ors
Com
men
tsTr
adeo
ff be
twee
n fir
e an
d pi
nyon
-jun
iper
en
croa
chm
ent;
incr
ease
d fir
e is
not
alw
ays
nega
tive
(e.g
., m
ount
ain
sage
brus
h); c
onsi
der
impl
icat
ions
of
incr
ease
d fir
e fo
r in
vasi
ve s
peci
es
---
Pote
ntia
lly e
ngag
e B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t in
bur
ning
and
see
ding
act
iviti
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 477
Tabl
e 10
A.2
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill h
ave
nega
tive
effe
cts
on a
mph
ibia
ns (y
ello
w-l
egge
d fr
ogs,
Col
umbi
an s
potte
d fr
ogs,
bor
eal t
oad)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
inte
grity
and
qua
lity
of r
emai
ning
hab
itats
or
habi
tats
that
may
bec
ome
suita
ble
as te
mpe
ratu
res
incr
ease
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
for
othe
r re
late
d st
ress
ors:
M
aint
ain
heal
thy
fore
sts,
ran
gela
nd,
ripa
rian
hab
itat n
ear
curr
ent o
r fu
ture
co
re h
abita
ts; c
onsi
der
land
use
(e.g
., ro
ad c
once
ntra
tion)
Res
tore
bea
vers
and
asp
en; p
rovi
de w
oody
bro
wse
; co
nsid
er r
esto
ring
will
owM
inim
ize
dive
rsio
n of
flow
thro
ugh
wat
er r
ange
impr
ovem
ent
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?C
ore
area
s id
entifi
ed th
roug
h re
cent
B
ridg
er-T
eton
cap
able
hab
itat m
odel
ing
exer
cise
and
inve
ntor
y w
ork
1. D
eter
min
ed th
roug
h m
odel
ing
exer
cise
s of
whe
re b
eave
r ha
ve o
ccur
red
(e.g
., se
dim
enta
tion
stud
ies)
2. D
eter
min
e w
here
it w
ould
be
soci
ally
acc
epta
ble
to
rein
trod
uce
beav
er (e
.g.,
prev
ent u
ndes
ired
con
sequ
ence
s su
ch a
s flo
odin
g of
cam
pgro
und)
and
res
tore
asp
en3.
Det
erm
ine
whe
re a
spen
res
tora
tion
mig
ht b
e fe
asib
le4.
Pri
oriti
ze o
n ar
eas
that
may
rep
rese
nt fu
ture
hab
itat
As
dete
rmin
ed in
tact
ics
A (c
ore
area
s) a
nd B
(fea
sibl
e ar
eas)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Det
erm
ine
oppo
rtun
ities
thro
ugh
addi
tiona
l mod
elin
g ex
erci
ses
to
dete
rmin
e fu
ture
hab
itat (
e.g.
, hig
her
elev
atio
n)
Col
labo
rate
with
ong
oing
bea
ver
rest
orat
ion
proj
ect;
colla
bora
te w
ith o
ngoi
ng a
spen
res
tora
tion
effo
rts
(ong
oing
w
ith m
any
part
ners
); co
nsis
tent
with
Pla
nnin
g R
ule
that
ta
lks
abou
t nat
ural
ran
ge o
f var
iatio
n; a
ddre
ss th
is ta
ctic
in
the
Bri
dger
-Tet
on F
ores
t Pla
n re
visi
on p
roce
ss.
Star
t with
any
new
ran
ge
impr
ovem
ents
or
othe
r w
ater
de
velo
pmen
ts; a
reas
whe
re w
e ar
e cu
rren
tly r
econ
stru
ctin
g ra
nge
impr
ovem
ents
Com
men
tsSt
ress
ors:
dis
ease
, mot
oriz
ed r
oute
s,
cam
ping
, res
ervo
irs,
wat
er q
ualit
y,
sedi
men
tatio
n, in
trod
uced
fish
, fir
e, li
vest
ock
graz
ing,
tim
ber
harv
est
Asp
en r
esto
ratio
n ha
s im
plic
atio
ns fo
r m
any
ecos
yste
m
func
tions
far
beyo
nd c
urre
nt ta
ctic
goa
ls--
-
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
478 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 10
A.3
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
her
tem
pera
ture
s w
ill a
lter
timin
g of
life
his
tory
eve
nts
(e.g
., br
eedi
ng, d
ispe
rsal
, pel
age
chan
ge)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y sp
ecie
s w
here
phe
nolo
gy m
ism
atch
es a
re r
elev
ant,
iden
tify
area
s w
here
phe
nolo
gy d
iffer
ence
is c
urre
ntly
min
imal
and
is li
kely
to b
e m
inim
al in
to th
e fu
ture
, pri
oriti
ze th
ose
area
s fo
r pr
otec
tion,
and
man
age
for
habi
tat r
esili
ence
; sca
le: P
rote
ct a
nd r
esto
re la
rge
enou
gh a
reas
to b
e re
leva
nt to
the
popu
latio
n
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Max
imiz
e ha
bita
t qua
lity
and
avai
labi
lity
so th
e po
pula
tion
is m
ore
resi
lient
, whi
ch m
ay h
elp
min
imiz
e im
pact
of p
heno
logy
mis
mat
ch
In a
reas
that
rem
ain
mat
ched
, pri
oriti
ze
thos
e ar
eas
for
prot
ectio
nId
entif
y ar
eas
that
will
bec
ome
mat
ched
in
the
futu
re a
nd m
aint
ain
and
prom
ote
conn
ectiv
ity s
o an
imal
s ca
n m
igra
te to
th
e ne
w h
abita
ts; a
lso
cons
ider
faci
litat
ed
mig
ratio
n w
here
app
ropr
iate
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pr
iori
tize
rest
orat
ion
reso
urce
s w
here
hab
itats
ar
e op
timal
or
on th
e le
adin
g ed
ge o
f ran
ge
shift
Whe
re it
rem
ains
goo
d ha
bita
tW
here
it is
bec
omin
g su
itabl
e ha
bita
t
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Use
a v
arie
ty o
f met
hods
to p
rote
ct, m
aint
ain,
or
res
tore
hab
itats
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te to
in
crea
se r
esili
ence
Dur
ing
fore
st p
lann
ing,
con
duct
as
sess
men
ts to
iden
tify
rem
aini
ng
high
-qua
lity
habi
tats
mos
t lik
ely
to s
tay
mat
ched
with
phe
nolo
gy; p
rote
ct th
ese
area
s in
fore
st p
lan
land
man
agem
ent
pres
crip
tions
Ass
ess
whe
re h
abita
t qua
lity
is li
kely
to
incr
ease
and
bec
ome
mat
ched
with
ph
enol
ogy,
man
age
to fa
cilit
ate
habi
tat
impr
ovem
ents
, and
pro
tect
in fo
rest
pla
n
Com
men
tsM
onito
r th
e m
ost s
usce
ptib
le s
peci
es to
va
lidat
e po
pula
tion
resp
onse
to th
ese
man
agem
ent a
ctio
ns
---
Ass
iste
d m
igra
tion
is a
last
res
ort;
allo
win
g na
tura
l mig
ratio
n by
mai
ntai
ning
co
nnec
tivity
is p
refe
rred
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 479
Tabl
e 10
A.3
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
ngin
g in
tens
ity a
nd fr
eque
ncy
of fi
re r
egim
es w
ill d
ecre
ase
area
and
con
nect
ivity
of s
ome
habi
tats
, not
ably
late
-suc
cess
iona
l an
d m
atur
e fo
rest
and
big
sag
ebru
sh
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
curr
ent h
abita
t, re
stor
e hi
stor
ical
hab
itat,
prom
ote
pote
ntia
l fut
ure
habi
tat,
and
incr
ease
res
ilien
ce o
f the
se h
abita
ts a
nd s
urro
undi
ng
habi
tats
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Stra
tegi
cally
pla
ce fu
el b
reak
s to
min
imiz
e ri
sk
to im
port
ant h
abita
t are
asR
esto
re d
istu
rban
ce r
egim
es b
y re
duci
ng
accu
mul
ated
fuel
load
s Id
entif
y ar
eas
in th
e fu
ture
that
will
hav
e th
e di
stur
banc
e re
gim
es c
hara
cter
istic
of
late
-suc
cess
iona
l and
mat
ure
fore
sts
and
big
sage
brus
h, a
nd m
anag
e to
pro
mot
e th
eir
deve
lopm
ent a
nd r
esili
ence
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?St
rate
gica
lly p
lace
on
the
win
dwar
d si
de o
f im
port
ant h
abita
t are
as; p
lace
in a
con
figur
atio
n to
min
imiz
e ri
sk o
f fire
spr
ead
acro
ss th
e la
ndsc
ape.
With
in th
e ha
bita
ts w
here
unc
hara
cter
istic
fu
el lo
ads
have
dev
elop
ed, a
nd b
alan
ced
with
oth
er o
bjec
tives
for
spec
ies
depe
nden
t on
a co
mpl
ex u
nder
stor
y
Iden
tify
whe
re d
istu
rban
ce r
egim
es
asso
ciat
ed w
ith y
our
targ
et h
abita
t will
sh
ift, a
nd fo
cus
rest
orat
ion
on th
ose
area
s an
d co
nnec
tivity
to th
ose
area
s
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Any
whe
re th
ese
habi
tats
are
iden
tified
and
a
brea
k in
fuel
con
tinui
ty is
nee
ded
Usi
ng p
resc
ribe
d fir
e an
d fir
e su
rrog
ates
to
cre
ate
the
cond
ition
s to
rep
licat
e hi
stor
ical
freq
uenc
y an
d in
tens
ity
In a
reas
that
are
pro
ne to
nat
ive
type
co
nver
sion
s re
sulti
ng fr
om c
hang
ing
ecol
ogic
al c
ondi
tions
Com
men
tsSp
ecie
s th
at u
se la
te-s
eral
or
mat
ure
stan
d ch
arac
teri
stic
sR
ecog
nize
that
thes
e tr
eatm
ents
will
cau
se
a sh
ort-
term
impa
ct fo
r lo
ng-t
erm
ben
efits
Polic
y ch
ange
nee
ded
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed d
urat
ion
and
peri
odic
ity o
f dro
ught
and
red
uced
soi
l moi
stur
e w
ill s
tres
s ve
geta
tion
and
aqua
tic w
ildlif
e sp
ecie
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
esto
re a
nd e
nhan
ce w
ater
res
ourc
e fu
nctio
n an
d di
stri
butio
n at
the
appr
opri
ate
wat
ersh
ed s
cale
; pri
oriti
ze w
ater
shed
s ba
sed
on c
ondi
tion
and
a va
riet
y of
res
ourc
e va
lues
, inc
ludi
ng w
ildlif
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Red
uce
biom
ass
to r
educ
e ev
apot
rans
pira
tion
and
mor
talit
y re
sulti
ng fr
om w
ater
str
ess
for
grou
ndw
ater
-fed
sys
tem
s (th
inni
ng a
nd o
ther
ve
geta
tion
trea
tmen
ts) a
nd m
aint
ain
shad
e fo
r no
ngro
undw
ater
-fed
sys
tem
s.
Incr
ease
wat
er s
tora
ge b
y m
anag
ing
for
beav
er p
opul
atio
ns u
sing
a
com
preh
ensi
ve b
eave
r st
rate
gy
(min
imiz
ing
confl
icts
, suc
h as
by
redu
cing
ca
ttle
impa
cts
on s
mal
l wat
er s
ourc
es)
Prov
ide
enha
nced
wat
er d
istr
ibut
ion
with
app
ropr
iate
wild
life
use
desi
gns
and
bala
nce
wat
er u
se w
ith w
ildlif
e ne
eds;
pr
otec
t hea
dwat
ers,
spr
ing
head
s, r
ipar
ian
area
s, e
tc.
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Su
gges
ted
scal
e of
Hyd
rolo
gic
Uni
t Cod
e 8
to 1
2 ba
sed
on a
sses
smen
t for
wat
ersh
ed
prio
ritiz
atio
n
Rip
aria
n ar
eas
whe
re c
ondi
tions
are
ap
prop
riat
e (p
rese
nce
of a
spen
and
w
illow
) and
con
flict
will
not
res
ult
(cul
vert
dam
age,
floo
ding
roa
ds)
Are
as w
here
ther
e is
con
cern
abo
ut
amph
ibia
n po
pula
tions
and
oth
er w
ildlif
e sp
ecie
s de
pend
ent o
n w
ater
sou
rces
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Inte
grat
ed a
ppro
ach
with
mul
tiple
res
ourc
es
(hyd
rolo
gy, fi
sher
ies,
ran
ge, w
ildlif
e, e
tc.)
Part
ners
hips
with
Sta
te, C
ount
y, w
ater
di
stri
cts,
non
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns;
need
pub
lic e
duca
tion
to fo
ster
ac
cept
ance
Coo
rdin
atio
n w
ith r
ange
sta
ff; u
se
volu
ntee
rs to
hel
p cr
eate
pon
ds a
nd
alte
rnat
ive
wat
er s
ourc
es
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
480 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 10
A.3
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Alte
red
dist
urba
nce
regi
mes
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y an
d in
crea
sing
tem
pera
ture
s w
ill c
ontin
ue to
faci
litat
e th
e sp
read
of i
nvas
ive
plan
t spe
cies
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: U
se a
n in
tegr
ated
app
roac
h to
pre
vent
the
spre
ad a
nd e
stab
lishm
ent o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Use
rap
id r
espo
nse
to tr
eat a
nd r
esto
re n
ewly
in
vade
d ar
eas
to p
reve
nt e
stab
lishm
ent
Enha
nce
the
resi
stan
ce a
nd r
esili
ence
of
nativ
e pl
ant c
omm
uniti
es b
y m
aint
aini
ng
vigo
rous
gro
wth
of n
ativ
e sh
rub,
per
enni
al
gras
s, a
nd o
ther
per
enni
al s
peci
es
thro
ugh
rest
orat
ion
activ
ities
, app
ropr
iate
gr
azin
g te
chni
ques
, and
fire
man
agem
ent
trea
tmen
ts
Use
inte
grat
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t to
cont
rol e
stab
lishe
d in
fest
atio
ns, i
nclu
ding
bi
ocon
trol
, her
bici
des,
and
eco
logi
cal
com
petit
ion
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Id
entif
y su
scep
tible
are
as th
roug
h m
odel
ing
and
mon
itori
ng to
allo
w fo
r ra
pid
resp
onse
Gra
zing
allo
tmen
ts a
nd k
now
n ar
eas
of
heal
thy
nativ
e pl
ant c
omm
uniti
esA
reas
kno
wn
to b
e in
fest
ed
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Educ
ate
field
em
ploy
ees
and
publ
ic to
iden
tify
and
repo
rt in
vasi
ve o
ccur
renc
eIn
are
as d
epar
ted
from
his
tori
cal fi
re
regi
me
or id
entifi
ed th
roug
h w
ater
shed
as
sess
men
t and
ran
ge m
onito
ring
Ong
oing
ann
ual p
rogr
am o
f wor
k an
d pa
rtne
rshi
ps
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 481
Tabl
e 10
A.4
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he P
late
aus
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill r
esul
t in
shift
s in
alp
ine
spec
ies
com
posi
tion
(of b
oth
plan
ts a
nd a
nim
als,
e.g
., sp
ruce
-fir
encr
oach
men
t, ro
dent
s, h
uman
s) d
ue to
shr
inki
ng s
now
pack
, cha
nges
in ti
min
g of
sno
wm
elt,
and
incr
easi
ng te
mpe
ratu
res
that
allo
w s
peci
es to
mov
e up
into
alp
ine
ecos
yste
ms;
spe
cies
af
fect
ed in
clud
e pi
ka, e
ndem
ic p
lant
s, p
ollin
ator
s, a
nd b
lack
ros
y fin
ch
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
educ
e ad
ditio
nal s
tres
sors
in a
lpin
e ha
bita
ts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Man
age
hum
an a
cces
s (e
.g.,
build
trai
ls,
hard
en s
ites,
use
per
mit
syst
ems
or o
utfit
ter
guid
es)
Mai
ntai
n m
ount
ain
goat
s at
pop
ulat
ions
th
at e
limin
ate
adve
rse
impa
cts
(rem
ove
goat
s if
need
ed a
nd d
isco
urag
e co
ntin
ued
intr
oduc
tion
of g
oats
)
Mon
itor
mov
emen
t of p
lant
s (in
clud
ing
both
con
ifers
and
exo
tic w
eeds
) and
m
onito
r m
ovem
ent o
f tre
elin
e
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
lpin
e tr
ailh
eads
; are
as o
f hig
h us
e (e
.g.,
La
Sals
)La
Sal
s, T
usha
rs, M
t. D
unto
n, A
shle
y N
FEv
eryw
here
hab
itat i
s pr
esen
t
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Wor
k w
ith r
ecre
atio
n st
aff;
cons
ider
in
deve
lopm
ent o
f new
fore
st p
lans
Wor
k w
ith U
tah
Div
isio
n of
Wild
life
Res
ourc
es (D
WR
)O
ngoi
ng tr
eelin
e st
udy
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill le
ad to
cha
nges
in w
etla
nd h
abita
t qua
ntity
and
qua
lity
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
conn
ectiv
ity a
nd h
abita
t qua
lity
to p
rom
ote
resi
lienc
e of
wet
land
hab
itats
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Act
ivel
y re
stor
e an
d pr
otec
t fun
ctio
ning
w
etla
nds
Rei
ntro
duce
bea
ver;
exp
and
or r
esto
re
habi
tat w
here
app
ropr
iate
Man
age
graz
ing
to p
rom
ote
good
rip
aria
n co
ver
and
prop
erly
func
tioni
ng r
ipar
ian
habi
tats
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll pe
renn
ial s
trea
ms
Sout
heas
tern
Uta
h; e
very
whe
re b
eave
rs
wer
e hi
stor
ical
ly p
rese
ntA
ll gr
azed
pub
lic la
nds
with
per
enni
al
stre
ams
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Wor
k w
ith S
tate
div
isio
n of
wat
er r
ight
s,
Uta
h D
WR
, con
serv
atio
n gr
oups
like
Tro
ut
Unl
imite
d, a
nd th
e St
ate
wat
ersh
ed r
esto
ratio
n in
itiat
ive
DW
R s
tate
wid
e be
aver
con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t pla
n; S
tate
and
DW
R
wild
life
actio
n pl
an
Col
labo
rativ
e gr
oups
; gra
zing
per
mit
rene
wal
s; s
age-
grou
se la
nd u
se p
lan
amen
dmen
ts
Com
men
tsId
entif
y, m
ap, a
nd a
sses
s im
port
ant h
abita
ts;
iden
tify
data
gap
s ac
ross
all
land
s; th
is is
re
leva
nt fo
r al
l of t
he r
esou
rce
area
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
482 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 10
A.4
(co
ntin
ued)
—Te
rres
tria
l ani
mal
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he P
late
aus
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Unc
hara
cter
istic
fire
s in
pon
dero
sa p
ine
will
res
ult i
n lo
ss o
f lat
e-su
cces
sion
al fo
rest
and
sna
gs (a
ffect
s Le
wis
’s w
oodp
ecke
r, A
llen’
s bi
g-ea
red
bat,
Abe
rt’s
squi
rrel
, nor
ther
n go
shaw
k, U
tah
prai
rie
dog)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
curr
ent h
abita
t, re
stor
e hi
stor
ical
str
uctu
re, a
nd in
crea
se m
osai
c st
ruct
ure
(incl
udin
g sn
ags)
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
duct
thin
ning
and
pre
scri
bed
fire
trea
tmen
ts; u
se th
inni
ng fr
om b
elow
; m
aint
ain
natu
ral s
truc
ture
with
div
ersi
ty,
dens
ity; c
ontr
ol la
dder
fuel
s
Man
age
graz
ing
to d
isco
urag
e ov
ergr
azin
g of
nat
ive
plan
ts a
nd to
mai
ntai
n fin
e fu
els
to c
arry
fire
Plan
t ada
pted
(loc
ally
sou
rced
) pon
dero
sa p
ine
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ex
istin
g st
ands
on
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e la
nds
(thou
gh th
inni
ng is
lim
ited
in r
oadl
ess
area
s an
d w
ilder
ness
)
Ever
ywhe
re p
onde
rosa
pin
e oc
curs
In a
reas
whe
re s
tand
-rep
laci
ng fi
res
have
oc
curr
ed, k
eepi
ng in
min
d th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
ar
ea to
sup
port
pon
dero
sa p
ine
(soi
ls a
nd w
ater
co
nsid
erat
ions
)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
As
fund
ing
is a
vaila
ble;
tim
ber
stan
d im
prov
emen
t; co
nsid
er in
pub
lic
and
priv
ate
land
man
agem
ent p
lans
; su
ppor
ting
loca
l bus
ines
ses
(e.g
., sm
all
diam
eter
pro
cess
ing
mill
s an
d ar
tisan
fu
rnitu
re)
Col
labo
ratio
ns (e
.g.,
Four
For
ests
, La
Sal
Sust
aina
bilit
y C
olla
bora
tive)
Afte
r w
ildfir
es
Com
men
tsM
ust k
eep
in m
ind
the
pres
erva
tion
of k
ey
habi
tat f
eatu
res
of w
ildlif
e (e
.g.,
snag
s)
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Los
s of
mix
ed-a
ge s
tand
s an
d lo
ss o
f mat
ure
aspe
n an
d sn
ags
may
occ
ur w
ith in
crea
sed
fire
freq
uenc
y (a
ffect
s ru
ffed
grou
se,
flam
mul
ated
ow
l, go
shaw
k, m
any
othe
rs)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: M
aint
ain
and
enco
urag
e re
crui
tmen
t of a
spen
to th
e ov
erst
ory
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Rem
ove
coni
fers
with
pre
scri
bed
fire
and
logg
ing
Enco
urag
e as
pen
rege
nera
tion
usin
g fe
ncin
g, u
ngul
ate
man
agem
ent (
redu
ce
num
bers
and
cha
nge
seas
on o
f use
[gr
aze
earl
y]),
and
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
like
that
im
plem
ente
d by
Wol
f Cre
ek R
anch
(wor
ks
clos
ely
with
Wild
Uta
h Pr
ojec
t)
Con
duct
pub
lic o
utre
ach
to h
elp
man
age
for
aspe
n sn
ags;
res
tric
t fire
woo
d cu
tting
; tar
get i
nfor
mat
ion
tow
ard
ranc
hette
ow
ners
; inc
lude
asp
en in
pub
lic e
duca
tion;
use
“t
his
is a
wild
life
hom
e” s
igns
and
sim
ilar
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
, Sta
te, a
nd p
rivat
e la
nds
that
are
be
ing
encr
oach
ed b
y co
nife
rsA
nyw
here
Scho
ols
and
anyw
here
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Mon
roe
Mou
ntai
n (c
olla
bora
tion
on
aspe
n, e
nvir
onm
enta
l ass
essm
ent y
et to
be
impl
emen
ted)
La S
al S
usta
inab
ility
Col
labo
rativ
e (L
SSC
)So
uthe
rn U
tah
Nat
iona
l Par
ks,
ongo
ing
soci
al m
edia
com
mun
icat
ions
, citi
zen
scie
nce
activ
ities
Com
men
ts--
-M
ust c
onsi
der
both
wild
life
and
lives
tock
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 483
Appendix 11—Outdoor Recreation Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for outdoor recreation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for recreation.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
484 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 11
A.1
— O
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: The
re is
a la
ck o
f inf
orm
atio
n on
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd o
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
n
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ondu
ct r
esea
rch
on v
isito
rs w
ho a
re o
r w
ill b
e co
min
g, w
here
they
are
from
, wha
t the
y ar
e do
ing,
and
cul
tura
l diff
eren
ces
and
expe
ctat
ions
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Res
earc
h al
l sou
rces
; res
earc
h de
mog
raph
ics
rela
ted
to h
untin
g, fi
shin
g, n
atur
e vi
ewin
g, h
ikin
g,
road
s, tr
ails
, fac
ilitie
s
Ass
imila
te in
form
atio
n in
to r
esou
rce
plan
sPr
epar
e in
form
atio
n fo
r sp
ecifi
c po
pula
tions
that
will
be
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd in
thei
r re
spec
tive
lang
uage
(s)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll ar
eas:
cam
pgro
unds
, tra
ilhea
ds, d
ay u
se,
wild
erne
ss
---
---
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
All
reso
urce
are
as
Com
men
tsIm
pera
tive;
we
do n
ot h
ave
enou
gh in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
to a
scer
tain
spe
cific
tact
ics;
whi
ch e
thni
c gr
oups
will
be
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge?
Less
er a
mou
nts
of s
now
are
exp
ecte
d --
-
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Peo
ple
man
agem
ent:
Incr
ease
d flo
odin
g an
d fir
e w
ill r
esul
t in
few
er r
ecre
atio
nal s
ites,
mor
e us
e of
alte
rnat
ive
cam
pgro
unds
, re
duce
d se
rvic
es, a
nd in
crea
sed
use
of fe
wer
faci
litie
s; n
eed
flexi
bilit
y in
ada
ptin
g to
cha
ngin
g co
nditi
ons
and
in m
ovin
g pe
ople
as
need
ed
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: R
esea
rch
and
docu
men
t exi
stin
g us
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Inve
ntor
y: U
se a
nd u
pdat
e th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
IN
FRA
dat
abas
e to
ass
ure
corr
ect i
nfor
mat
ion
is
avai
labl
e
Peop
le m
anag
emen
t: A
s co
nditi
ons
chan
ge, m
ove
peop
le to
mor
e de
sira
ble
site
s as
nee
ded;
thin
k cr
eativ
ely
Com
mun
icat
ion:
Hav
e cl
ear
and
cons
tant
di
scus
sion
s w
ith fo
rest
s, a
nd e
stab
lish
dist
rict
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll fo
rest
s an
d si
tes
Und
erus
ed o
r ne
w s
ites
that
may
hav
e to
be
util
ized
as
wea
ther
cha
nges
and
floo
ds
and
fire
incr
ease
; site
s w
here
sea
son
of
use
may
cha
nge
At a
ll le
vels
as
need
ari
ses
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Ann
ual a
nd c
onst
ant r
evie
w o
f dat
a to
ass
ure
accu
racy
A
s fu
ndin
g an
d co
nditi
ons
pers
ist;
chan
ges
to la
ws
and
dire
ctio
n m
ay b
e af
fect
ed; p
repa
re fo
r m
anag
ing
garb
age
and
prov
idin
g en
hanc
ed r
estr
oom
am
eniti
es
Wat
ch a
nd m
onito
r as
clim
ate
chan
ges
Com
men
tsPr
oper
trai
ning
for
data
inpu
t N
atio
nal E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Act
an
alys
is a
nd p
lann
ing
befo
reha
nd w
ill b
e ne
eded
; For
est P
lans
will
nee
d to
add
ress
th
ese
chan
ges
to b
e ad
equa
tely
pre
pare
d
Can
incl
ude
new
tech
nolo
gies
for
quic
k ex
chan
ge o
f inf
orm
atio
n
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 485
Tabl
e 11
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—R
ecre
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tem
pera
ture
cha
nges
bri
ng c
hang
es in
sea
son,
bot
h fo
r pe
ople
and
res
ourc
es, a
nd m
ay p
ut m
ore
pres
sure
on
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
an
d si
tes
(e.g
., lo
otin
g, c
olle
ctin
g, in
adve
rten
t im
pact
s fr
om u
sers
to c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
duca
te u
sers
and
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Red
irec
t pub
lic to
less
sen
sitiv
e cu
ltura
l are
asPr
ovid
e ed
ucat
ion
and
inte
rpre
tatio
n to
info
rm th
e pu
blic
abo
ut w
hy th
ese
reso
urce
s ar
e im
port
ant
Dir
ectly
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll si
tes;
col
labo
rate
with
oth
er a
genc
ies
on
stra
tegi
es; N
atio
nal P
ark
Serv
ice
is v
ery
adep
t at
peop
le m
anag
emen
t
Dev
elop
ed a
nd s
usta
ined
site
sSp
ecifi
c si
tes
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Div
ert p
ublic
to m
ore
easi
ly s
usta
inab
le s
ites
whi
le h
ighl
ight
ing
site
s th
at w
e w
ant t
hem
to
visi
t
Info
rm p
ublic
of a
ll ag
es a
bout
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f out
door
eth
ics
and
resp
ectin
g ou
tdoo
r re
sour
ces
Phys
ical
bar
rier
s an
d m
onito
ring
Com
men
tsM
ay n
eed
to u
se p
lant
ings
, har
dsca
pe, e
tc. t
o di
vert
vis
itors
to w
here
we
wan
t the
m to
go;
ut
ilize
eng
inee
ring
tech
niqu
es
Expl
ore
all m
etho
ds o
f del
iver
y to
the
publ
icLa
w e
nfor
cem
ent p
rese
nce
need
ed;
enga
gem
ent o
f tri
bes
is v
ital
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
486 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 11
A.2
—O
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he P
late
aus
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Sea
son
of u
se, t
ypes
of r
ecre
atio
n, a
nd lo
catio
n of
act
iviti
es m
ay c
hang
e as
the
clim
ate
chan
ges
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y an
d pr
iori
tize
recr
eatio
n si
tes
that
are
pro
ne to
cha
nge
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Use
pre
dict
ive
mod
elin
g th
at in
corp
orat
es
chan
ging
clim
ate
cond
ition
s (e
.g.,
prec
ipita
tion,
tem
pera
ture
)
Surv
ey th
e pu
blic
dir
ectly
or
indi
rect
ly to
det
erm
ine
use
patte
rns,
se
nsiti
vity
to c
hang
ing
clim
ate
patte
rns,
tren
ds
Educ
ate
the
publ
ic a
bout
like
ly im
pact
s of
cha
ngin
g re
crea
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?D
urin
g lo
ng-t
erm
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
ses
to
iden
tify
pote
ntia
l use
r ve
rsus
use
r co
nflic
ts
(e.g
., no
nmot
oriz
ed v
ersu
s m
otor
ized
w
inte
r us
e)
Nat
iona
l Vis
itor
Use
Mon
itori
ng, t
rail
coun
ters
, Web
-bas
ed to
ols
Focu
s on
nat
iona
l for
est l
ocat
ions
or
site
s in
whi
ch
chan
ges
are
occu
rrin
g (e
.g.,
pine
bee
tle in
fest
atio
ns)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
In h
igh-
use
loca
tions
; use
info
rmat
ion
and
data
from
oth
er a
genc
ies
(e.g
., N
atio
nal
Park
Ser
vice
)
Col
lect
dat
a fr
om u
ser
grou
ps, l
ocal
in
tere
st g
roup
s; u
se s
ocia
l med
iaA
s w
e ch
ange
roa
d cl
osur
e da
tes,
for
exam
ple,
pro
vide
th
e “w
hy”;
use
soc
ial m
edia
; set
up
kios
ks a
t sce
nic
over
look
s to
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion,
esp
ecia
lly r
egar
ding
pi
ne b
eetle
impa
cts
Com
men
tsSe
e ho
w R
ecre
atio
n O
ppor
tuni
ty S
pect
rum
m
ay c
hang
e w
ith r
egar
d to
vis
itatio
n, o
ther
va
riab
les
Enco
urag
e us
er g
roup
s to
con
duct
th
e su
rvey
sEn
cour
age
recr
eatio
n ac
tiviti
es to
rem
ove
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s (e
.g.,
Fish
Lak
e pe
rch
tour
nam
ent)
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 487
Tabl
e 11
A.3
—O
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
n ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
nges
in r
ecre
atio
n us
e pa
ttern
s w
ill o
ccur
with
war
min
g (y
ear-
roun
d se
ason
s fo
r no
n-sn
ow a
ctiv
ities
, shi
ft in
sno
w-
depe
nden
t act
iviti
es, c
hang
es in
use
type
s an
d de
man
d)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se fl
exib
ility
and
cap
acity
for
man
agin
g re
crea
tion
reso
urce
s to
mee
t shi
fting
dem
ands
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dev
elop
cre
ativ
e bu
dget
str
ateg
ies
to s
uppo
rt
long
er a
nd o
verl
appi
ng u
se s
easo
ns; p
ursu
e ad
ditio
nal g
rant
fund
ing
and
part
ners
hips
and
op
port
uniti
es fo
r ne
w fe
es (e
.g.,
som
ethi
ng
sim
ilar
to A
dven
ture
Pas
s, p
arki
ng fe
es, u
se
for
peak
use
tim
es);
offe
r fa
cilit
ies
thro
ugh
pros
pect
us fo
r bu
sine
sses
opp
ortu
nitie
s;
leve
rage
out
fittin
g an
d gu
idin
g fu
nds
(FD
DS4
2)
Incr
ease
flex
ibili
ty fo
r ye
ar-r
ound
use
of
faci
litie
s; r
edev
elop
or
hard
en e
xist
ing
or
new
site
s (e
.g.,
inte
grat
e su
mm
er u
ses
into
sk
i are
a op
erat
ions
); pa
ve a
cces
s ro
ads
for
win
ter
and
wet
use
s; in
stal
l gat
es o
r ot
her
acce
ss c
ontr
ol w
here
sno
w n
o lo
nger
clo
ses
area
s; c
hang
e ty
pes
of in
fras
truc
ture
(e.g
., m
arin
as u
sed
to b
e st
atic
but
now
nee
d to
be
flex
ible
); in
crea
se c
apac
ity a
t exi
stin
g si
tes
to a
ccom
mod
ate
long
er u
se s
easo
ns
Leve
rage
loca
l par
tner
ship
s to
ass
ist
with
man
agem
ent o
f rec
reat
ion
faci
litie
s (e
.g.,
deve
lop
part
ners
hips
with
loca
l go
vern
men
t, ot
her
agen
cies
, tri
bes,
an
d us
er g
roup
s, n
ongo
vern
men
tal
orga
niza
tions
[G
reat
Bas
in In
stitu
te];
pr
omot
e tr
ail a
dopt
ion;
faci
litat
e lo
cal
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t opp
ortu
nitie
s)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
wid
e an
d re
gion
wid
e; a
ll re
crea
tion
site
sPl
aces
with
vul
nera
bilit
y to
floo
ding
, ch
angi
ng w
ater
leve
ls, i
ncre
ased
unf
roze
n sa
tura
tion,
and
exp
andi
ng s
umm
er a
ctiv
ities
in
pre
viou
sly
win
ter-
only
are
as; c
onsi
der
desi
gn fo
r ye
ar-r
ound
use
(vau
lt ve
rsus
flus
h to
ilets
)
Fore
stw
ide
and
regi
onw
ide;
esp
ecia
lly
impo
rtan
t in
area
s th
at a
re fa
r fr
om F
ores
t Se
rvic
e fa
cilit
ies
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Targ
et m
ost h
eavi
ly u
sed
area
sEx
istin
g de
velo
ped
recr
eatio
n fa
cilit
ies
(res
tore
vul
nera
ble
site
s, c
hang
e or
clo
se
som
e si
tes)
req
uire
sus
tain
able
faci
lity
inve
stm
ents
und
er n
ew p
rosp
ectu
s bi
ds;
whe
re m
oney
is a
vaila
ble
Bui
ld o
n ex
istin
g ag
reem
ents
; rea
ch
out f
or n
ew p
artn
ers;
eng
age
loca
l st
ewar
dshi
p gr
oups
; wor
k w
ith y
outh
gr
oups
; wor
k w
ith tr
ibes
mor
e
Com
men
tsEd
ucat
e pu
blic
abo
ut fe
es to
red
uce
push
back
; su
ppor
t nat
iona
l pol
icie
s fo
r lo
cal f
ee r
eten
tion
Flex
ible
man
agem
ent o
f rec
reat
ion
site
s is
ne
eded
(e.g
., ch
ange
trav
el m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
to o
pen
area
s ba
sed
on c
ondi
tion,
not
da
te)
Red
ucin
g op
erat
iona
l and
trav
el c
osts
is
ver
y im
port
ant b
ecau
se o
f bud
get
cons
trai
nts
and
dist
ance
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
488 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Appendix 12—Infrastructure Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for infrastructure, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for infrastructure.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 489
Tabl
e 12
A.1
—In
fras
truc
ture
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
build
ing
desi
gn a
nd m
aint
enan
ce
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
rote
ct e
xist
ing
and
futu
re in
fras
truc
ture
by
exam
inin
g pr
esen
t and
futu
re h
azar
ds o
n bu
ildin
g in
fras
truc
ture
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Exam
ine
surr
ound
ings
for
haza
rd tr
ees,
and
re
mov
e th
ose
that
pre
sent
haz
ards
to fa
cilit
ies
Follo
w r
ecom
men
ded
prac
tices
for
keep
ing
build
ings
saf
e fr
om fi
res
Mon
itor
mov
emen
t of r
ange
s of
pot
entia
l in
sect
s; e
duca
te th
ose
livin
g in
and
m
aint
aini
ng b
uild
ings
abo
ut th
e si
gns
and
risk
s of
inse
cts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny b
uild
ing
Any
bui
ldin
gA
ny b
uild
ing
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Dur
ing
gene
ral m
aint
enan
ce a
nd la
ndsc
apin
g,
cont
inua
lly e
valu
ate
the
site
for
haza
rds
Eval
uate
str
uctu
res
for
com
plia
nce
with
bes
t pr
actic
es d
urin
g bu
ildin
g co
nditi
on s
urve
ys
Reg
ionw
ide
educ
atio
n an
d re
sear
ch
diss
emin
atio
n on
inse
ct is
sues
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
build
ing
desi
gn a
nd m
aint
enan
ce
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
dd g
uida
nce
to e
xist
ing
desi
gn s
tand
ards
and
con
side
r ad
just
men
t of m
aint
enan
ce a
ctiv
ities
to a
ccou
nt fo
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
side
r fu
ture
of h
otte
r te
mpe
ratu
res
duri
ng
build
ing
HV
AC
des
ign
Des
ign
for
and
inst
all h
eat-
and
dro
ught
-re
sist
ant l
ands
cape
s (x
eris
cape
)A
ntic
ipat
e w
here
ice
dam
pro
blem
s m
ay
occu
r in
the
futu
re
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny b
uild
ing
A
ny b
uild
ing
Bui
ldin
gs in
hig
her
elev
atio
ns w
here
w
inte
r te
mpe
ratu
re m
ay fl
uctu
ate
near
fr
eezi
ng
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Dur
ing
new
con
stru
ctio
n an
d H
VA
C
repl
acem
ent
Dur
ing
new
con
stru
ctio
n an
d w
hen
fund
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
are
pre
sent
D
urin
g ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion
and
re-r
oofin
g pr
ojec
ts, c
onsi
der
the
pote
ntia
l for
ice
dam
pro
blem
s
Com
men
tsC
onsi
der
desi
gnin
g fo
r in
crea
se in
tem
pera
ture
of
10
°F b
y 21
00C
once
ntra
te o
n fa
cilit
ies
with
hig
hest
wat
er
use
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
490 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 12
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—In
fras
truc
ture
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed te
mpe
ratu
res
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
road
des
ign
and
mai
nten
ance
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
whe
re r
oads
and
str
eam
s in
tera
ct
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Ada
pt th
e de
sign
sta
ndar
ds w
here
futu
re r
ain-
on-s
now
eve
nts
are
expe
cted
D
evel
op r
isk
asse
ssm
ent f
or r
oad
infr
astr
uctu
rePe
rfor
m r
oad
blad
ing
and
grad
ing
activ
ities
dur
ing
peri
ods
whe
n na
tura
l m
oist
ure
cond
ition
s ar
e op
timum
, and
use
w
ater
truc
ks a
s ne
eded
to s
uppl
emen
t
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
A
genc
y an
d pa
rtne
r ro
ad s
yste
ms
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Smal
ler
proj
ect s
cale
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d du
ring
reg
ular
mai
nten
ance
and
rep
lace
men
tD
evel
op p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith F
eder
al H
ighw
ay
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Impl
emen
t dur
ing
regu
lar
mai
nten
ance
ac
tiviti
es
Com
men
ts--
---
-M
aint
enan
ce m
ay n
eed
to o
ccur
ear
lier
and
mor
e of
ten
in th
e fie
ld s
easo
n
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 491
Tabl
e 12
A.2
—In
fras
truc
ture
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed s
torm
freq
uenc
y an
d in
tens
ity c
ondi
tions
will
hav
e br
oad
impl
icat
ions
for
desi
gn a
nd m
aint
enan
ce o
f bri
dges
, dam
s,
cana
ls, a
nd le
vees
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
rote
ct e
xist
ing
and
futu
re in
fras
truc
ture
by
exam
inin
g pr
esen
t and
futu
re h
azar
ds o
n da
m in
fras
truc
ture
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Eval
uate
exi
stin
g in
vent
ory
for
capa
city
and
st
ruct
ural
inte
grity
usi
ng p
roje
cted
clim
ate
mod
els
for
extr
eme
stor
m e
vent
s
Inco
rpor
ate
proj
ecte
d cl
imat
e m
odel
s fo
r ex
trem
e st
orm
eve
nts
in s
truc
ture
des
ign
and
brid
ge lo
catio
n.
Faci
litat
e pa
rtne
ring
effo
rts
betw
een
priv
ate,
loca
l, St
ate,
and
Fed
eral
ju
risd
ictio
ns
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny e
xist
ing
brid
ge, d
am, c
anal
, lev
eeA
ny p
lann
ed b
ridg
e, d
am, c
anal
, lev
eeA
ny e
xist
ing
or p
lann
ed b
ridg
e, d
am,
cana
l, le
vee
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
As
part
of s
ched
uled
insp
ectio
ns, m
aint
enan
ce
activ
ities
, and
as
requ
este
d by
par
tner
sD
urin
g sc
opin
g, p
lann
ing,
and
eng
inee
ring
de
sign
Ong
oing
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Ant
icip
ated
wild
fire
inte
nsity
con
ditio
ns w
ill h
ave
broa
d im
plic
atio
ns fo
r in
fras
truc
ture
des
ign
and
mai
nten
ance
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
rote
ct e
xist
ing
and
prop
osed
infr
astr
uctu
re b
y ex
amin
ing
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
haz
ards
due
to in
crea
sed
wild
fires
and
pos
t-w
ildfir
e co
nditi
ons
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Des
ign
brid
ges
and
culv
erts
to m
inim
ize
dive
rsio
n po
tent
ial
Incr
ease
def
ensi
ble
spac
e ar
ound
in
fras
truc
ture
and
dis
cour
age
deve
lopm
ent
in th
e w
ildla
nd-u
rban
inte
rfac
e
Enha
nce
exis
ting
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e fir
e ha
zard
edu
catio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
as
rela
ted
to in
fras
truc
ture
des
ign
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ny p
lann
ed b
ridg
e or
cul
vert
Exis
ting
and
prop
osed
str
uctu
res
with
in a
nd
adja
cent
to F
eder
al la
nds
Publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e do
mai
n as
wel
l as
loca
l, St
ate,
and
Fed
eral
fire
-rel
ated
ag
enci
es
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Dur
ing
scop
ing,
pla
nnin
g, e
ngin
eeri
ng d
esig
nD
urin
g in
spec
tion,
sco
ping
, pla
nnin
g,
engi
neer
ing
desi
gnO
ngoi
ng
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
492 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 12
A.3
—In
fras
truc
ture
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Pow
er li
ne in
fras
truc
ture
may
be
incr
easi
ngly
impa
cted
by
ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ces
(e.g
., w
ildla
nd fi
re, i
nsec
t and
dis
ease
tree
ha
zard
s, in
vasi
ve p
lant
s [c
heat
gras
s], a
nd g
eolo
gic
haza
rds)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
reat
e pl
ausi
ble
risk
sce
nari
os to
util
ize
in c
urre
nt p
erm
it m
anag
emen
t
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Com
mun
icat
e w
ith e
xist
ing
pow
er li
ne p
erm
it ho
lder
s an
d an
nual
ly in
wild
land
fire
san
d ta
ble
exer
cise
s
Map
all
pow
er li
nes
in th
e IA
P re
gion
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Em
erge
ncy
resp
onse
pla
ns fo
r pl
ausi
ble
scen
ario
sG
IS p
roje
ct d
evel
opm
ent
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
In h
igh
fire
risk
are
as, r
epla
ce w
ood
pole
s w
ith
stee
l pol
es--
-
Com
men
tsIn
tegr
ated
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent w
ith p
ower
co
mpa
ny--
-
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Use
of p
ower
line
infr
astr
uctu
re m
ay c
hang
e be
caus
e of
cha
nges
in p
ower
gen
erat
ion
and
dem
and
(e.g
., al
tern
ativ
e en
ergy
so
urce
s su
ch a
s so
lar
and
geot
herm
al)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
reat
e pl
ausi
ble
risk
sce
nari
os to
util
ize
in a
ppro
val p
roce
ss (N
atio
nal E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pol
icy
Act
pro
cess
and
des
ign)
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Cre
ate
resp
onse
pla
ns to
ris
k sc
enar
ios
Inco
rpor
ate
risk
sce
nari
os in
nat
ural
re
sour
ce p
lann
ing
and
fore
st p
lans
G
arne
r br
oad
supp
ort t
o co
nsid
er r
isk
asse
ssm
ents
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?--
---
---
-
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
---
---
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Rec
reat
ion
resi
denc
es m
ay b
e su
bjec
t to
incr
ease
d ri
sk fr
om e
xtre
me
clim
atic
eve
nts
(e.g
., fir
e, s
now
, floo
ding
, ava
lanc
he, a
nd
ecol
ogic
al d
istu
rban
ce)
Ada
ptio
n st
rate
gy/a
ppro
ach:
Dev
elop
ris
k as
sess
men
t too
ls, a
nd a
ddre
ss r
isk
with
hol
ders
and
Cou
nty
emer
genc
y m
edic
al s
ervi
ces
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Com
mun
icat
e w
ith e
xist
ing
recr
eatio
n re
side
nt
hold
ers
Dev
elop
cle
ar p
roce
dure
s fo
r re
mov
ing
a re
crea
tion
resi
denc
e th
at e
xcee
ds a
ris
k th
resh
old
Con
side
r de
velo
ping
in-l
ieu
lots
or
othe
r re
crea
tion
trac
ts
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll re
crea
tion
resi
denc
esSi
te-s
peci
fic a
nd in
eac
h di
stri
ctA
genc
y re
view
of p
rogr
am
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Com
mun
icat
ion
duri
ng a
nnua
l ins
pect
ions
and
na
tiona
l hom
eow
ners
ass
ocia
tion
mee
tings
Ann
ual i
nspe
ctio
ns; n
atio
nal h
omeo
wne
rs
asso
ciat
ion
mee
tings
Nat
iona
l and
reg
iona
l-le
vel m
eetin
gs
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 493
Tabl
e 12
A.3
(co
ntin
ued)
—In
fras
truc
ture
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Rec
reat
ion
even
ts a
nd tr
ail i
nfra
stru
ctur
e m
ay fa
ce in
crea
sed
risk
from
ext
rem
e cl
imat
ic e
vent
s (e
.g.,
fire,
sno
w, fl
oodi
ng,
aval
anch
e, a
nd e
colo
gica
l dis
turb
ance
)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
corp
orat
e ch
ange
s in
ext
rem
e cl
imat
ic e
vent
s in
to r
ecre
atio
n ev
ent p
lann
ing
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Cha
nge
timin
g an
d lo
catio
n of
eve
nts
Con
duct
mor
e in
door
eve
nts,
suc
h as
co
mpu
teri
zed
bicy
cle
“spi
n” e
vent
sC
ance
l eve
nts
whe
n hu
man
saf
ety
is a
t ris
k
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?R
oad
and
mou
ntai
n bi
ke e
vent
s--
---
-
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
---
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
494 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Appendix 13—Cultural Resource Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for cultural resources, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for cultural resources.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 495
Tabl
e 13
A.1
—C
ultu
ral r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Sou
ther
n G
reat
er Y
ello
wst
one
subr
egio
n w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Los
s of
trad
ition
al fo
od s
ourc
es m
ay o
ccur
with
sev
ere
wild
fire
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
tegr
ate
trad
ition
al e
colo
gica
l kno
wle
dge
with
fire
man
agem
ent p
lans
and
cul
tura
l res
ourc
e da
taba
se to
hol
istic
ally
man
age
for
trad
ition
al
food
sou
rces
(i.e
., hu
ckle
berr
ies,
mus
hroo
ms,
pin
e nu
ts, s
age-
grou
se)
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Emph
asiz
e pr
eser
vatio
n of
trad
ition
al fo
od
sour
ces
with
trib
al a
nd lo
cal s
igni
fican
ceEn
hanc
e re
silie
nce
of s
peci
fic h
abita
ts to
fire
and
ot
her
thre
ats;
man
age
fire
to m
aint
ain
or p
rote
ct
sage
brus
h ra
ngel
ands
and
oth
er s
ensi
tive
vege
tatio
n co
mm
unity
type
s
Iden
tify
and
prot
ect a
reas
sui
tabl
e fo
r tr
aditi
onal
food
gat
heri
ng d
urin
g fir
e su
ppre
ssio
n an
d re
hab
activ
ities
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est a
nd r
egio
nA
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est a
nd r
egio
nA
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est a
nd
regi
on
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Con
sult
with
trib
es; e
limin
ate
com
mer
cial
pe
rmits
in a
reas
with
spe
cial
trib
al
sign
ifica
nce;
wor
k w
ith lo
cal u
ser
grou
ps to
id
entif
y ar
eas
of c
once
rn
Con
side
r al
l veg
etat
ion
trea
tmen
ts in
clud
ing
fire
man
agem
ent p
lann
ing
as o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
enha
ncin
g re
silie
nce;
con
side
r tr
aditi
onal
food
sou
rces
dur
ing
fire
man
agem
ent p
lann
ing
Con
tinue
to c
olle
ct d
ata
and
refin
e m
odel
s to
bet
ter
unde
rsta
nd
loca
tion
of tr
aditi
onal
food
-ga
ther
ing
area
s
Com
men
tsN
eed
to in
tegr
ate
trib
al a
nd lo
cal k
now
ledg
e w
ith e
xist
ing
Fore
st S
ervi
ce in
form
atio
nId
entif
y th
ese
area
s as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e N
eed
to c
oord
inat
e w
ith
rese
arch
ers,
fire
man
ager
s, tr
ibes
, an
d cu
ltura
l res
ourc
e st
aff
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed fi
re w
ill r
esul
t in
incr
ease
d er
osio
n an
d lo
ss o
f veg
etat
ion,
whi
ch m
ay in
crea
se d
amag
e an
d im
pact
s to
cul
tura
l re
sour
ces
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
ncou
rage
pre
dist
urba
nce
and
post
dist
urba
nce
stra
tegi
es to
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Incr
ease
the
use
of p
resc
ribe
d fir
e or
oth
er v
eget
atio
n m
anip
ulat
ion
Inve
ntor
y, m
ap, a
nd r
ate
fire
risk
for
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
Dev
elop
a p
lan
to a
ddre
ss p
ostfi
re im
pact
s to
cu
ltura
l res
ourc
es th
at h
ave
been
affe
cted
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
and
aro
und
cultu
ral
reso
urce
s th
at a
re s
usce
ptib
le
to im
pact
from
sev
ere
wild
fire
Acr
oss
the
natio
nal f
ores
tA
cros
s th
e bu
rned
are
as
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
At t
he p
roje
ct p
lann
ing
leve
l; du
ring
the
annu
al p
rogr
am o
f w
ork
disc
ussi
on.
Inte
grat
e in
vent
ory
with
oth
er s
urve
y ne
eds
focu
sing
on
high
site
pot
entia
l are
as a
cros
s th
e fo
rest
; enc
oura
ge fo
rest
per
sonn
el a
nd th
e pu
blic
to
cont
ribu
te in
form
atio
n on
at-
risk
site
loca
tions
Dev
elop
long
-ter
m s
tabi
lizat
ion
and
rest
orat
ion
plan
s; in
tegr
ate
into
Bur
ned
Are
a Em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e (B
AER
) pla
ns a
nd d
urin
g th
e fo
rest
pl
anni
ng e
ffort
.
Com
men
tsN
eed
to id
entif
y ar
eas
with
hi
gh s
tand
den
sity
B
e cr
eativ
e in
find
ing
way
s to
com
plet
e th
e su
rvey
s;
utili
ze e
xist
ing
reso
urce
info
rmat
ion
(LiD
AR
) to
iden
tify
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
Ensu
re c
omm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n he
rita
ge a
nd fi
re
staf
f
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
496 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 13
A.1
(con
tinu
ed)—
Cul
tura
l res
ourc
e ad
apta
tion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gies
by
othe
r re
sour
ce a
reas
may
affe
ct c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
ompl
y w
ith N
atio
nal H
isto
ric
Pres
erva
tion
Act
(NH
PA) b
efor
e im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gies
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Larg
e-sc
ale
plan
ning
effo
rt: I
nteg
rate
NH
PA c
onsi
dera
tions
in
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gies
; if c
onsi
deri
ng
mod
ifica
tion
of la
ndsc
apes
or
habi
tats
, con
side
r op
port
uniti
es to
pr
eser
ve o
r pr
otec
t cul
tura
l res
ourc
es w
ithin
the
area
s co
nsid
ered
fo
r tr
eatm
ent
Earl
y in
itiat
ion
of N
HPA
co
mpl
ianc
e du
ring
spe
cific
pro
ject
pl
anni
ng
Dev
elop
a p
lan
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
to c
ultu
ral
reso
urce
s
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?M
ust b
e ap
plie
d pr
ojec
t-w
ide
Acr
oss
the
natio
nal f
ores
tA
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est a
nd
regi
on
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Ong
oing
, age
ncy-
wid
ePr
ojec
t ini
tiatio
n, o
ut y
ear
plan
ning
En
sure
com
mun
icat
ion
betw
een
heri
tage
and
oth
er r
esou
rce
area
s
Com
men
tsA
req
uire
men
t; tr
ibal
con
sulta
tion
also
req
uire
dB
e cr
eativ
e in
find
ing
way
s to
co
mpl
ete
the
surv
eys;
util
ize
exis
ting
reso
urce
info
rmat
ion
(LiD
AR
) to
iden
tify
cultu
ral
reso
urce
s
Expl
ore
oppo
rtun
ities
for
othe
r re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t to
help
us
stab
ilize
and
pre
serv
e cu
ltura
l re
sour
ces
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed r
ecre
atio
n m
ay th
reat
en c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
duca
te u
sers
and
pro
tect
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Red
irec
t pub
lic to
less
sen
sitiv
e cu
ltura
l are
aEd
ucat
ion
and
inte
rpre
tatio
n to
info
rm
the
publ
ic o
f why
thes
e re
sour
ces
are
impo
rtan
t; en
gage
use
r gr
oups
Dir
ect p
rote
ctio
n w
ith p
hysi
cal b
arri
ers,
fe
ncin
g, v
eget
atio
n sc
reen
ing,
acc
ess
man
agem
ent
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Sp
ecifi
c si
tes;
nee
d to
iden
tify
high
rec
reat
ion
use
loca
tions
and
whe
re im
pact
s ar
e oc
curr
ing
or m
ay o
ccur
in th
e fu
ture
Dis
pers
ed r
ecre
atio
n si
tes,
sys
tem
trai
lsSp
ecifi
c si
tes
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Di v
ert p
ublic
to m
ore
easi
ly s
usta
inab
le s
ites
whi
le h
ighl
ight
ing
site
s th
at w
e w
ant t
hem
to
visi
t
Info
rm p
ublic
abo
ut th
e im
port
ance
of
cultu
ral r
esou
rce
ethi
cs a
nd r
espe
ctin
g th
ese
reso
urce
s
Phys
ical
bar
rier
s an
d m
onito
ring
Com
men
tsM
ay n
eed
to u
se p
lant
ings
, har
dsca
pe, e
tc. t
o di
vert
vis
itors
to w
here
we
wan
t the
m to
go;
ut
ilize
eng
inee
ring
tech
niqu
es
Nee
d to
wor
k w
ith r
ecre
atio
n st
aff t
o de
term
ine
publ
ic u
se p
atte
rns
Mor
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
pre
senc
e, u
se
amba
ssad
ors;
trib
al e
ngag
emen
t is
vita
l; N
HPA
com
plia
nce
is r
equi
red
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 497
Tabl
e 13
A.2
—C
ultu
ral r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Pla
teau
s su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Inc
reas
ed fi
re w
ill r
esul
t in
incr
ease
d er
osio
n an
d lo
ss o
f veg
etat
ion,
whi
ch m
ay in
crea
se d
amag
e an
d im
pact
s to
arc
haeo
logi
cal
site
s
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: E
ncou
rage
pre
dist
urba
nce
and
post
dist
urba
nce
stra
tegi
es to
pro
tect
hig
h-va
lue
arch
aeol
ogic
al s
ites
and
reso
urce
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Incr
ease
the
use
of p
resc
ribe
d fir
e or
oth
er
vege
tatio
n m
anip
ulat
ion
Inve
ntor
y, m
ap, a
nd r
ate
fire
risk
for
arch
aeol
ogic
al r
esou
rces
Dev
elop
a p
lan
to a
ddre
ss p
ostfi
re im
pact
s to
ar
chae
olog
ical
site
s th
at h
ave
been
exp
osed
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?In
and
aro
und
arch
aeol
ogic
al r
esou
rces
that
ar
e in
fire
-pro
ne a
reas
In a
nd a
roun
d ar
chae
olog
ical
res
ourc
es
that
are
in fi
re-p
rone
are
asA
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
At t
he p
roje
ct p
lann
ing
leve
l; du
ring
the
annu
al p
rogr
am o
f wor
k di
scus
sion
Focu
s on
the
high
-ris
k ar
eas
as p
art o
f th
e re
quir
ed a
nnua
l sur
veys
; pur
sue
part
ners
hips
with
arc
haeo
logy
gro
ups
and
orga
niza
tions
In B
urne
d A
rea
Emer
genc
y R
espo
nse
(BA
ER) p
lans
; du
ring
the
fore
st p
lann
ing
effo
rt; i
n pr
efire
sea
son
plan
ning
Com
men
tsM
ay n
eed
to p
rior
itize
arc
haeo
logi
cal s
ites,
pr
oper
ties,
res
ourc
esB
e cr
eativ
e in
find
ing
way
s to
com
plet
e th
e su
rvey
s; u
se s
atel
lite
imag
ery
to
iden
tify
chan
ging
fire
ris
k
Com
mun
icat
ion
with
the
heri
tage
offi
cer
or s
taff;
ot
her
maj
or d
istu
rban
ces,
suc
h as
floo
ding
, can
be
addr
esse
d us
ing
thes
e ta
ctic
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
498 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 13
A.3
—C
ultu
ral r
esou
rce
adap
tatio
n op
tions
dev
elop
ed a
t the
Gre
at B
asin
and
Sem
i Des
ert s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Pin
yon
pine
fore
st m
ay b
e lo
st a
s a
cultu
ral r
esou
rce
due
to a
sev
ere
wild
fire
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
tegr
ate
trad
ition
al e
colo
gica
l kno
wle
dge
with
Wes
tern
sci
ence
to h
olis
tical
ly m
anag
e fo
r pi
ne n
uts
and
othe
r va
lues
(e.g
., sa
ge-g
rous
e)
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Emph
asiz
e pr
eser
vatio
n of
sta
nds
with
tr
ibal
sig
nific
ance
Enha
nce
resi
lienc
e of
sta
nds
to fi
re a
nd
othe
r th
reat
s; fo
cus
on p
hase
0/1
pin
yon-
juni
per
and
isol
ated
pin
yon-
juni
per
tree
s su
rrou
nded
by
good
sag
e-gr
ouse
hab
itat;
look
for
oppo
rtun
ities
to c
reat
e st
rate
gic
fuel
brea
ks in
con
tiguo
us w
oodl
and
Iden
tify
and
prot
ect a
reas
sui
tabl
e fo
r pi
nyon
un
der
futu
re c
limat
e co
nditi
ons
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est a
nd
regi
onw
ide
Acr
oss
the
natio
nal f
ores
t and
reg
ionw
ide
Acr
oss
the
natio
nal f
ores
t and
reg
ionw
ide
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Atte
mpt
con
sulta
tion
with
all
affe
cted
tr
ibes
; elim
inat
e co
mm
erci
al p
erm
its in
ar
eas
with
spe
cial
trib
al s
igni
fican
ce
Con
side
r al
l veg
etat
ion
trea
tmen
ts a
s op
port
uniti
es fo
r en
hanc
ing
resi
lienc
e C
ontin
ue to
col
lect
dat
a an
d re
fine
mod
els
to
bette
r un
ders
tand
futu
re p
inyo
n di
stri
butio
n;
lear
n fr
om p
ast m
anag
emen
t pro
ject
s
Com
men
tsW
ork
to u
se lo
cal k
now
ledg
e in
de
term
inin
g w
here
pin
yon
shou
ld
and
shou
ld n
ot b
e re
mov
ed; n
eed
to
com
pare
trib
al c
once
rns
with
Wes
tern
sc
ienc
e an
d G
IS in
form
atio
n
Iden
tify
thes
e ar
eas
as s
oon
as p
ossi
ble
Col
labo
rate
with
res
earc
hers
, fire
man
ager
s,
and
othe
rs
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 499
Appendix 14—Ecosystem Service Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region
The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for ecosystem services, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for ecosystem services.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
500 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
A.1
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Sm
all r
ural
com
mun
ities
are
ent
irel
y de
pend
ent o
n a
sing
le w
ater
shed
or
sour
ce th
at m
ay b
e ex
pose
d to
fire
, dro
ught
, and
floo
ds
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op p
repa
redn
ess
plan
s fo
r di
sast
er a
nd a
sses
s fu
ture
nee
ds fo
r w
ater
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
A
Tact
ics
Iden
tify
key
wat
ersh
eds
that
are
sen
sitiv
e
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Fo
rest
and
dis
tric
t lev
el
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Futu
re p
lann
ing,
wor
king
in w
ater
shed
hea
lth w
ith d
iscu
ssio
ns o
n fir
e pl
anni
ng; i
nclu
de d
iscu
ssio
n w
ith s
mal
l com
mun
ities
on
thei
r vu
lner
abili
ties
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tem
pera
ture
cha
nges
bri
ng c
hang
es in
sea
son
for
both
peo
ple
and
reso
urce
s (e
.g.,
snow
mob
ile u
se c
hang
es to
ATV
use
, m
ount
ain
biki
ng o
ccur
s ov
er lo
nger
sea
sons
and
at h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
, hun
ting
and
peop
le p
ut p
ress
ure
on w
ildlif
e at
sen
sitiv
e tim
es)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
lign
hum
an u
ses
with
new
sea
sona
litie
s, a
nd im
plic
atio
ns fo
r th
ose
chan
ges
on r
esou
rces
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Impl
emen
t sea
sona
l use
or
othe
r pe
rmitt
ing
for
activ
ities
that
wer
e co
nstr
aine
d by
wea
ther
(e.g
., AT
V,
mou
ntai
n bi
king
)
Dev
elop
cap
acity
for
flexi
bilit
y in
sea
sons
(o
peni
ng d
ates
for
cam
pgro
unds
, acc
ess
to
trai
ls, r
oad
clos
ures
)
Eval
uate
impa
cts
and
confl
icts
to r
esou
rce
and
user
gro
ups
(e.g
., liv
esto
ck) d
ue to
re
com
men
ded
chan
ges
in s
easo
nal u
se
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Es
peci
ally
in h
ighe
r el
evat
ions
Ana
lysi
s of
nee
d do
ne a
t reg
iona
l lev
el; e
ach
unit
left
to c
arry
out
in p
ract
ice;
pro
blem
s ob
serv
ed a
t dis
tric
t lev
el, b
ut e
mpo
wer
men
t do
ne a
t nat
iona
l for
est l
evel
Dis
tric
t- a
nd fo
rest
-lev
el d
ecis
ions
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Perm
ittin
g or
sea
sona
l clo
sure
s (n
eed
to e
valu
ate
new
nee
d fo
r th
ese)
; lon
ger
oper
atin
g pe
riod
s (c
ampg
roun
ds,
conc
essi
ons)
; edu
catio
n an
d ou
trea
ch
(pub
lic, u
ser
grou
ps, t
railh
ead
sign
age)
Plan
ning
and
app
rovi
ng p
erm
ittin
g fo
r m
ultip
le s
ites
that
spa
n a
spec
trum
of w
eath
er
outc
omes
Publ
ic m
eetin
gs, o
nlin
e su
rvey
s, r
esea
rch
part
ners
to c
ondu
ct s
tudy
of i
ssue
Com
men
ts--
-St
affin
g an
d fu
ndin
g fo
r ex
tend
ed s
easo
ns
is p
robl
emat
ic; u
ncer
tain
ty in
con
trac
ts to
co
nces
sion
aire
s; m
ay b
e a
safe
ty is
sue
as
peop
le a
re in
bac
kcou
ntry
dur
ing
shou
lder
se
ason
s w
ith r
apid
ly c
hang
ing
wea
ther
Not
ing
confl
icts
bet
wee
n hu
nter
s be
ing
on th
e la
nd a
t the
sam
e tim
e ca
ttle
are
bein
g gr
azed
; thi
s is
an
issu
e fo
r hu
nter
s th
at lo
se a
cces
s w
ith c
ows
on th
e la
nd,
and
ranc
hers
who
se li
vest
ock
are
shot
; ex
pand
ed A
TV u
se c
an c
onfli
ct w
ith
hunt
ers
and
spre
ad w
eeds
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 501
Tabl
e 14
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Air
qua
lity
will
be
thre
aten
ed b
y in
crea
sed
fire
exte
nt a
nd fr
eque
ncy,
and
may
adv
erse
ly a
ffect
hea
lth, t
ouri
sm, a
nd o
ppor
tuni
ty
to g
o ou
tsid
e
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
tegr
ate
fire
plan
ning
and
res
pons
e w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
con
side
ratio
ns
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Mod
el w
hich
pla
ces
are
susc
eptib
le to
hi
gh s
mok
e, a
nd g
et th
at m
essa
ge o
ut to
de
velo
pers
, tou
rist
s, o
ther
s
Info
rm p
eopl
e in
adv
ance
of a
nd d
urin
g bu
rn e
vent
s—m
ore
effe
ctiv
ely
(bot
h fo
r pr
escr
iptio
n bu
rns
and
wild
fire)
; im
prov
e un
ders
tand
ing
for
pres
crip
tion
burn
ne
cess
ity (h
abita
t vs.
logg
ing?
); im
prov
e m
essa
ging
reg
ardi
ng n
atur
al fi
re c
ycle
s
Min
imiz
e im
pact
s to
tour
ism
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
t uni
t lev
el b
ut h
ave
assi
stan
ce fr
om fi
re
scie
nce
cent
ers/
Nat
iona
l Int
erag
ency
Fir
e C
ounc
il (N
IFC
), an
d Fo
rest
Ser
vice
Res
earc
h C
ente
rs
Nat
iona
l, re
gion
al, a
nd u
nit l
evel
s;
cons
ider
the
stor
y-te
lling
app
roac
h.
Leve
rage
exi
stin
g m
essa
ges
abou
t fir
e an
d th
e ro
le o
f sm
oke
in h
ealth
y ec
osys
tem
s; th
e be
st p
lace
for
getti
ng th
e “w
ebca
m/c
urre
nt c
ondi
tion”
dat
a is
the
com
mun
ities
, tou
rism
boa
rds,
etc
.
Con
vers
atio
ns w
ith lo
cal p
ublic
abo
ut w
hat
the
tole
ranc
e le
vel i
s—ho
w to
qua
ntify
? C
omm
unic
ate
with
tour
ists
and
tour
ism
offi
ces;
gi
ve th
em in
form
atio
n to
pas
s al
ong
to o
ther
s;
add
mor
e in
form
atio
n on
rec
reat
ion.
gov
so
visi
tors
can
acc
ess
info
rmat
ion
them
selv
es;
emph
asiz
e op
port
uniti
es a
s w
ell a
s cl
osur
es
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Inco
rpor
ate
into
exi
stin
g fir
e pl
anni
ng,
tran
spor
tatio
n pl
anni
ng, r
ecre
atio
n pl
anni
ng,
wild
erne
ss p
lann
ing;
and
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegy
Prio
ritiz
e ri
ght b
efor
e an
d du
ring
fire
se
ason
(not
e: th
is is
bec
omin
g ye
ar r
ound
) --
-
Com
men
ts--
-Th
ere
is a
n op
port
unity
to g
et th
e m
essa
ge
out a
bout
wha
t is
open
as
wel
l as
wha
t is
clo
sed;
cou
ld in
stal
l web
cam
s to
sho
w
curr
ent c
ondi
tions
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
502 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Tem
pera
ture
cha
nges
bri
ng c
hang
es in
sea
son,
for
both
peo
ple
and
reso
urce
s, a
nd m
ay p
ut m
ore
pres
sure
on
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
an
d si
tes
(i.e.
, loo
ting,
col
lect
ing,
inad
vert
ent i
mpa
cts
from
use
rs to
cul
tura
l her
itage
res
ourc
es)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: (1
) Im
prov
e st
ate
of o
ur k
now
ledg
e of
rem
ote
cultu
ral r
esou
rces
at r
isk
from
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s; (2
) im
prov
e aw
aren
ess
to u
sers
bef
ore
they
get
out
ther
e
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Com
mun
icat
e w
ith u
sers
in a
var
iety
of w
ays
befo
re
they
hit
the
trai
lLe
arn
wha
t we
have
; com
plet
e an
in
vent
ory
of h
igh-
risk
are
asD
evel
op a
mon
itori
ng p
rogr
am fo
r hi
gh-
prio
rity
res
ourc
es
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll le
vels
, Web
site
s, tr
ailh
ead
sign
age,
trifo
lds,
so
cial
med
ia, p
ublic
ser
vice
ann
ounc
emen
ts; a
sses
s ef
fect
iven
ess!
“Le
ave
no tr
ace,
” “T
read
ligh
tly,”
“R
espe
ct a
nd p
rote
ct”
mes
sage
; par
tner
with
inte
rest
an
d ad
voca
cy g
roup
s, tr
ibes
, out
fitte
rs
Set s
trat
egy
at r
egio
nal l
evel
; im
plem
ent
at u
nit l
evel
; fun
ding
has
rar
ely
been
al
lotte
d to
Sec
tion
110
of th
e N
atio
nal
His
tori
c Pr
eser
vatio
n A
ct; n
eed
to id
entif
y op
port
uniti
es fo
r th
is
Set s
trat
egy
at r
egio
nal l
evel
; im
plem
ent
at u
nit l
evel
; ide
ntify
fund
ing
sour
ces
in
clim
ate
chan
ge o
r ot
her
sour
ces;
aga
in,
this
has
bee
n or
phan
ed in
the
past
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Con
side
r C
ham
ber
of C
omm
erce
, oth
er h
erita
ge
tour
ism
con
nect
ions
; lev
erag
e ce
lebr
atio
ns a
nd
cent
enni
als
to g
et th
e m
essa
ge o
ut
Cel
ebra
tions
and
cen
tenn
ials
may
br
ing
fund
ing
for
awar
enes
s; s
yste
mat
ic
inve
ntor
ies;
aer
ial p
hoto
grap
hy
Col
labo
rate
with
app
ropr
iate
par
ties
(trib
es, v
ette
d re
sear
cher
s, s
ite
stew
ard
prog
ram
, int
eres
t gro
ups)
for
citiz
en s
cien
ce; r
emot
e ca
mer
as fo
r en
forc
emen
t and
mon
itori
ng o
f im
pact
s to
cul
tura
l site
s
Com
men
tsA
t hig
her
geog
raph
ic a
nd s
ocie
tal s
cale
s to
avo
id
reve
alin
g se
nsiti
ve in
form
atio
n or
incr
easi
ng r
isk;
st
rate
gize
usi
ng n
onse
nsiti
ve c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
in
the
mes
sagi
ng
Con
side
r so
cial
vul
nera
bilit
y an
gles
: at
-ris
k re
sour
ces
and
the
larg
er p
ictu
re o
f co
mm
unity
hea
lth a
nd id
entit
y
Nee
d to
be
sens
itive
to tr
ibes
’ rel
ucta
nce
to s
hare
info
rmat
ion
abou
t im
port
ant
site
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Fir
e, e
rosi
on, fl
oods
, and
mas
s w
astin
g w
ill th
reat
en tr
ails
and
oth
er r
ecre
atio
nal f
eatu
res
of th
e la
ndsc
ape,
res
ultin
g in
saf
ety
issu
es
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: Id
entif
y an
d de
scri
be th
reat
s; m
itiga
te fo
r th
reat
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Tact
ics
Use
exi
stin
g da
ta a
nd m
odel
s to
do
over
lays
of h
ighe
st v
ulne
rabi
lity
and
thre
at le
vels
(to
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces,
in g
ener
al)
Und
erst
and
dem
ogra
phic
tren
ds a
nd d
eman
d fo
r hu
ntin
g, fi
shin
g,
and
wild
life
view
ing
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
t uni
t lev
el w
ith a
ssis
tanc
e fr
om fi
re s
cien
ce c
ente
rs, N
IFC
, For
est
Serv
ice
Res
earc
h St
atio
ns; p
oten
tially
U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y In
par
tner
ship
s w
ith w
ildlif
e gr
oups
, Sta
te a
genc
ies
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Inco
rpor
ate
into
exi
stin
g fir
e pl
anni
ng, t
rans
port
atio
n pl
anni
ng,
recr
eatio
n pl
anni
ng, w
ilder
ness
pla
nnin
gIn
nat
iona
l rep
orts
suc
h as
the
Res
ourc
e Pl
anni
ng A
ct (R
PA)
Ass
essm
ent,
part
ners
hips
with
gro
ups
such
as
Hea
dwat
ers
Econ
omic
s
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 503
Tabl
e 14
A.1
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he M
iddl
e R
ocki
es s
ubre
gion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Cha
nge
in ti
min
g of
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y an
d ab
solu
te a
mou
nt o
f wat
er a
vaila
ble
will
affe
ct w
ater
-bas
ed r
ecre
atio
n; h
igh
tem
pera
ture
s m
ay d
rive
up d
eman
d fo
r w
ater
rec
reat
ion
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: P
lan
to a
ccou
nt fo
r th
ese
chan
ges
in d
eman
d
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Iden
tify
plac
es th
at a
re li
kely
to b
e af
fect
ed b
y cl
imat
e ch
ange
: eith
er lo
ss o
f w
ater
-bas
ed r
ecre
atio
n, o
r w
here
mor
e re
crea
tion
will
be
conc
entr
ated
Ret
hink
cam
pgro
und
loca
tions
to m
ake
them
m
ore
plea
sant
for
hot c
limat
es (e
.g.,
spot
s in
th
e sh
ade)
and
nea
r ex
istin
g w
ater
res
ourc
es;
use
inte
ntio
nal l
ocat
ions
to c
ontr
ol im
pact
s of
di
sper
sed
cam
ping
Futu
re r
eser
voir
s m
ay b
e ne
eded
to
mee
t mun
icip
al w
ater
dem
and
that
will
al
so b
e us
ed fo
r re
crea
tion,
but
may
al
so fl
ood
exis
ting
recr
eatio
n si
tes
(e.g
., ca
mpg
roun
ds)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?A
ll fo
rest
sFo
rest
s es
peci
ally
attr
activ
e to
RV
s N
ear
exis
ting
wat
er r
esou
rces
, and
like
ly
new
site
s fo
r re
serv
oirs
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Part
neri
ng w
ith G
IS s
peci
alis
ts, r
ecre
atio
n sp
ecia
lists
, and
clim
ate
spec
ialis
ts
Will
req
uire
aw
aren
ess
for
futu
re p
lann
ing;
a
need
for
mor
e en
forc
emen
t to
keep
peo
ple
whe
re w
e w
ant t
hem
and
lim
it im
pact
s w
here
w
e do
not
; par
tner
ing
with
rec
reat
ion
user
gr
oups
will
be
a ke
y to
suc
cess
Look
ing
ahea
d to
pla
n fo
r su
ch c
hang
es
Com
men
tsA
firs
t req
uire
men
t may
be
an a
sses
smen
t of
cur
rent
use
, in
orde
r to
fore
cast
futu
re
dem
and
Nee
d to
edu
cate
peo
ple
abou
t the
sen
sitiv
ity
of w
ater
res
ourc
es to
hum
an im
pact
s; it
is v
ery
diffi
cult
to c
lose
site
s
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
504 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
A.2
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
ate
chan
ge is
like
ly to
lead
to s
hift
in g
razi
ng p
atte
rns
betw
een
Bur
eau
of L
and
Man
agem
ent (
BLM
) and
For
est S
ervi
ce (F
S)
land
s an
d m
ay in
terf
ere
with
wild
life
phen
olog
y (n
amel
y sa
ge-g
rous
e ne
stin
g)
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op a
hol
istic
app
roac
h to
gra
zing
man
agem
ent;
unde
rsta
nd r
anch
er’s
busi
ness
app
roac
h, la
nds
used
, wat
er m
anag
emen
t, an
d co
mpe
ting
dem
ands
from
oth
er r
esou
rces
and
mul
tiple
use
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
CSp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– D
Tact
ics
Mod
ify fl
exib
ility
in ti
min
g,
dura
tion,
and
inte
nsity
of
auth
oriz
ed g
razi
ng
Use
gra
zing
as
a to
ol to
ach
ieve
de
sire
d co
nditi
ons:
hol
istic
gr
azin
g, ta
rget
gra
zing
on
noxi
ous
wee
ds
Con
side
r no
vel w
ays
to m
anag
e gr
azin
g (e
.g.,
cont
ract
ing
graz
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
on
Fora
ge R
eser
ves
on th
e B
ridg
er-T
eton
NF
and
vaca
nt
allo
tmen
ts)
Min
imiz
e im
pact
s; d
esig
n liv
esto
ck w
ater
dev
elop
men
ts
(e.g
., sh
utof
f val
ves
for
tank
s, a
nd
prot
ectio
n of
spr
ing
sour
ces)
mor
e ef
ficie
ntly
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pu
blic
, priv
ate,
and
all
adja
cent
la
nds
Acr
oss
the
natio
nal f
ores
t on
all
graz
ing
allo
tmen
tsA
cros
s th
e na
tiona
l for
est o
n al
l gr
azin
g al
lotm
ents
; esp
ecia
lly n
eede
d in
are
as w
here
ther
e is
a g
ap b
etw
een
avai
labi
lity
of B
LM la
nd a
nd F
S la
nd
On
graz
ing
area
s, in
sen
sitiv
e sp
ring
-sou
rce
ecos
yste
ms
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Perm
it re
new
als
and
fore
st p
lan
revi
sion
; col
labo
ratio
n w
ith o
ther
go
vern
men
tal e
ntiti
es; r
egio
nal
dire
ctiv
es
Part
ners
hips
with
Nat
ural
R
esou
rces
Con
serv
atio
n Se
rvic
e an
d w
ith S
tate
s, w
eed
man
agem
ent g
roup
s, C
ount
ies
---
An
engi
neer
ing
solu
tion
to w
ater
w
aste
and
impa
cts
to r
ipar
ian
area
s; p
artn
ersh
ips
Com
men
ts--
---
-Th
is g
ives
a s
pace
for
cattl
e du
ring
tim
es w
hen
they
hav
e no
whe
re e
lse
to g
o
May
nee
d no
vel w
ays
of fu
ndin
g
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 505
Tabl
e 14
A.2
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he S
outh
ern
Gre
ater
Yel
low
ston
e su
breg
ion
wor
ksho
p.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: With
hig
her
vari
abili
ty in
wea
ther
, tim
ing
of a
vaila
bilit
y of
rec
reat
ion
site
s m
ay b
ecom
e le
ss p
redi
ctab
le; w
arm
tem
pera
ture
s at
lo
w e
leva
tions
trig
ger
desi
re fo
r re
crea
tion,
but
col
der
and
wet
hig
h el
evat
ions
may
not
be
capa
ble
of a
bsor
bing
the
hum
an im
pact
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: C
hang
e st
affin
g an
d m
anag
emen
t in
high
ly v
aria
ble
shou
lder
sea
sons
to a
ccom
mod
ate
flexi
bilit
y in
sea
sons
, dat
es, a
nd tr
avel
man
agem
ent;
cons
ider
trad
eoffs
bet
wee
n fle
xibi
lity
and
pred
icta
bilit
y
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Add
gat
es to
clo
sed
area
s th
at m
ay b
e m
uddy
; use
mul
tiple
gat
e sy
stem
to o
pen
low
er tr
ails
but
clo
se o
ff hi
gher
ele
vatio
n tr
ails
; har
den
road
s th
at a
re li
kely
to b
e us
ed in
mud
dy s
easo
n
Use
soc
ial m
edia
and
rea
l-tim
e in
form
atio
n to
co
mm
unic
ate
to th
e pu
blic
the
impa
cts
of o
ut-o
f-se
ason
or
non-
seas
onal
ly a
ppro
pria
te r
ecre
atio
n
Flex
ible
trav
el m
anag
emen
t pla
ns,
staf
fing;
flex
ible
dat
es fo
r ro
ad
open
ings
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Lo
wer
ele
vatio
n ac
cess
poi
nts
Vir
tual
ly, l
ocal
-lev
el k
now
ledg
e; s
trat
egic
co
mm
unic
atio
ns; f
ores
t-le
vel c
onta
cts,
Fac
eboo
k®,
Twitt
er®
Low
er-e
leva
tion
and
mid
-ele
vatio
n ro
ads
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Trav
el p
lan
revi
sion
sIn
par
tner
ship
with
priv
ate
and
com
mun
ity
orga
niza
tions
(e.g
., Fr
iend
s of
Pat
hway
); te
ch-s
avvy
us
er g
roup
s
Trav
el p
lan
revi
sion
s
Com
men
ts--
-U
sers
ofte
n pr
edic
t use
bas
ed o
n pa
st e
xper
ienc
es,
whi
ch a
re n
o lo
nger
goo
d pr
edic
tors
of t
he p
rese
nt
and
futu
re, s
o us
ers
may
get
cau
ght o
ff-gu
ard
by
chan
ge in
wea
ther
and
trai
l con
ditio
ns; n
eed
to
educ
ate
peop
le o
n ch
angi
ng h
azar
ds
---
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
506 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
A.3
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Pol
linat
ors
will
be
sens
itive
to c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se a
genc
y an
d pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
of th
e im
port
ance
of n
ativ
e po
llina
tors
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Esta
blis
h a
polli
nato
r co
ordi
nato
r to
com
mun
icat
e w
ith d
istr
ict-
and
fo
rest
-lev
el ID
team
s, a
s w
ell a
s th
e R
egio
nal O
ffice
and
the
publ
ic
Dev
elop
a c
heck
list t
o co
nsid
er p
ollin
ator
se
rvic
es in
pla
nnin
g, p
roje
ct a
naly
sis,
and
de
cisi
on m
akin
g
Esta
blis
h po
llina
tor
gard
ens
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Ea
ch n
atio
nal f
ores
tIn
bot
h th
e N
atio
nal F
ores
t Man
agem
ent A
ct a
nd
Nat
iona
l Env
iron
men
tal P
olic
y A
ct p
roce
sses
On
Fede
ral f
acili
ties
or in
par
tner
ship
with
ot
her
publ
ic e
ntiti
es (e
.g.,
publ
ic s
pace
s, p
arks
, ba
ckya
rds)
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
---
Dur
ing
proj
ect i
nitia
tion,
ID te
am p
roce
ss, f
ores
t pl
anni
ngC
olla
bora
tive
prog
ram
s an
d pa
rtne
rshi
ps,
scho
ols,
Sta
te a
nd p
rivat
e fo
rest
s,
nong
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
(e.g
., X
erce
s So
ciet
y), c
ham
bers
of c
omm
erce
Com
men
tsA
coo
rdin
ator
can
als
o be
es
tabl
ishe
d fo
r ot
her
ecos
yste
m
serv
ices
that
are
not
wel
l-re
pres
ente
d
A s
imila
r ch
eckl
ist m
ay b
e us
eful
at l
arge
spa
tial
scal
es (e
stab
lish
need
for
chan
ge a
nd d
esir
ed
futu
re c
ondi
tion
goal
s an
d ob
ject
ives
)
Seed
s of
loca
l ori
gin
shou
ld b
e em
phas
ized
; en
cour
age
awar
enes
s of
nat
ive,
pol
linat
or-
frie
ndly
pla
nts;
use
loca
l nur
seri
es, s
eed
colle
ctor
s, r
esto
ratio
n ec
olog
ists
, etc
.
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 507
Tabl
e 14
A.3
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Pol
linat
ors
will
be
sens
itive
to c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptio
n st
rate
gy/a
ppro
ach:
Enh
ance
pol
linat
or h
abita
t on
Fede
ral l
ands
and
Fed
eral
faci
litie
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Dir
ect F
ores
t Ser
vice
uni
ts to
impr
ove
polli
nato
r ha
bita
t by
incr
easi
ng n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
(via
inte
grat
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t an
d in
tegr
ated
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent)
by
appl
ying
pol
linat
or-f
rien
dly
fore
st-w
ide
best
m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es a
nd s
eed
mix
es
Esta
blis
h a
rese
rve
of n
ativ
e se
ed m
ixes
in
clud
ing
polli
nato
r-fr
iend
ly p
lant
s th
at a
re
adap
ted,
ava
ilabl
e, a
fford
able
, and
effe
ctiv
e
Dev
elop
rev
eget
atio
n gu
idel
ines
that
in
corp
orat
e m
enu-
base
d se
ed m
ixes
by
habi
tat t
ype
(e.g
., sp
ecie
s th
at a
re g
ood
for
polli
nato
rs, s
age-
grou
se, u
mbr
ella
sp
ecie
s) a
nd b
y em
piri
cal o
r pr
ovis
iona
l se
ed z
ones
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
prio
rity
are
as in
clud
e al
pine
, tal
l for
bs,
low
-ele
vatio
n w
etla
nds,
and
dry
and
dw
arf
sage
brus
h co
mm
uniti
es, a
ll of
whi
ch a
re
vuln
erab
le to
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s
IAP
geog
raph
ic a
reas
(e.g
., U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
)Ea
ch n
atio
nal f
ores
t
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Silv
icul
tura
l and
Bur
n A
rea
Emer
genc
y R
espo
nse
(BA
ER) t
reat
men
ts, g
razi
ng a
nd
fuel
s m
anag
emen
t, po
stfir
e re
cove
ry, w
ildlif
e ha
bita
t im
prov
emen
t pro
ject
s, o
r an
y re
clam
atio
n or
rec
over
y pr
ojec
ts; i
nclu
de
prem
onito
ring
and
pos
tmon
itori
ng
Dev
elop
em
piri
cal s
eed
zone
s fo
r yo
ur
core
list
of n
ativ
e pl
ant m
ater
ials
des
ired
; in
the
abse
nce
of e
mpi
rica
l see
d zo
nes,
use
pr
ovis
iona
l or
inte
rim
see
d zo
nes
and
Leve
l 3
ecor
egio
ns
Whe
neve
r re
vege
tatio
n is
nee
ded;
for
exam
ple,
gui
delin
es w
ould
hel
p BA
ER
team
s, e
nter
pris
e te
ams,
fore
st p
lann
ing
team
s
Com
men
tsSe
e ta
ctic
BR
efer
ence
FSM
207
0 (N
ativ
e pl
ant
mat
eria
ls p
olic
y) a
nd th
e na
tiona
l see
d st
rate
gy; s
ee a
lso
Reg
ion
4 lis
t of p
ollin
ator
-fr
iend
ly r
esto
ratio
n sp
ecie
s
This
pro
duct
will
hel
p us
be
cons
iste
nt
with
FSM
207
0 po
licy
and
accu
rate
ly
sele
ct a
dapt
ed p
lant
mat
eria
l whe
n im
plem
entin
g re
vege
tatio
n an
d re
clam
atio
n pr
ojec
ts
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
508 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018
Tabl
e 14
A.3
(co
ntin
ued)
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he U
inta
s an
d W
asat
ch F
ront
sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Hig
her
tem
pera
ture
s an
d in
crea
sed
fire
activ
ity w
ill c
hang
e th
e co
mpo
sitio
n an
d al
ter
the
prod
uctiv
ity o
f for
age
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of h
abita
ts th
at a
re u
sed
by u
ngul
ates
and
that
are
vul
nera
ble
to c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Red
uce
conv
ersi
on o
f nat
ive
pere
nnia
l ve
geta
tion
to in
vasi
ve s
peci
esIn
tegr
ate
graz
ing
stra
tegi
es a
nd v
eget
atio
n tr
eatm
ents
(bot
h w
ild a
nd d
omes
tic u
ngul
ates
)Em
phas
ize
colla
bora
tive
prob
lem
sol
ving
w
ith p
erm
ittee
s an
d ot
her
inte
rest
ed
part
ies
rath
er th
an e
nfor
cem
ent
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?H
igh-
prio
rity
are
as in
clud
e ta
ll fo
rbs,
low
-el
evat
ion
wet
land
s an
d ri
pari
an a
reas
, and
dr
y an
d dw
arf s
ageb
rush
com
mun
ities
, all
of w
hich
are
vul
nera
ble
to c
limat
e ch
ange
im
pact
s
---
---
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Veg
etat
ion
trea
tmen
ts, a
llotm
ent m
anag
emen
t pl
ans,
mee
tings
with
cou
nty
wee
d m
anag
emen
t are
as, n
ativ
e pl
ant p
roje
cts,
etc
.
Wild
life
advi
sory
cou
ncils
Cou
nty
wee
d m
anag
emen
t are
as,
colla
bora
tive
grou
ps, a
llotm
ent
man
agem
ent p
lans
, par
tner
ship
s, a
nnua
l op
erat
ing
inst
ruct
ion
mee
tings
with
in
tere
sted
par
ties,
nat
ive
plan
t pro
ject
s,
field
tria
ls fo
r in
nova
tive
graz
ing
Com
men
ts--
-R
esea
rch
and
iden
tify
new
str
ateg
ies;
ens
ure
that
res
ults
are
mon
itore
dC
onsi
der
paym
ents
for
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
and
ince
ntiv
es fo
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in
cons
erva
tion
prog
ram
s
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Am
ount
and
sea
sona
l dis
trib
utio
n of
wat
er w
ill c
hang
e in
rel
atio
n to
dem
and
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: A
sses
s an
d co
mm
unic
ate
Fore
st S
ervi
ce a
bilit
y to
hel
p m
eet d
eman
d
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Con
duct
inte
grat
ed a
sses
smen
t of w
ater
and
lo
cal e
ffect
s of
clim
ate
chan
geEn
cour
age
com
mun
icat
ion
and
full
disc
losu
re
of in
form
atio
nC
ondu
ct v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ents
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?O
n a
wat
ersh
ed b
asis
; nex
t, id
entif
y pr
iori
ties
to fu
rthe
r as
sess
tim
ing
and
quan
tity
at th
e st
ream
leve
l
Wat
ersh
ed c
ounc
ils, m
unic
ipal
wat
ersh
eds,
in
tera
genc
y w
orki
ng g
roup
s (e
.g.,
Mou
ntai
n A
ccor
d), l
ocal
com
mun
ities
Ass
essm
ents
cou
ld b
e do
ne b
y co
mm
unity
, wat
ersh
ed, a
dmin
istr
ativ
e bo
unda
ry, e
tc.
Com
men
tsA
sses
smen
t wou
ld fo
cus
on n
eeds
of a
hea
lthy
wat
ersh
ed, n
ot m
axim
izin
g yi
eld
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change
USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 509
Tabl
e 14
A.4
—Ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
ada
ptat
ion
optio
ns d
evel
oped
at t
he G
reat
Bas
in a
nd S
emi D
eser
t sub
regi
on w
orks
hop.
Sens
itiv
ity
to c
limat
ic v
aria
bilit
y an
d ch
ange
: Clim
atic
var
iabi
lity
and
war
min
g w
ill a
ffect
gra
zing
res
ourc
es a
nd p
olic
y
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
/app
roac
h: D
evel
op a
hol
istic
app
roac
h to
gra
zing
man
agem
ent;
unde
rsta
nd r
anch
er’s
busi
ness
app
roac
h, la
nds
used
, wat
er m
anag
emen
t, an
d co
mpe
ting
dem
ands
from
oth
er r
esou
rces
and
mul
tiple
use
s
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
ASp
ecifi
c ta
ctic
– B
Spec
ific
tact
ic –
C
Tact
ics
Part
ner
with
per
mitt
ee a
nd o
ther
man
ager
s of
land
s th
ey u
se to
cre
ate
a ho
listic
gra
zing
pr
ogra
m
Und
erst
and
chan
ges
in w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
to p
repa
re a
nd a
djus
t gra
zing
m
anag
emen
t
Impl
emen
t edu
catio
n pr
ogra
ms
abou
t clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s an
d su
stai
nabl
e gr
azin
g pr
actic
es (h
ighl
ight
bot
h po
sitiv
e an
d ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s)
Whe
re c
an t
acti
cs b
e ap
plie
d?Pu
blic
, priv
ate,
and
all
adja
cent
land
sA
roun
d w
ater
res
ourc
esN
eeds
to b
e br
oadl
y im
plem
ente
d;
part
ners
hip
oppo
rtun
ities
with
Cat
tlem
en’s
Ass
ocia
tion,
Fut
ure
Farm
ers
of A
mer
ica,
N
atur
al R
esou
rces
Con
serv
atio
n Se
rvic
e,
scho
ols,
env
iron
men
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
Opp
ortu
niti
es fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
Whe
neve
r lo
okin
g at
Allo
tmen
t Man
agem
ent
Plan
or
annu
al o
pera
ting
plan
s Im
prov
e m
aps
and
mod
els
of w
ater
av
aila
bilit
y an
d co
mpe
ting
uses
; wor
k w
ith p
artn
ers
on w
ater
infr
astr
uctu
re
chan
ges
and
fund
ing
Bri
ng m
essa
ge in
to fo
rest
pla
n re
visi
on
disc
ussi
ons
and
whe
n w
orki
ng w
ith p
ublic
Com
men
tsW
ork
with
ext
ensi
on s
ervi
ces,
res
earc
h, o
ther
s w
ho u
nder
stan
d ra
nchi
ng n
eeds
Wor
king
ran
ches
pre
serv
e la
rge
open
la
ndsc
apes
and
wild
life
habi
tat
Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change