Chapter 14 The Renaissance and Reformation

Europe’s cultural rebirth, known as the Renaissance, began in Italy around 1300 and spread to northern Europe. This period emphasized artistic expression, the study

of Greek and roman cultures, secular and individual

development

The Medici family of Florence organized a successful banking business and were ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe. Lorenzo “the magnificent” Medici was one of the leading

Patrons—financial supporters of the arts.

At the heart of the Renaissance was a set of ideas known as

HUMANISM—an intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture, and focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues

Scholars focused on here and now vs. Medieval Scholars who focused on afterlife

HUMANITIESGrammarRhetoricPoetryHistory

I A New Worldview

A. Humanists (humanities)

B. Perspective-to create illusion of depth

-distant obj smaller

1. Tempera

2. Oil

II Three geniuses of Renaissance art

A. Leonardo da Vinci

1. Painter

2. Sculptor

3. Architect

4. Engineer

5. Scientist

Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

B Michelangelo

1. Sculptor

2. Engineer

3. Painter

4. Architect

5. Poet

Pieta –sorrow of Mary as she cradles Christ on

her knees

Statue of David

Sistine Chapel in Rome

Dome of St. Peters Cathedral..model for US Capital in D.C.

C. Raphael Madonna, mother of

Jesus The School of Athens

Imaginary gathering of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates

Used pic of Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself in works

Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince

Published 1513 Advice to rulers how to gain and

maintain power Says end justifies means It’s ok to not keep promises if it gets

results

“Machiavellian” refers to deceit in politics

Others say he is a realist on how politics is

Renaissance Moves North Dutch Priest Erasmus- spreads it north

Made new Greek edition of New Testament & vernacular bible( everyday language)

Engraving- etched design on metal with acid Metal then used to make prints

Northern Humanist – believed learning should bring religious and moral reforms

Thomas More – wrote Utopia (ideal society)

William Shakespeare -EnglishRichard III –power struggles of Engl.

KingsRomeo & JulietCreated 1700 new words

Bedroom, lonely, groups, gloomy, hurry, sneak

Miguel de Cervantes -SpainDon Quixote (Dahn kee hoh tay)

Mocks romantic medieval chivalry

Printing Revolution Johann Gutenberg –Germany 1st complete edition of bible using printing

press and ink Printed books were cheaper and easier to

produce than hand-copied More people learn to read

Protestant ReformationChurch caught up in worldly affairsPope competed for political power

Kept a lavish lifestyle Paid artist to beautify church that cost $ To pay for it: increased fee for baptisms

and marriagesSome sold “indulgence” –less time in

purgatory for money

Martin LutherGerman monk and professor of

theology led riot 95 Theses

Arguments against indulgences Indulgence had no bible basis Pope had not authority to release souls early Christians only saved by faith

Printed and distributed across Europe

Luther cont.Church ask Luther to recant (give up his

views and write apology) Instead he urged Christian to reject Rome

authority1521 excommunicatedHoly Roman emperor Charles V ordered

Luther to recant Made him outlaw –illegal to give food or shelter

Luther Teachings (Lutheran Church

1st rejected deeds necessary for salvationBible sole source for truth

Denied authority of pope or church priestRejected 5 of 7 sacraments b/c bible never

mentioned them.Banned indulgences, confession,

pilgrimages, prayers to saintsEmphasized the sermonPermitted clergy to marry

Lutheran name change-Protestant

Wide support Answer to church corruption Way to overthrow rule of church and Holy

Roman emperor National loyalty – tired of German money

going to Italy Peasant Revolt- he denounced it, he liked

social order. Killed thousands left more homeless.

John Calvin French Priest & Lawyer

Book on how to run Protestant Church

A lot like Luther but… Predestination – God long ago decided

who would receive salvationCalvinist believed 2 type of people

Saints & Sinners Only those who were saved could live truly

Christian lives

Calvin’s GenevaCity in Switzerland Calvin ledSet of Theocracy

Govt run by church leadersHard work, discipline, thrift, honesty morality

Fines /punishment for dancing, fighting, swearing, Like Luther believed in religious edu. For

women, but should read bible in private.

Spread of CalvinismReformers all over Europe visit GenevaAs Calvinism spread sets off wars

across Europe over religion Germany – faced Catholics & Lutherans France- (called Huguenots) vs Catholics Scotland –John Knox led rebellion

Protestants overthrew Catholic queen Set up Scottish Presbyterian Church

Radical ReformersAnabaptist – no to infant baptism

Some wanted speed up coming of God by violent means

Took over city of Munster in Germany Luther helped Catholics in regaining order

Most were peaceful, called for separation of church and state.

What are they today? Baptist, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish

English ReformationKing Henry VIII

Awarded title “Defender of the Faith” by pope

Break with Catholic church Wanted control over English Church Wanted Annulment from Catherine of Aragon to

marry Anne Boleyn to have a son. Pope said no so not to offend Holly Roman

Emperor Charles V (Catherine's nephew)

Break with RomePassed laws to take over Church of England.

Act of Supremacy – head of Eng. Church Catholics refused to accept. Executed for

Treason Sir Thomas Moore, English humanist executed later

Canonized (made a saint by cath church) Closed convents and Monastery- seized land and

wealth Started Anglican Church (new church of England)

Henry VIII DiesEdward VI (10 yrs old) king

Changes Eng. to protestant Dies in teens

Mary Tudor (half sister) “Bloody Mary” nickname Returns Engl. to Catholic and burns

protestants at the stake

Queen Elizabeth I Slowly enforce reforms called

Elizabethan settlement

Church of Engl. Keeps Catholic ceremony and ritual, bishops and archbishops BUT Monarch was head of Anglican Church

Accepted moderate protestant doctrine English replaces Latin in services This helped Eng. Escape religious wars that

tore apart France and other European states during 1500s

Catholic Reformation – Pope Paul III

Council of Trent – met off and on for 20 yrs Reaffirmed salvation comes through faith

and good works Declared Bible major source of religious

truth but not only source Penalties for corrupt clergy Established schools for clergy

Catholic Reformation cont.Stronger Inquisition (Church court from

middle ages) Used secret testimony, torture, execution

to get rid of heresy Index of Forbidden Books – list no Catholic

could read

Ignatius of Loyolanew religious order (Society of Jesus or

Jesuits)Was a Spanish Knight that led crusadesSetup schools to teach humanist and

Catholic beliefs, enforce discipline, obedience to church

Catholic Reformation Work?Rome far more devoutEurope piety and charity flourishedSlowed down Protestant growthBut Europe still was divided

Widespread PersecutionWitch Hunts – usually women,

thousands died Beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed

for infant deaths, herbalist {potions from devil}

Scapegoats (someone to blame)

Jews Persecuted

Venice, Italy ordered to live in separate quarter of city known as “Ghetto”

Luther- tried to convert Jews but ended up expelling them from Christian lands, burned synagogues and books

Emperor Charles V- who supported toleration of Jews, banned from Spanish colonies in Americas

Scientific RevolutionHumanist read ancient classicsReligious reformers inspired by Bible

and early Christian timesScience pointed ahead to future

Revolutionary TheoryNicholas Copernicus

Heliocentric Theory – sun centered universe Went against church teachings from Ptolemy

Galileo Galilee Made telescope

Attacked by scholars b/c contradict ancient beliefs Church condemned him. At Inquisition agreed to

state publicly that Earth stood motionless at center of universe.

Scientific MethodBased on observation and

experimentationHypothesis (possible explanation)Complex math calculations usedRepeated work at least once to confirm

Isaac NewtonTheory of Gravity – explains planet

rotation Law of motion and mechanicsDeveloped Calculus

Other Scientific AdvancesChemistry –freed from magical notions of

medieval alchemists Robert Boyle –diff btw elements and

compounds Started modern Chemical analysis of matter

Medicine –Ambroise Pare developed ointment and stitches William Harbey- describes blood circulation by

heart