chapter 14 the renaissance and reformation (1300–1650)

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Chapter 14 Chapter 14 The Renaissance and The Renaissance and Reformation Reformation (1300–1650) (1300–1650)

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Page 1: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Chapter 14Chapter 14The Renaissance and The Renaissance and

Reformation Reformation

(1300–1650)(1300–1650)

Page 2: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

I. The Renaissance in ItalyI. The Renaissance in Italy

ThinkThink about it: about it:

– Why were the Italian city-states a Why were the Italian city-states a favorable setting for a cultural rebirth?favorable setting for a cultural rebirth?

– What was the Renaissance?What was the Renaissance?

– What themes and techniques did What themes and techniques did Renaissance artists and writers explore?Renaissance artists and writers explore?

Page 3: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Renaissance Italy Renaissance Italy

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A. The Renaissance Begins in A. The Renaissance Begins in ItalyItaly

1.1. The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the center of the Roman empire. center of the Roman empire.

2.2. The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into prosperous centers of trade and grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. manufacturing.

3.3. A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed education and individual achievement and stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts. spent lavishly on the arts.

4.4. Florence produced an amazing number of gifted Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists. poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

Page 5: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

B. What Was the Renaissance?B. What Was the Renaissance?

1.1. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. and cultural.

2.2. Perhaps most important, however, were the Perhaps most important, however, were the changes that took place in the way people viewed changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world.themselves and their world.

3.3. Renaissance thinkers explored the human Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now. They emphasized experience in the here and now. They emphasized individual achievement.individual achievement.

4.4. The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields. many fields.

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C. HumanismC. Humanism

1.1. At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as intellectual movement known as humanismhumanism..

2.2. Humanism was based on the study of Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. subjects rather than on religious issues.

3.3. Humanists studied the Humanists studied the humanitieshumanities,, the the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate They believed that education should stimulate creativity.creativity.

Page 7: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

D. Renaissance Artists and Writers D. Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Explored New Themes and

TechniquesTechniques1. WRITERS1. WRITERS

a. Wrote self-help books to a. Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world.rise in the Renaissance world.

Page 8: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

2. PAINTERS:2. PAINTERS:

a. Developed realistic stylea. Developed realistic style

b. Learned rules of b. Learned rules of perspectiveperspective

c. Used shading to make objects look c. Used shading to make objects look round and realround and real

d. Studied human anatomyd. Studied human anatomy

e. Used live modelse. Used live models

Page 9: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

3. ARCHITECTS:3. ARCHITECTS:

a.a. Rejected Gothic style Rejected Gothic style

b. Adopted columns, domes, and b. Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the arches that had been favored by the Greeks and RomansGreeks and Romans

Page 10: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

E. Three Geniuses of E. Three Geniuses of Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

1. LEONARDO:1. LEONARDO:

a. Made sketches of nature and of modelsa. Made sketches of nature and of models

b. Dissected corpses to learn how the human b. Dissected corpses to learn how the human body workedbody worked

c. Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last c. Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last SupperSupper

d. Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, d. Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineeringarchitecture, and engineering

e. Made sketches for flying machines and e. Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boatsundersea boats

Page 11: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

2. MICHELANGELO:2. MICHELANGELO:

a. Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, a. Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poetarchitect, and poet

b. Sculpted the Pieta and statue of Davidb. Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David

c. Painted huge mural to decorate the c. Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Romeceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

d. Designed the dome for St. Peter’s d. Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in RomeCathedral in Rome

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3. Raphael:3. Raphael:

a. Studied the works of Michelangelo and a. Studied the works of Michelangelo and LeonardoLeonardo

b. Paintings blended Christian and b. Paintings blended Christian and classical stylesclassical styles

c. Best known for paintings of the c. Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of JesusMadonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

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Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Renaissance thinkers Renaissance thinkers a) explored religious themes from the past.a) explored religious themes from the past.b) did not value individual achievement. b) did not value individual achievement. c) explored the human experience in the here c) explored the human experience in the here

and now. and now. d) rejected humanist ideas. d) rejected humanist ideas.

Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? Chapel? a) Leonardoa) Leonardob) Michelangelob) Michelangeloc) Raphaelc) Raphaeld) none of the aboved) none of the above

Page 14: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Renaissance thinkers Renaissance thinkers a) explored religious themes from the past.a) explored religious themes from the past.b) did not value individual achievement. b) did not value individual achievement. c) explored the human experience in the here c) explored the human experience in the here

and now.and now. d) rejected humanist ideas. d) rejected humanist ideas.

Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? Chapel? a) Leonardoa) Leonardob) Michelangelob) Michelangeloc) Raphaelc) Raphaeld) none of the aboved) none of the above

Page 15: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

II. The Renaissance Moves II. The Renaissance Moves NorthNorth

ThinkThink about it: about it:– Which artists brought the Renaissance Which artists brought the Renaissance

to northern Europe?to northern Europe?– What themes did humanist thinkers and What themes did humanist thinkers and

other writers explore?other writers explore?– What impact did the printing revolution What impact did the printing revolution

have on Europe?have on Europe?

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A. Artists of the Northern A. Artists of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

1. The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders and later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.

2. Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy to study. Through his art and essays, he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany. He is called the “German Leonardo.”

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A. Artists of the Northern A. Artists of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

3. Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail. They also developed oil paint.

4. Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray peasant life. His work influenced later Flemish artists.

5. Peter Paul Reubens blended the realistic traditions of Flemish painters with the classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance.

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B. Northern HumanistsB. Northern Humanists

1. Like their Italian counterparts, 1. Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed northern humanists stressed education and classical learning. education and classical learning. a. At the same time, they believed a. At the same time, they believed

that the revival of ancient learning that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms. religious and moral reforms.

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B. Northern HumanistsB. Northern Humanists

2. Two humanists:2. Two humanists:a. Desiderius Erasmus called for a. Desiderius Erasmus called for

reform of the church and for the reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people. ordinary people.

b.b. Thomas More pressed for Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a social reform and wrote of a utopian society. utopian society.

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C. The Printing RevolutionC. The Printing Revolution

1.1. A printing revolution took place A printing revolution took place when:when:

a. In 1456, Johann Gutenberg a. In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printed the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks.printing press and printing inks.

b. Movable type was developed b. Movable type was developed twenty years later.twenty years later.

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C. The Printing RevolutionC. The Printing Revolution

2. IMPACT:2. IMPACT:

a. Printed books were cheaper and a. Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.easier to produce.

b. With books more readily b. With books more readily available, more people learned to available, more people learned to read.read.

c. Readers gained access to a broad c. Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas. range of knowledge and ideas.

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D. Writers of the Northern D. Writers of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

1. RABELAIS:1. RABELAIS:a. French humanist who was a monk, a. French humanist who was a monk,

physician, Greek scholar, and authorphysician, Greek scholar, and author

b. Offered opinions on religion, b. Offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects in education, and other subjects in Gargantua and Pantagruel. Gargantua and Pantagruel.

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D. Writers of the Northern D. Writers of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

2. SHAKESPEARE2. SHAKESPEAREa. English poet who was the towering a. English poet who was the towering

figure of Renaissance literaturefigure of Renaissance literatureb. Wrote 37 plays that are still performed b. Wrote 37 plays that are still performed

around the worldaround the worldc. His love of words vastly enriched the c. His love of words vastly enriched the

English language.English language.

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D. Writers of the Northern D. Writers of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance

3. CERVANTES3. CERVANTESa. Spanish author who wrote Don a. Spanish author who wrote Don

Quixote, which mocks romantic notions Quixote, which mocks romantic notions about medieval chivalryabout medieval chivalry

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Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Who invented oil paints? Who invented oil paints? a) Peter Paul Reubensa) Peter Paul Reubensb) Pieter Brueghelb) Pieter Brueghelc) Jan and Hubert van Eyckc) Jan and Hubert van Eyckd) Albrecht Durerd) Albrecht Durer

All of the following were effects of the All of the following were effects of the printing revolution printing revolution exceptexcept::a) Printed books became cheaper and a) Printed books became cheaper and

easier to produce.easier to produce.b) The Renaissance began in Italy. b) The Renaissance began in Italy. c) Knowledge and ideas spread.c) Knowledge and ideas spread.d) More people learned to read.d) More people learned to read.

Page 26: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Who invented oil paints? Who invented oil paints? a) Peter Paul Reubensa) Peter Paul Reubensb) Pieter Brueghelb) Pieter Brueghelc) Jan and Hubert van Eyckc) Jan and Hubert van Eyckd) Albrecht Durerd) Albrecht Durer

All of the following were effects of the All of the following were effects of the printing revolution printing revolution exceptexcept::a) Printed books became cheaper and a) Printed books became cheaper and

easier to produce.easier to produce.b) The Renaissance began in Italy. b) The Renaissance began in Italy. c) Knowledge and ideas spread.c) Knowledge and ideas spread.d) More people learned to read.d) More people learned to read.

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III. The Protestant III. The Protestant ReformationReformation

ThinkThink about it: about it:– How did abuses in the Church spark How did abuses in the Church spark

widespread criticism?widespread criticism?– How did Martin Luther challenge How did Martin Luther challenge

Catholic authority and teachings?Catholic authority and teachings?– What role did John Calvin play in the What role did John Calvin play in the

Reformation?Reformation?

Page 28: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

A. The Protestant Reformation A. The Protestant Reformation BeginsBegins

1.1. In the 1500s, calls for reform In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity. Christian unity.

2.2. The movement is known as the The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. Protestant Reformation.

3.3. People who joined the movement for People who joined the movement for reform called themselves reform called themselves Protestants, for those who Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.“protested” papal authority.

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B. Abuses in the ChurchB. Abuses in the Church

1.Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.

a. Popes competed with Italian princes for political a. Popes competed with Italian princes for political power. power.

b. Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal b. Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invaders.States against invaders.

c. Some clergy promoted the sale of c. Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgencesindulgences..

d. Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal d. Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money on the arts. of money on the arts.

e. The Church increased fees for services such as e. The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance worldly projects.weddings and baptisms to finance worldly projects.

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C. The Teachings of Martin C. The Teachings of Martin LutherLuther

1. Salvation is achieved through faith 1. Salvation is achieved through faith alone.alone.

a. Luther rejected Church doctrine that a. Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds good deeds were necessary for salvation.were necessary for salvation.2. The Bible is the sole source of 2. The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.religious truth.

a. a. Luther denied other authorities, such Luther denied other authorities, such as Church as Church councils or the pope.councils or the pope.3. All Christians have equal access to 3. All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.God through faith and the Bible.

a. a. Luther rejected the idea that priests Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church and Church officials had special powers.officials had special powers.

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D. Lutheranism Receives D. Lutheranism Receives Widespread SupportWidespread Support

1.Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern 1.Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia.Germany and Scandinavia.

a. Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as a. Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.the answer to Church corruption.

b. German princes hoped to throw off the b. German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. Roman emperor.

c. Germans supported Luther because of c. Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty.feelings of national loyalty.

d. Peasants hoped that Luther would d. Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change. support social and economic change.

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E. John CalvinE. John Calvin

1. The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin.

a. Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.

b. In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.

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E. John CalvinE. John Calvin

c. By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.

d. In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

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Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Martin Luther taught that Martin Luther taught that a) good deeds were necessary for salvation.a) good deeds were necessary for salvation.b) priests and Church officials had special b) priests and Church officials had special

powers. powers. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth.

Which of the following is Which of the following is notnot true of John true of John Calvin?Calvin?a) He believed God knew who would achieve a) He believed God knew who would achieve

salvation.salvation.b) He rejected the idea of predestination.b) He rejected the idea of predestination.c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva.c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva.d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther. d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther.

Page 35: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Check Yourself!Check Yourself!Martin Luther taught that Martin Luther taught that

a) good deeds were necessary for salvation.a) good deeds were necessary for salvation.b) priests and Church officials had special powers. b) priests and Church officials had special powers. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. c) the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth. d) the pope was the sole source of religious truth.

Which of the following is Which of the following is notnot true of John true of John Calvin?Calvin?a) He believed God knew who would achieve a) He believed God knew who would achieve

salvation.salvation.b) He rejected the idea of predestination.b) He rejected the idea of predestination.c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva.c) He set up a theocracy in Geneva.d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther. d) He followed many teachings of Martin Luther.

Page 36: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

IV. Reformation Ideas IV. Reformation Ideas SpreadSpread

ThinkThink about it: about it:– What ideas did radical reformers What ideas did radical reformers

support?support?– Why did England form a new church?Why did England form a new church?– How did the Catholic Church reform How did the Catholic Church reform

itself?itself?– Why did some groups face persecution?Why did some groups face persecution?

Page 37: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

A. Radical ReformersA. Radical Reformers

1.1. As the Reformation continued, As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. sprang up.

2.2. These sects often had ideas that These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin.of Luther and Calvin.

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A. Radical ReformersA. Radical Reformers

3.3. One radical group, the Anabaptists, One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism.rejected infant baptism.

a. Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish a. Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property.private property.

b. Others wanted use violence to b. Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day. speed up judgment day.

c. Most called for religious tolerance c. Most called for religious tolerance and separation of Church and state. and separation of Church and state.

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B. England and the ChurchB. England and the Church

1. In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage.

2. The pope refused.3. Henry took the Church from the

pope’s control and created the Church of England.

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B. England and the ChurchB. England and the Church

4. Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

5. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.

6. Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

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C. C. The Catholic The Catholic ReformationReformation

1.1. Pope Paul III led a vigorous Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the reform movement within the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

2.2. He set out to revive the moral He set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he:these goals, he:

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C. C. The Catholic The Catholic ReformationReformation

a. Called the Council of Trent to a. Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform establish the direction that reform should take; should take;

b. Strengthened the Inquisition;b. Strengthened the Inquisition;

c. Recognized a new religious order, the c. Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy and Jesuits, to combat heresy and

spread the Catholic faith.spread the Catholic faith.

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D. Causes and Effects of the D. Causes and Effects of the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Immediate Effects

Long-Term Effects

1. Peasants’ Revolt

2. Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches

3. Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

4. Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands

1. Religious wars in Europe

2. Catholic Reformation

3. Strengthening of the Inquisition

4. Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

5. Increased antisemitism

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E. Widespread PersecutionE. Widespread Persecution1.1. During this period of heightened religious passion, During this period of heightened religious passion,

both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.

2.2. Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.Catholics.

3.3. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts.mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts.

4.4. In some places, Jews were forced to live in In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettosghettos,, or or separate quarters of the city. separate quarters of the city.

5.5. In other places, they were expelled from Christian In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned. lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

Page 45: Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Major European Religions Major European Religions about 1600about 1600

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Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Which English monarch had thousands of Which English monarch had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake?Protestants burned at the stake?a) Elizabetha) Elizabethb) Maryb) Maryc) Henry VIIIc) Henry VIIId) Edward VId) Edward VI

Which of the following was Which of the following was not not an effect of an effect of the Protestant Reformation?the Protestant Reformation?a) the Catholic Reformationa) the Catholic Reformationb) Increased anti-Semitism b) Increased anti-Semitism c) religious wars in Europec) religious wars in Europed) the invention of the printing pressd) the invention of the printing press

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Check Yourself!Check Yourself!

Which English monarch had thousands of Which English monarch had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake?Protestants burned at the stake?a) Elizabetha) Elizabethb) Maryb) Maryc) Henry VIIIc) Henry VIIId) Edward VId) Edward VI

Which of the following was Which of the following was not not an effect of an effect of the Protestant Reformation?the Protestant Reformation?a) the Catholic Reformationa) the Catholic Reformationb) Increased anti-Semitism b) Increased anti-Semitism c) religious wars in Europec) religious wars in Europed) the invention of the printing pressd) the invention of the printing press