chapter 14. the age of faith problems in the church many village priests married and had families...
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THE FORMATION OF WESTERN
EUROPEChapter 14
THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
The Age of Faith Problems in the Church
Many village priests married and had families
Simony – selling of positions in the church
Kings appointed church bishops
Reform and Church Organization The Curia
New Religious Orders Dominic – Dominicans –
scholars Saint Francis of Assisi –
Franciscans – treated all creatures like brothers
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Romanesque – style featuring round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars
A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic – relating to a
style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spires
Notre Dame
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
The Crusades Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land
Goals of the Crusades Re-conquer the Holy Land Reunite Christendom Create peace among knights Land and position in society
The First and Second Crusades Crusaders captured Edessa and Jerusalem
The Third Crusade Philip II of France, Federick I of Germany, and Richard the Lion Hearted of England Saladin – Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Truce agreed to in 1192
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
Personal gains outweigh religious spirits
The Children’s Crusade Stephen of Cloyes Nicholas of Cologne
A Spanish Crusade Reconquista – long effort
by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
Inquisition – a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
The Effects of the CrusadesExemplifies the power
of the church during the medieval times
Expanded trade with Southwest Asia
Failure led to increased power of kings and lessened the power of the pope
Intolerance and prejudice led to hatred and bitterness
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
A Growing Food SupplySwitch to HorsepowerThe Three-Field
System A system of farming in
which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, spring crop, then left unplanted
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
The Guilds A medieval association
of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
Commercial Revolution
The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries
Fairs and TradeBusiness and BankingSociety Changes
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
Urban Life FlourishesTrade and Towns Grow TogetherMerchant Class Shifts the Social Order
Burghers – merchant-class town dwellers
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
The Revival of Learning The Muslim Connection Scholars and the
University Vernacular- everyday
language of a people’s homeland
Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy Thomas Aquinas Scholastics – scholars
who gathered ant taught at medieval European universities
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP
England Absorbs Waves of InvadersEarly InvasionsThe Norman Conquest
William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings
Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP
England’s Evolving Government Henry II – vassal to the French king and King of England
Juries and Common Law Common law – a unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that
serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today The Magna Carta
King John Softsword Great Charter – a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up
by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 The Model Parliament
Parliament – legislative group
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
Hugh CapetFrance Becomes a
Separate KingdomPhilip II Expands His
PowerPhilip II’s HeirsEstates-General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates in France
Beginnings of Democracy
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR AND THE PLAGUE
A Church Divided Pope and King Collide
Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII
Avignon and the Great Schism Clement V
Avignon – city in which the French pope moved to capital of the church Urban VI and Clement VII
Great Schism – division of the church between Italian and French popes
Scholars Challenge Church Authority John Wycliffe – challenged that Jesus,
not the pope was the head of the church
Jan Hus – taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR AND THE PLAGUE
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Bubonic plague – deadly disease that spread throughout Europe
Origins and Impact of the Plague
Effects of the Plague Town populations fell Trade declined Peasant revolts Jews were falsely blamed Churches suffered when
prayers failed to stop the plague
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR AND THE PLAGUE
The Hundred Years’ War The Longbow
Changes Warfare Battle of Cercy Battle of Poiters Battle of Agincourt
Joan of Arc Teenage peasant
French girl Heard voices and had
visions that urged her to drive the English from France
The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War Nationalism