chapter 14, unnumbered figure, page...

Chapter 14, Unnumbered Figure, Page 369

Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 14, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 370


Bisphenol A: WorldwideBisphenol A: Worldwide

Chapter 14, Unnumbered Figure 2, 70


Figure 14.1


Fig

ure 14.2

Environm

ent: The S

cience behind the Stories, 4e —

Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Physical h

azard(b

) Ch

emical h

azard

(c) Bio

log

ical hazard

(d) C

ultu

ral hazard

Fig

ure 14.2a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Physical h

azard

Fig

ure 14.2b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(b) C

hem

ical hazard

Figure 14.2c


(c) Biological hazard

Figure 14.2d


(d) Cultural hazard

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a)

TAB

LE 14.1

Selected E

nvironm

ental Hazard

s

Outdoor A

irChem

icals from autom

otive exhaustChem

icals from industrial pollution

Photochemical sm

og (pp. 477–478)Pesticide dri�D

ust and particulate matter

WaterPesticide and herbicide runo�N

itrates and fertilizer runo�M

ercury, arsenic, and other heavy metals in groundw

ater and surface w

ater

FoodNatural toxins

Pesticide and herbicide residues

IndoorsSm

oking and secondhand smoke

RadonA

sbestosLead in paint and pipesToxicants in plastics and consum

er products (bisphenol A, PBD

Es, phthalates, etc.)D

ust and particulate matter

Fig

ure 14.3

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Figure 14.4


Year

20

0

40

60

80

100

1976-1980 1988-1991 1991-1994 1999-2002

Perc

ent

child

ren

with

blo

od le

ad le

vels

ab

ove

100

mic

rogr

ams

per

liter

Figure 14.5


Infectiousdiseases

13.8 million23.4%

Cardiovascular diseases29.0%12.6%

9.8%

6.3%

10.3%

8.6%

3.5

4.0

4.5

3.0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Ann

ual d

eath

s (m

illio

ns)

2.5

Respiratory infections(influenza,

pneumonia, etc.)

AIDSDiarrhealdiseases

TB Malaria Childhooddiseases(measles,pertussis,

tetanus, etc.)

Cancers

Maternalandperinatalconditions

Injuries

Respiratory anddigestive diseases

Other

(a) Leading causes of death across the world (b) Leading causes of death by infectious diseases

Fig

ure 14.5a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Infectio

us

diseases

13.8 millio

n23.4%

Cardiovascular

diseases29.0%

12.6%

9.8%

6.3% 10.3%

8.6%

Cancers

Maternal

andperinatalconditions

Injuries

Respiratory anddigestive diseases

Other

(a) Leadin

g cau

ses of d

eath acro

ss the w

orld

Fig

ure 14.5b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

3.5

4.0

4.5

3.0

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.50

Annual deaths (millions)

2.5

Respiratory infections(influenza,

pneumonia, etc.)

AID

SD

iarrhealdiseases

TBM

alariaC

hildhooddiseases(m

easles,pertussis,

tetanus, etc.)

(b) Lead

ing

causes o

f death

by in

fectiou

s diseases

Figure 14.6


1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Prev

elan

ce in

U.S

. pop

ulat

ion

0

Year

Smoking Obesity

Figure 14.7


Figure 14.8


Perc

ent

of p

eopl

e w

ith a

cces

s to

impr

oved

san

itatio

n an

d dr

inki

ng w

ater

1990 2000 2006 1990 2000 2006

Perc

ent

of p

eopl

e w

ith a

cces

s to

impr

oved

san

itatio

n an

d dr

inki

ng w

ater

Drinking water

Sanitation

Drinking water

Sanitation

Urban High-income

Low-income

Rural

(a) Urban versus rural areas (b) High-income versus low-income regions of the world

Year Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fig

ure 14.8a

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Percent of people with access toimproved sanitation and drinking water

19902000

2006

Drinking w

ater

Sanitation

UrbanRural

(a) Urb

an versu

s rural areas

Year

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Fig

ure 14.8b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc. 19902000

2006

Percent of people with access toimproved sanitation and drinking water

Drinking w

ater

Sanitation

High-incom

e

Low-incom

e

(b) H

igh

-inco

me versu

s low

-inco

me reg

ion

s of th

e wo

rld

Year

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

Ch

apter 14, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure, P

age 377

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a)

YO

U C

AN

MA

KE

AD

IFFER

EN

CE

Supp

ort pub

lic health initiatives to red

uce obesity,

smoking

, radon exp

osure, and

other hazards.

Keep

your loved ones healthy

by m

inimizing

environmental

hazards in your hom

e, lifestyle, and

comm

unity.

Joining org

anizations likethe Peace C

orps allow

s U.S.

students to help

imp

rove health in d

eveloping

nations.

X-ray sh

ow

s tu

mo

r from

lu

ng

cancer

Den

tal hyg

iene

cou

rse, Ecuad

or

Water p

urificatio

n in

a Ug

and

an villag

e

Mo

squ

ito b

ed n

ets fig

ht m

alaria, Ken

ya

Environm

ental health efforts around

the world

are helping

peop

le cope w

ith

natural and hum

an-created health risks.

In develop

ed nations, cig

arette smoke and

radon exp

osure (which b

oth lead to lung

cancer) are major environm

ental health risks.

By im

proving

sanitation and p

roviding

clean drinking

water and

better m

edical care, w

e can help fig

ht infectious diseases like

malaria, w

hich threaten lives and sap

the vigor of w

hole societies.


TABLE 14.2 Estimated Numbers of Chemicals in Commercial Substances

Type of chemical Estimated numberChemicals in commerce 100,000Industrial chemicals 72,000New chemicals introduced per year 2,000Pesticides (21,000 products) 600Food additives 8,700Cosmetic ingredients (40,000 products) 7,500Human pharmaceuticals 3,300

Data are for the 1990s, from Harrison, P., and F. Pearce, 2000. AAAS atlas of population and environment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Fig

ure 14.9

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Figure 14.10


Perc

ent

prev

alen

ce o

f pe

stic

ides

Stream w

ater

Groundwater

Stream w

ater

Groundwater

Stream w

ater

Groundwater

10

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Levels harmfulto aquatic life

Levels harmfulto people

Totaldetections

Agricultural areas Urban areas Undeveloped areas

Figure 14.11


Fig

ure 14.12

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Horm

one

Horm

one mim

ic

Receptor

Cell m

embrane

Inside cell

Response(identical to that

caused byhorm

one)

Inside cell

Response

Receptor

Cell m

embrane

Horm

one

(b) H

orm

on

e mim

icry

(a) No

rmal h

orm

on

e bin

din

g

Figure 14.12a


Inside cell

Response

Receptor

Cell membrane

Hormone

(a) Normal hormone binding

Figure 14.12b


Hormone

Hormone mimic

Receptor

Cell membrane Inside cell

Response(identical to that

caused byhormone)

(b) Hormone mimicry

Fig

ure 14.13

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Expo

sure th

rou

gh

toys

(b) Exp

osu

re thro

ug

h co

smetics

Figure 14.13a


(a) Exposure through toys

Figure 14.13b


(b) Exposure through cosmetics



(b)(a)

Ch

apter 14, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 2a, P

age 382

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a)

Ch

apter 14, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 2b

, Pag

e 382

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a)(b

)

Ch

apter 14, U

nn

um

bered

Fig

ure 1, P

age 383

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

020

4060

Dose of bisphenol-A

(ng/g)

10 1286420

Percent mice with chromosomal problems

80100



Thyroiddisease

Cardiovasculardisease

Diabetes

Cancer

Asthma

Arthritis

0 2 4 6

Mean BPA concentration (ng/ml)

8 10 12

With condition

Without condition

People with cardiovasculardisease and people withdiabetes show highconcentrations of BPA

Fig

ure 14.14

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Hu

man

fetuses an

d b

abies

Hu

man

s

No

n-h

um

an b

iota

Ind

ustry an

d m

anu

facturin

g

Genes, w

omb,

breast milk

Consumer products

Workplace exposure

Non-target effects

Food

Plant growth

Air for breathing

Air for breathing

Hunting and harvesting

Wo

rkM

edical facilities

and

pu

blic sp

acesA

gricu

lture: cro

ps,

rang

eland

, feedlo

tsSo

ilW

ater: surface

and

gro

un

dw

aterA

irH

om

e

Drinking w

ater

Drinking water

Consumer products Workplace products

Medicines and materials

Waste

W

aste

Waste

Medicines and materials

Pesticides and fertilizers

Fig

ure 14.15

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

2

3

4

1

At h

igh

latitud

es,d

epo

sition

of p

ollu

tants

exceeds evap

oratio

nPo

llutan

ts enter

the p

olar fo

od

web

and

accu

mu

late in

bio

ta

No

rth p

ole

Evapo

ration

Pollu

tants are

transp

orted

by

atmo

sph

ere and

o

cean cu

rrents

Evapo

ration

At lo

w

latitud

es,evap

ora-

tion

of

po

llutan

ts exceed

sd

epo

sition

Dep

ositio

n

Dep

ositio

n

Sou

th p

ole

Equator

Oceanic currents

Atmospheric currents

Fig

ure 14.16

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

DD

T con

centratio

n(p

arts per m

illion

)

Osprey

25 ppm

2 ppm

0.5 ppm

0.04 ppm

0.000003 ppmW

ater

Large fish

Small fish

Zooplankton

Figure 14.17


(a) Louis Guillette taking blood sample from alligator

(b) Tyrone Hayes in lab with frog

Figure 14.17a


(a) Louis Guillette taking blood sample from alligator

Fig

ure 14.17b

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(b) Tyro

ne H

ayes in lab

with

frog



4-year-olds 5-year-olds

4-year-olds 5-year-olds

Drawings by children in the foothills

Drawings by children in the valley

Figure 14.18


Fig

ure 14.19

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) Linear d

ose-resp

on

se curve

Percentage of test populationaffected by dose

100500


100500

Low

Dose

(b) D

ose-resp

on

se curve w

ith th

resho

ld

High

Low

Dose

High

Linear dose-response curve


Threshold

LD50

LD50


100500

(c) Un

con

ventio

nal d

ose-resp

on

se curve

Low

Dose

High

Nonlinear inverted dose-response curve

LD50

Figure 14.19a


(a) Linear dose-response curve

Perc

enta

ge o

f te

st p

opul

atio

naf

fect

ed b

y do

se100

50

0Low

Dose

High


LD50

Figure 14.19b


(b) Dose-response curve with threshold

Perc

enta

ge o

f te

st p

opul

atio

naf

fect

ed b

y do

se

100

50

0Low

Dose

High


ThresholdLD50

Figure 14.19c


Perc

enta

ge o

f te

st p

opul

atio

naf

fect

ed b

y do

se100

50

0

(c) Unconventional dose-response curve

Low

Dose

High

Nonlinear inverted dose-response curve

LD50

Figure 14.20


Sper

m c

ount

(mill

ions

/ml)

150

100

50

01930

Year1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Figure 14.21


Smoking 20cigarettes a day

Heart disease

Cancer

Overweightby 15%

Automobileaccident

Homicide

Homeaccident

Drowning

Fire

Airplaneaccident

0 200 400 600 800

2,370

1,607

1,247

777

207

93

74

24

20

3.7

Loss of life expectancy (days)

Figure 14.22


Scientific data on

Hazardidentification

Toxicitycharacter-

ization

Extent ofexposure

Privatecitizens

Industry andmanufacturing

Nonprofitinterestgroups

Information, opinion, and lobbying from

Riskassessment

Riskmanagement

Policy

Scientific resultsand measurement

of probability

Political, social,economic, and

ethical considerations

Fig

ure 14.23

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

Sequ

ence o

f events

Pre-market testing by

industry, government,

and academic

scientists

Industrial research anddevelopm

ent

Consum

er use of products

Post-market testing by

industry, government,

and academic scientists

Regulations and bans of unsafe products

Consum

er use of safeproducts

Unsafe products recalled

Rigorous testing demanded

Limited testing required

Minim

al impact on

human health

Some products harm

human health

Limited testing; m

ostproducts brought to m

arketRigorous testing; only the safest

products brought to market

“Inn

ocen

t un

til pro

veng

uilty” ap

pro

achPrecau

tion

aryp

rincip

le app

roach


TABLE 14.3 American versus EuropeanApproaches to Chemical Regulation

TSCA (United States) REACH (European Union)

Government bears burden of proof to show harm

Industry bears burden of proof to show safety

Little data on new chemicals are required from industry

More data on new chemicalsare required from industry

Chemicals in use before 1976 are not regulatedPrioritizing problems is hampered by lack of dataIndustry is allowed to keep trade secrets from the public

Chemicals in use before 1981bear scrutiny like that directedtoward newer chemicalsProblems are prioritized usingdata on riskDatabase will allow publicaccess to chemical information

Adapted from Schwarzman, M.R., and M.P. Wilson, 2009. New sciencefor chemicals policy. Science 326: 1065–1066.

Environm

ent: The S


Withgott/B

rennan©

2011 Pearson E

ducation, Inc.

(a) TAB

LE 14.4

The “Dirty D

ozen” P

ersistent O

rganic P

ollutants (P

OP

s) Targeted

by the

Stockho

lm C

onventio

n

ToxicantD

escription

Aldrin

Insecticide to kill termites and crop pests

ChlordaneInsecticide to kill term

ites and crop pestsD

DT

Insecticide to protect against insect-spread disease; still applied in som

e countries to control m

alariaD

ieldrinInsecticide to kill term

ites, textile pests, croppests, and disease vectors

Dioxins

By-product of incomplete com

bustion andchem

ical manufacturing; released in m

etal recycling, pulp and paper bleaching, auto exhaust, tobacco sm

oke, and wood and coal

smoke

EndrinPesticide to kill rodents and crop insects

FuransBy-product of processes that release dioxins;also present in com

mercial m

ixtures of PCBsH

eptachlorBroad-spectrum

insecticideH

exachlorobenzeneFungicide for crops; released by chem

ical m

anufacture and processes that release dioxinsand furans

Mirex

Household insecticide; �re retardant in plastics,

rubber, and electronicsPCBs

Industrial chemical used in heat-exchange

�uids, electrical transformers and capacitors,

paints, sealants, and plasticsToxaphene

Insecticide to kill crop insects and livestockparasites

Data from

United N

ations Environment Program

me (U

NEP), 2001.

Chapter 14, Unnumbered Table, Page 399


Annual pesticide use (pounds of active ingredient)

YouYour classYour stateUnited States 1.20 billion

World (total) 5.05 billion

World (per capita)

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