Chapter 14: TaxonomyChapter 14: Taxonomy

The Naming of OrganismsThe Naming of Organisms

What is taxonomy?What is taxonomy?

• The study of how living things are The study of how living things are classified.classified.

Why is Why is classification classification important?important?

• It’s a way to “keep It’s a way to “keep track” of the natural track” of the natural world and how world and how things relate to one things relate to one another.another.

Many, many organisms exist!Many, many organisms exist!

• PlantsPlants• AnimalsAnimals• ProtistsProtists• FungiFungi• BacteriaBacteria

• +900,000 species+900,000 species• +2,000,000 species+2,000,000 species• 60,000 species60,000 species• 7,000 species7,000 species• 12,000 species12,000 species

Other reasons why classification Other reasons why classification is important. is important.

• Easier to study when Easier to study when organisms are grouped.organisms are grouped.• Grouping is based on features Grouping is based on features

in common!in common!

• Organization is important in Organization is important in everyday lifeeveryday life

Who developed the current Who developed the current system of classification?system of classification?

• Carolus Linnaeus in the 18Carolus Linnaeus in the 18thth century century (mid 1700’s)(mid 1700’s)• Swedish botanist – gave each organism a Swedish botanist – gave each organism a

2 part name.2 part name.

Modern system of classification is Modern system of classification is based on seven levels:based on seven levels:

• Kingdom – largest and most general Kingdom – largest and most general

• PhylumPhylum

• ClassClass

• OrderOrder

• FamilyFamily

• GenusGenus

• Species/Trivial – smallest and most specificSpecies/Trivial – smallest and most specific

Modern system of classification is Modern system of classification is based on seven levels:based on seven levels:• Kingdom Kingdom • PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• FamilyFamily• GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies

• AnimaliaAnimalia• ChordataChordata• MammaliaMammalia• PrimataPrimata• HominidaeHominidae• HomoHomo• sapiensapien

Kingdom – The largest; there are Kingdom – The largest; there are 6 kingdoms!6 kingdoms!

• Plant - Plant - PlantaePlantae

• Animal – AnimaliaAnimal – Animalia

• FungiFungi

• Protist – Protista – plant-like animalsProtist – Protista – plant-like animals

• ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

• EubacteriaEubacteria

Archaebacteria KingdomArchaebacteria Kingdom• Prokaryotes – ancientProkaryotes – ancient

• One-celled: unicellularOne-celled: unicellular

• No nucleus!No nucleus!

• Have cell walls that lack Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycans.peptidoglycans.

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria KingdomKingdom

• Live in extreme Live in extreme environments – volcanic hot environments – volcanic hot springs, brine pools and springs, brine pools and black organic mud that black organic mud that lacks Olacks O22..

• Thermophiles – prefer heatThermophiles – prefer heat• Halophiles – thrive in salty Halophiles – thrive in salty

pondsponds• Methanogens – are Methanogens – are

anaerobic – live in areas anaerobic – live in areas w/o Ow/o O22. .

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

• ProkayotesProkayotes

• Have cell walls made Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycanup of peptidoglycan

• True bacteria (blue-True bacteria (blue-green algae); green algae); E. coliE. coli

Protist KingdomProtist Kingdom

• EukaryotesEukaryotes

• Most are unicellular (few Most are unicellular (few multicellular)multicellular)

• NucleusNucleus

• Some synthesize food (have Some synthesize food (have chlorophyll, no chloroplast)chlorophyll, no chloroplast)

• Examples: Ameobas, Examples: Ameobas, Paramecium, EuglenasParamecium, Euglenas

Fungi KingdomFungi Kingdom• EukaryotesEukaryotes

• Most multicellular (few single)Most multicellular (few single)

• Cell walls made of chitinCell walls made of chitin

• No chlorophyll (absorb food)No chlorophyll (absorb food)

• Examples: Yeast, molds, and mushroomsExamples: Yeast, molds, and mushrooms

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

• EukaryotesEukaryotes

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Has chloroplasts Has chloroplasts (autotrophic)(autotrophic)

• Cell walls w/ chloroplasts Cell walls w/ chloroplasts made of cellulosemade of cellulose

• Examples: Oak tree, Examples: Oak tree, daisy, rosedaisy, rose

Animal KingdomAnimal Kingdom

• EukaryotesEukaryotes

• MulticellularMulticellular

• Can’t make food Can’t make food (heterotrophic)(heterotrophic)

• No cell wallsNo cell walls

• Examples: man, horse, pig, Examples: man, horse, pig, insect, etcinsect, etc

Latin!!!!Latin!!!!

• Latin is the primary language used in Latin is the primary language used in the classification system because:the classification system because:• Universal languageUniversal language• No country speaks LatinNo country speaks Latin• Prevents colloquialisms (backyard names)Prevents colloquialisms (backyard names)• Names are never duplicatedNames are never duplicated• Names show systematic relationship to Names show systematic relationship to

other organismsother organisms

ColloquialismColloquialism• Same animal, different nameSame animal, different name• Example: Example: Felis concolorFelis concolor = Panther, Mountain = Panther, Mountain

Lion, Mountain Screamer, Devil Cat, Varmint, Lion, Mountain Screamer, Devil Cat, Varmint, Brown Tiger, Red Tiger, Silver Cat, Demon Brown Tiger, Red Tiger, Silver Cat, Demon Cat, Nittany LionCat, Nittany Lion

• Interesting Fact: The Pittsburgh Panther and Interesting Fact: The Pittsburgh Panther and the Penn State Nittany Lion are really the the Penn State Nittany Lion are really the same animal!!same animal!!

How do we name organisms?How do we name organisms?

• Using a Binomial System = Two word Using a Binomial System = Two word naming system.naming system.

• Involves using the genus name and the Involves using the genus name and the species/trivial name. (Always species/trivial name. (Always underlined or in italics!)underlined or in italics!)

Rules for NamingRules for Naming

• GenusGenus speciesspecies

NounNoun AdjectiveAdjective

CapitalizedCapitalized LowercaseLowercase

Scientific names of common Scientific names of common animalsanimals

• ManMan• LionLion• CatCat• DogDog• HouseflyHousefly

• Homo sapiensHomo sapiens• Felis leoFelis leo• Felis domesticaFelis domestica• Canis familiarisCanis familiaris• Musca domesticaMusca domestica

What is the basis for classification?What is the basis for classification?

• StructureStructure

• GeneticsGenetics

• EmbryologyEmbryology