CHAPTER 14: CHAPTER 14: THE EXPANSION THE EXPANSION OF AMERICAN OF AMERICAN

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

1. Everyday Life for individuals living during the late 1. Everyday Life for individuals living during the late 1800’s1800’s

-What inconveniences did these people face in -What inconveniences did these people face in comparison to our lifestyles today?comparison to our lifestyles today?

LIGHTING AT NIGHT WAS DONE BY CANDLE OR LIGHTING AT NIGHT WAS DONE BY CANDLE OR GAS LAMPS IF EITHER COULD BE AFFORDED.GAS LAMPS IF EITHER COULD BE AFFORDED.

THE SUN DICTATED ALL DAILY ACTIVITIESTHE SUN DICTATED ALL DAILY ACTIVITIES ICE BLOCKS USED FOR REFRIDGERATION HAD TO ICE BLOCKS USED FOR REFRIDGERATION HAD TO

BE CHOPPED FROM PONDS IN THE WINTER AND BE CHOPPED FROM PONDS IN THE WINTER AND PACKED IN SAWDUST AND THEN PLACED WITHIN PACKED IN SAWDUST AND THEN PLACED WITHIN ICE HUTS UNTIL SUMMER.ICE HUTS UNTIL SUMMER.

MOST AREAS STILL DID NOT HAVE RUNNING MOST AREAS STILL DID NOT HAVE RUNNING WATER OR EVEN A WELL RIGHT NEXT TO THEIR WATER OR EVEN A WELL RIGHT NEXT TO THEIR HOMES, WATER COMPANIES WERE OPERATING IN HOMES, WATER COMPANIES WERE OPERATING IN LARGER CITIES BUT NOT IN THE SMALLER CITIES LARGER CITIES BUT NOT IN THE SMALLER CITIES AND TOWNS YET. SOME INDIVIDUALS HAD WELLS AND TOWNS YET. SOME INDIVIDUALS HAD WELLS BUT MOST WOULD HAVE TO WALK EVERY BUT MOST WOULD HAVE TO WALK EVERY MORNING TO THE LOCAL STREAM TO COLLECT MORNING TO THE LOCAL STREAM TO COLLECT WATER.WATER.

Completion of the Transcontinental RailroadCompletion of the Transcontinental RailroadPROMONTORY SUMMIT, UTAHPROMONTORY SUMMIT, UTAH

MAY 10, 1869MAY 10, 1869

Transcontinenal RailroadTranscontinenal Railroad

In 1862, the U.S. In 1862, the U.S. Congress passed the Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which Pacific Railway Act, which would offer 10 square would offer 10 square miles of land on each side miles of land on each side of the track and U.S. of the track and U.S. Government bonds which Government bonds which would be worth $16,000 would be worth $16,000 per square mile of track per square mile of track laid to the companies that laid to the companies that laid down the laid down the Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

The path of the railroad The path of the railroad followed the beginning of followed the beginning of the Oregon Trail and then the Oregon Trail and then picked up at the Mormon picked up at the Mormon and California Trailsand California Trails

The Union Pacific The Union Pacific Railroad Company began Railroad Company began at Omaha and moved at Omaha and moved WestWest

The Central Pacific The Central Pacific Railroad Company began Railroad Company began at Sacramento and at Sacramento and moved Eastmoved East

1,776 miles long1,776 miles long

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKEWESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE18691869

Westinghouse Air BrakeWestinghouse Air Brake

In the 1860s, locomotives had manual brakes on their In the 1860s, locomotives had manual brakes on their tenders (fuel and water cars) and each freight car had tenders (fuel and water cars) and each freight car had a hand a hand brakebrake consisting of a mast-mounted hand- consisting of a mast-mounted hand-operated wheel that a “brakeman” turned to force iron operated wheel that a “brakeman” turned to force iron blocks (shoes) against the treads of the wheels. When blocks (shoes) against the treads of the wheels. When the engineer whistled for brakes to be applied, the engineer whistled for brakes to be applied, brakemen leapt from car to car of the moving train to brakemen leapt from car to car of the moving train to apply brakes until the train was halted. apply brakes until the train was halted.

In the 1880s, In the 1880s, Scribner’sScribner’s reported that each year 1,000 reported that each year 1,000 brakemen were killed and as many as 5,000 were brakemen were killed and as many as 5,000 were injured, mostly from falls. injured, mostly from falls.

WESTINGHOUSE BRAKEWESTINGHOUSE BRAKE Westinghouse system uses a Westinghouse system uses a reductionreduction in air in air

pressure in the train line to apply the brakes. pressure in the train line to apply the brakes. When a train's engineer applies the brake by When a train's engineer applies the brake by operating the locomotive brake valve, this operating the locomotive brake valve, this causes the train brake line air to be vented to causes the train brake line air to be vented to atmosphere, in turn triggering the triple valve on atmosphere, in turn triggering the triple valve on each car to feed air into its brake cylinder. each car to feed air into its brake cylinder.

Granville Woods Granville Woods and theand the Railway Telegraph Railway Telegraph -In 1887, he patented the -In 1887, he patented the

Railway Telegraph, which Railway Telegraph, which allowed communications allowed communications between train stations between train stations regarding moving trains. regarding moving trains. GranvilleGranville T. T. WoodsWoods' ' invention made it invention made it possible for trains to possible for trains to communicate with the communicate with the station and with other station and with other trains so they knew trains so they knew exactly where they were exactly where they were at all times. at all times.

Time ZonesTime Zones-Coordination of the use of train tracks and the arrival and departure time of trains required a standardized system of time, therefore the nation adopted a time zone system in 1883. This was done since localities all had previously set time based on the rising of the sun and many areas were not centralized upon one time.-Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific Time Zones created.

Other Facts of the Time PeriodOther Facts of the Time Period

i. By 1900, how many miles of railroad i. By 1900, how many miles of railroad existed in the U.S.?existed in the U.S.?

-190,000 MILES OF RAIL EXISTED-190,000 MILES OF RAIL EXISTED

j. How much cheaper did the movement of j. How much cheaper did the movement of goods become?goods become?

--FLOUR- 1865- $3.65FLOUR- 1865- $3.65 1895- $.681895- $.68

MORSE MORSE CODECODE

SAMUEL MORSE

1844

MORSE MORSE CODECODE

Competition of Telegraph CompaniesCompetition of Telegraph Companies What two telegraph companies began What two telegraph companies began

laying telegraph wire throughout the laying telegraph wire throughout the U.S.?U.S.?

-American Telegraph Company -American Telegraph Company and Western Union.and Western Union.

These companies merged in 1866 to These companies merged in 1866 to become American Telephone and become American Telephone and Telegraph. Telegraph.

In 1870, 100,000 miles of telegraph In 1870, 100,000 miles of telegraph wire existed.wire existed.

By 1900, Western Union and AT&T By 1900, Western Union and AT&T owned more tan 900,000 miles of owned more tan 900,000 miles of telegraph wire and 63 millions telegraph wire and 63 millions telegraphs were sent per yeartelegraphs were sent per year

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND THE FIRST TALKING THE FIRST TALKING TELEGRAPH (1876)TELEGRAPH (1876)

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND THE FIRST TALKING THE FIRST TALKING

TELEGRAPHTELEGRAPH

Alexander Graham Bell and the Alexander Graham Bell and the Talking TelegraphTalking Telegraph

4. Who invented the Talking Telegraph in 4. Who invented the Talking Telegraph in 1876? 1876? ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELLALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

-What company did Bell set up in 1885? -What company did Bell set up in 1885? AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY (AT&T)TELEGRAPH COMPANY (AT&T)

-By 1900, -By 1900, 1.5 MILLION TELEPHONES1.5 MILLION TELEPHONES million telephones were in use.million telephones were in use.

THOMAS EDISON AND THE THOMAS EDISON AND THE FIRST LIGHT BULB (1879)FIRST LIGHT BULB (1879)

“I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.”

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE AND GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE AND ALTERNATING CURRENTALTERNATING CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT- ONLY CAN TRANSFER ENERGY FROM THE BATTERY AND IS ALWAYS AT A STEADY VOLTAGE

ALTERNATING CURRENT- CAN PRODUCE HIGHER VOLTAGE AND EXCESS ENERGY CAN BE REUSED

HENRY BESSEMER HENRY BESSEMER AND THE BESSEMER AND THE BESSEMER

PROCESSPROCESS

Vital Info about the Bessemer ProcessVital Info about the Bessemer Process The The processprocess is carried on in a large steel container lined with is carried on in a large steel container lined with

clayclay called the called the Bessemer converterBessemer converter. The capacity of a . The capacity of a converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron. At the top of the converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron. At the top of the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the finished product removed. finished product removed.

The bottom is perforated with a number of channels through The bottom is perforated with a number of channels through which air is forced into the converter. The converter is pivoted which air is forced into the converter. The converter is pivoted so that it can be rotated, turned upright during conversion, and so that it can be rotated, turned upright during conversion, and then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end. then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end.

The oxidation The oxidation processprocess removes impurities such as removes impurities such as siliconsilicon, , manganesemanganese, and , and carboncarbon as oxides, these oxides either escape as oxides, these oxides either escape as gas or form a solid. as gas or form a solid.

The conversion The conversion processprocess (called the "blow") was completed in (called the "blow") was completed in around twenty minutes. around twenty minutes.

Before the Before the BessemerBessemer processprocess, steel was manufactured by , steel was manufactured by heating bars of heating bars of wrought ironwrought iron together with together with charcoalcharcoal for periods for periods of up to a week.of up to a week.

BROOKLYN BRIDGEBROOKLYN BRIDGE

JOHN ROEBLING

WASHINGTON ROEBLING

Vital Facts about the Brooklyn BridgeVital Facts about the Brooklyn Bridge THIS SUSPENSION BRIDGE HAD TO BE BUILD OVER 1595 THIS SUSPENSION BRIDGE HAD TO BE BUILD OVER 1595

FEET LONG (. 3 MILES) AND ALSO BE TALL ENOUGH TO FEET LONG (. 3 MILES) AND ALSO BE TALL ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR FERRY TRAFFIC. THE HEIGHT OF THE ALLOW FOR FERRY TRAFFIC. THE HEIGHT OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE ROAD ABOVE SEA LEVEL WAS 135 BROOKLYN BRIDGE ROAD ABOVE SEA LEVEL WAS 135 FEET SO AS TO ALLOW FOR BOAT TRAFFIC. FEET SO AS TO ALLOW FOR BOAT TRAFFIC.

THE PROBLEM WAS HOW TO KEEP THIS BRIDGE THE PROBLEM WAS HOW TO KEEP THIS BRIDGE STURDY OVER SUCH A LONG DISTANCE, THE SOLUTION STURDY OVER SUCH A LONG DISTANCE, THE SOLUTION WAS STEEL CABLES CONNECTED TO TWO WAS STEEL CABLES CONNECTED TO TWO ANCHORAGES THAT EXTEND DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH ANCHORAGES THAT EXTEND DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH BELOW THE EAST RIVER, 78 FEET DEEP WITHIN THE BELOW THE EAST RIVER, 78 FEET DEEP WITHIN THE SAND OF THE RIVER.SAND OF THE RIVER.

LONGEST U.S. SUSPENSION BRIDGE UNTIL THE LONGEST U.S. SUSPENSION BRIDGE UNTIL THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE, A NEIGHBOR OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE, A NEIGHBOR OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, WAS BUILT IN 1903. THE LONGEST BROOKLYN BRIDGE, WAS BUILT IN 1903. THE LONGEST TODAY IN THE U.S. IS THE VERRAZANO NARROWS TODAY IN THE U.S. IS THE VERRAZANO NARROWS BRIDGE WHICH CONNECTS STATEN ISLAND AND BRIDGE WHICH CONNECTS STATEN ISLAND AND BROOKLYN AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1964.BROOKLYN AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1964.

In the Making of the Brooklyn Bridge, In the Making of the Brooklyn Bridge, an estimated 30-40 people died from an estimated 30-40 people died from

different causesdifferent causes Some feel while working Some feel while working

upon the steel cables that upon the steel cables that suspended the bridgesuspended the bridge

At least three individuals died At least three individuals died from Caisson disease, called from Caisson disease, called the bends, due to not the bends, due to not adjusting to the air at sea adjusting to the air at sea level after being deep belowlevel after being deep below

Other individuals were struck Other individuals were struck with work materials, such as with work materials, such as John Roebling, who became John Roebling, who became stuck between timbers once stuck between timbers once after a ship crashed nearby after a ship crashed nearby to where he was standing.to where he was standing.

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