Chapter 14 The World War I Era 1914-1920 (Pages 414-441)

•The Road to War•Alsace Lorraine, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Britain, France•Central Powers•Germany Austria-Hungary

•Allied Powers•Russia, France, Great Britain

Complex system of Treaties◦Balance of Power led to a chain reaction

◦June 28, 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Sarejevo-Bosnia

Causes

Franz and Sophie

Chain Reaction of mobilizations◦Russia◦France◦Germany-must invade Belgium and Luxemburg to get to France

◦Great Britain

Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia

At first rapid progress by Germany get within 30 miles of Paris

Stopped at the Marne River by France and Great Britain◦Armies dig in-Trench Warfare

◦Eastern Front- central powers making gains Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers

Conflict Grows

Ideas of Heroism shattered◦Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery,

and poison gas◦Britain suffered 60, 000 casualties in one

day◦Generals could not adapt◦Frustrated soldiers killed POWs, civilians,

poisoned water sources, and burned fields

Modern Warfare

Sank all ships believed to have weapons British blockade caused hunger in Germany War of attrition

German Navy

Immigrants feel involved◦Some for central◦Some for allies

◦America neutral Business interests Peacemaker

The American Response

Be prepared◦National Security League◦Increased Army

◦Peace movement Women, progressives, and social

reformers Increase income taxes and increase

taxes on arms dealers

Prepared vs. Peace

U Boats Lusitania May 7, 1915

◦1,198 passengers died◦128 Americans

◦The Zimmerman Note◦Revolution in Russia◦City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia

sunk

The United States Declares War

April 16, 1917 President Wilson signs the declaration of war against the central powers

Americans on the European Front◦1st just loans, navy, and supplies◦John J. Pershing and 14,500 troops sent-

more needed

Declaration of War

“War to end all wars”◦Volunteer for draft◦11,000 women in Armed forces◦14,000 women serve in civilian roles

overseas◦Convoy system for merchant ships

May 1917 Selective Service Act

Doughboys Did not integrate with allies

◦ Separated by race Menial jobs, manual labor

Mary E. Gladwin and the Red Cross Serbia

American Soldiers

Civil War in Russia Lenin signs treaty with Germany Germany goes on the offensive

◦Marines hold back the offensive and save Paris Suffer 50% casualties

Lenin Takes Power

Allies break the lines◦ Tanks◦ Fresh troops

◦ Battle of Amiens Defeat Germany’s last offensive push

Sgt. York Saved his platoon by killing machine

gunners Took 132 prisoners with a pistol

Counter Attack

Armistice signed◦50,000 Americans dead◦8 million European soldiers dead◦20 million civilians

November 11, 1918

Liberty Bonds “Dollar a year men” Government Oversaw Production

◦Fixed prices◦Gas-less days◦Daylight savings time◦Set wages, hours, and working conditions

On the Home Front

No rations-Voluntary restraint Information under Government control◦Propaganda◦Nativism Literacy tests for immigrants Hostility toward Germans

Food Consumption

Espionage Act Sedition Act Censorship of the press Boy scouts and girl scouts

◦Drill at school

Civil Liberties Repressed

Mexican Americans and African Americans get better jobs

Women get better jobs Prohibition enacted to save grain-19th

amendment 1919

Cultural and Social Transformations

Wilson’s 14 points◦Self determination◦League of Nations

◦France wanted to prevent invasion and humiliate Germany

◦Carve up German colonies

Global Peacemaker

An attack on one is an attack on all Treaty of Versailles

◦ France gets Alsace Lorraine for 15 years◦ Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia established◦ German War Guilt and reparations Must pay 33 billion

Article 10

League of nations too binding July 2, 1921 War officially ends Post war

◦Business benefit◦Banks benefit◦No reintegration policy for troops◦African Americans in uniform lynched

Approval at Home