chapter 15: agreement choices: exploring agreementsubject and verb agreement b a verb should agree...
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110 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Introductory Course
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Choices: Exploring AgreementHere’s your chance to step out of the grammar book and into the real world. You may notnotice agreement, but you and the people around you use it every day. The following activitieschallenge you to find a connection between agreement and the world around you. Do theactivity below that suits your personality best, and then share your discoveries with yourclass. Have fun!
DISCUSSION
IndigestionSome foods just don’t go together. Lead a dis-cussion of foods that don’t necessarily agreewith each other (or with you!). For starters, con-sider the effects of chilies and strawberriestogether. Then, ask the class what might be theeffects of subjects and verbs that don’t agree witheach other.
ETYMOLOGY
Antipasto, Anyone?You’ve been reading about antecedents, butwhat does the word really mean? Find out aboutthe prefix ante-. What does it mean? What’s thedifference between ante- and anti-? What are fiveother words that use the prefix ante-? What arethe meanings of these words? Prepare a handoutor poster featuring this information.
GAME
Scissors Cut PaperOne way to remember that words like scissors areplural is to recall the old game Rock, Paper,Scissors. If you know this game, teach it to theclass. Then, everyone can just remember that“scissors cut (not cuts) paper.” Think of at leastthree other common agreement problems, andinvent games or sayings that will help yourclassmates remember the rules.
DISCUSSION
Square PegsGrammar isn’t the only discipline that demandsthat elements match. Sometimes, instead ofbeing said to agree, these elements are said to becompatible. For instance, in computer science, aprogram must be compatible with an operatingsystem in order to work. What other systemsdemand that their components match? Lead adiscussion of these points.
BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
The Three BearsHearing titles that seem to be plural paired withsingular pronouns can sound strange at first.However, the more you hear them, the fasteryou’ll get used to them. Brainstorm a list of atleast ten book, story, and poetry titles that areplural in form. You might want to check theindexes of some literature books and a few best-seller lists or ask your friends and classmates forsome of their favorites. Pass out copies of yourlist to your classmates. Then, lead the class inwriting sentences that use pronouns to refer toeach of these titles.
MUSIC
Song and DanceBreak out the tap shoes, your hat, and your cane.It’s time for a trip down memory lane. You’llneed a song. You can use existing music or makeup a tune, but you’ll need to write new lyrics.Your lyrics should be about the agreement issuesin this chapter. Make them easy to remember.Then, with your teacher’s permission, performyour song and dance for the class.
TECHNOLOGY
Acid TestCan a computer grammar checker really catchthose pesky subject-verb agreement errors andpronoun-antecedent agreement errors? Beforeyou rely on one of these programs, find out if itcan do the job. Write a paragraph or two thatinclude a number of such errors, or simply typein an exercise or two from this chapter. Then, runthe grammar checker. Did it catch every error?Did it identify errors that aren’t really errors?Score the program, and give it a grade. Then,present your data to the class. Point out whicherrors were corrected and which were missed.
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NumberWords that refer to one person, place, thing, or idea are generally singular in number.Words thatrefer to more than one person, place, thing, or idea are generally plural in number.
SINGULAR lake he puppy wife bench
PLURAL lakes they puppies wives benches
EXERCISE A On the line before each word, write S if the word is singular or P if it is plural.
Example ______ 1. reality
______ 1. flowers _______11. planet
______ 2. storm _______12. windows
______ 3. clocks _______13. children
______ 4. we _______14. country
______ 5. valley _______15. it
______ 6. geese _______16. idea
______ 7. taxes _______17. strawberries
______ 8. people _______18. doctor
______ 9. diaries _______19. freedom
______10. England _______20. I
EXERCISE B On the line provided, write a singular word or a plural word to complete each word groupcorrectly. Use the italicized words as hints.
Example 1. a few ________________________
21. a big _________________________________ 31. several important ________________________________
22. four exciting _________________________________ 32. one rare ________________________________
23. many interesting _________________________________ 33. some different ________________________________
24. one green _________________________________ 34. three more _______________________________
25. a few tiny _________________________________ 35. a bunch of ________________________________
26. an excellent _________________________________ 36. a single ________________________________
27. those wonderful _________________________________ 37. too many ________________________________
28. twenty old _________________________________ 38. fewer than ten ________________________________
29. another lucky _________________________________ 39. millions of ________________________________
30. a funny _________________________________ 40. just one ________________________________
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Subject and Verb Agreement AA verb should agree in number with its subject.
(1) Singular subjects take singular verbs.
EXAMPLE She plays softball every weekend.
(2) Plural subjects take plural verbs.
EXAMPLE They play softball once a month.
If a sentence has a verb phrase, the first helping verb in the phrase agrees with the subject.EXAMPLES Sophie has been practicing every day.
The runners have been practicing all week.
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, the verb agrees with its subject. On the line before eachsentence, write S if the subject and verb are singular or P if the subject and verb are plural.
Example ______ 1. Dad is cooking dinner.
______ 1. The door slams. ______ 6. The radios are too loud.
______ 2. He has been painting the fence. ______ 7. Dr. Rodriguez is writing a letter.
______ 3. Our forests need rain. ______ 8. The dogs were barking.
______ 4. Belize is a small country. ______ 9. The twins are swimming.
______ 5. My uncles bowl on Wednesdays. ______10. Earl has been practicing.
EXERCISE B Each of the following sentences contains two verb forms in parentheses. For each sentence,underline the verb form that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. Justine (plays, play) the clarinet in the school band.
11. The clarinet (is, are) a musical instrument.
12. Most clarinets (is, are) made of wood.
13. A clarinet (has, have) a long, hollow tube and a bell-shaped opening.
14. The mouthpiece (is, are) located at the other end of the tube.
15. A flat reed (fits, fit) into the back of the mouthpiece.
16. These reeds (comes, come) from cane plants.
17. The clarinet player (blows, blow) air into the mouthpiece.
18. The air (makes, make) the reed vibrate.
19. The vibrations (creates, create) sound.
20. A player (controls, control) the sound with keys on the clarinet’s tube.
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Subject and Verb Agreement BA verb should agree in number with its subject.
(1) Singular subjects take singular verbs.
EXAMPLE He rides his bicycle in the park.
(2) Plural subjects take plural verbs.
EXAMPLE We collect newspapers for the paper drive.
If a sentence has a verb phrase, the first helping verb in the phrase agrees with the subject.EXAMPLES Janet has played clarinet for three years.
The ducks are flying south.
EXERCISE A Each of the following sentences contains two verb forms in parentheses. For each sentence,underline the verb form that agrees with the subject.
Example [1] Maria (loves, love) her new bicycle.
[1] Maria (rides, ride) her bicycle almost every day. [2] She (knows, know) how to take care of
her bike. [3] Maria (oils, oil) the chain whenever it gets wet. [4] She (pumps, pump) up the tires
once a week. [5] Sometimes the brakes (wears, wear) down. [6] Her brothers (knows, know) how to
adjust the brakes. [7] Maria (has, have) a new helmet, too. [8] At night, she (uses, use) a headlight.
[9] Reflectors (makes, make) her more visible to motorists. [10] Maria (enjoys, enjoy) riding her bicy-
cle safely.
EXERCISE B Each of the following sentences contains two verb forms in parentheses. For each sentence,underline the verb form that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. Camping (is, are) a fun family event.
11. Many campers (carries, carry) a tent.
12. The tent (keeps, keep) the campers dry when it rains.
13. It also (protects, protect) them from insects.
14. Campers (uses, use) poles to hold up the tent.
15. The poles (supports, support) the tent and give it its shape.
16. Stakes (helps, help) anchor the tent during strong winds.
17. Tents (is, are) often made of nylon.
18. Nylon (is, are) a light material.
19. A rubber coating (makes, make) the tent waterproof.
20. Campers (wants, want) to stay dry and comfortable.
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Phrases Between Subject and VerbThe number of a subject is not changed by a phrase following the subject.
EXAMPLES Our hike in the mountains was fun.
The hands on my watch glow in the dark.
The tomatoes from your garden are delicious.
EXERCISE A Underline the subject in each of the following sentences. Then, underline the form of theverb in parentheses that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. A box of old photographs (was, were) found in the attic.
1. The sneakers in the closet (belongs, belong) to me.
2. A fan in the bleachers (was, were) waving a large banner.
3. A pile of dirty dishes (is, are) in the sink.
4. Many paintings by Vincent van Gogh (hangs, hang) in the art museum.
5. The teacher of my science class (was, were) writing a book.
6. Many houses in my neighborhood (has, have) wooden porches.
7. The capital of the United States (is, are) Washington, D.C.
8. The author of these short stories (has, have) written a play, too.
9. The players on our team (works, work) hard.
10. Five students in my school (plays, play) in a band.
EXERCISE B The following paragraph contains errors in agreement of subject and verb. Correct eacherror by crossing out the incorrect verb form and writing the correct form above it. If a verb is alreadycorrect, write C above it.
Example [1] The history of the Irish people include many hardships and struggles.
[11] A popular name for Ireland is “The Emerald Isle.” [12] The green rolling hills and pastures
of Ireland was the source of this name. [13] Many farmers in Ireland raises cattle, horses, and
sheep. [14] Other farm products from the Emerald Isle include dairy products, wheat, and pota-
toes. [15] Shallow waters along Ireland’s coastline gives the country a rich supply of fish, too.
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Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns AThe following indefinite pronouns are singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something.
The following indefinite pronouns are plural: both, few, many, several.
The indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and some may be either singular or plural,depending on their meaning in a sentence.
EXERCISE Each of the following sentences has an indefinite pronoun as a subject. On the line beforeeach sentence, write S if the indefinite pronoun is singular or P if it is plural. Then, underline the correctform of the verb in parentheses.
Example ______ 1. Some of the pages (is, are) torn.
______ 1. Each of these apples (is, are) ripe.
______ 2. During the play, someone (was, were) whispering.
______ 3. All of the actors (knows, know) their lines.
______ 4. One of my favorite songwriters (is, are) Billy Joel.
______ 5. A few from the other class (needs, need) new textbooks.
______ 6. Some of my cousins (has, have) come to my party.
______ 7. Both of my parents (works, work) at the hospital.
______ 8. All of the bread (was, were) eaten.
______ 9. Neither of my two uncles (speaks, speak) French.
______10. This morning several (was, were) late.
______11. Most of the plants (needs, need) water.
______12. Now more of the waiters (seems, seem) busy.
______13. One of my cousins (is, are) on vacation.
______14. In the past month several in that department (has, have) gotten raises.
______15. Something about those people (seems, seem) suspicious to me.
______16. No one in the bleachers (cheers, cheer) more loudly than Jason.
______17. Most of the field (needs, need) mowing.
______18. Everyone in the club (has, have) read this book.
______19. None of the guests (has, have) left.
______20. Many of his classes (requires, require) daily homework.
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Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns BThe following indefinite pronouns are singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody,everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something.
The following indefinite pronouns are plural: both, few, many, several.
The indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and some may be either singular or plural,depending on their meaning in a sentence.
EXERCISE Each of the following sentences has an indefinite pronoun as a subject. For each sentence,underline the verb that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. Each of the planets in our solar system (orbits, orbit) the sun.
1. One of the planets (has, have) visible rings.
2. Nobody (has, have) observed moons around Mercury.
3. All of the students (uses, use) telescopes.
4. Everyone (is, are) able to see the moon tonight.
5. Some of the stars (seems, seem) to twinkle.
6. Most of the stars (is, are) invisible to us.
7. Each of the visible stars (is, are) a huge ball of gas.
8. Not one of the nine planets (escapes, escape) the gravitational pull of the sun.
9. No one (knows, know) how many stars there are.
10. Neither of the astronomers (needs, need) a microscope.
11. Most of the researchers (has, have) many questions.
12. Everyone (needs, need) to learn more.
13. One of the constellations (resembles, resemble) a hunter.
14. Several of the books (contains, contain) photographs.
15. Some of the scientists (works, work) high up on mountaintops.
16. Neither of the inner planets (has, have) moons.
17. (Is, Are) either of the inner planets visible tonight?
18. A few of the planets (is, are) not visible to the naked eye.
19. Someone (is, are) asking about comets.
20. (Does, Do) anyone know if comets orbit the sun?
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Compound SubjectsSubjects joined by and generally take a plural verb.
Singular subjects that are joined by or or nor take a singular verb.
Plural subjects joined by or or nor take a plural verb.
When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with thesubject nearer the verb.
EXAMPLES Raoul and Mark have been playing tennis all day.
Either Julio or his brother is singing.
Flowers or balloons make a nice gift for a sick friend.
Neither rain nor ants are spoiling our picnic.
Neither ants nor rain is spoiling our picnic.
EXERCISE A Each of the following sentences contains two verb forms in parentheses. For each sentence,underline the verb form that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. An adult or two children (fits, fit) inside this bumper car.
1. Two rabbits and a gerbil (lives, live) in big cages in our science classroom.
2. Either my brother or my sister (is, are) waiting for me.
3. One maple and three elms (stands, stand) in the yard.
4. Lentils or beans (is, are) are used in the stew.
5. Neither my sister nor my parents (knows, know) the answer to the riddle.
6. A car and three buses (was, were) involved in the accident.
7. Neither my cousins nor my aunt (wants, want) the salad.
8. Either Mr. Brooks or his son (washes, wash) the car.
9. Damont or his parents usually (helps, help) us.
10. He and his dogs (is, are) going for a hike.
EXERCISE B Each of the following sentences contains two verb forms in parentheses. For each sentence,underline the verb form that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. Fruits and vegetables (contains, contain) many nutrients.
11. Spinach and kale (is, are) green, leafy vegetables.
12. Neither a plum nor a pear (is, are) a citrus fruit.
13. Either an orange or a grapefruit (is, are) good for dessert today.
14. Lemons and limes (provides, provide) vitamin C.
15. Neither harsh winds nor rain (affects, affect) this tree.
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Subject After the VerbWhen the subject follows the verb, find the subject and make sure the verb agrees with it.
The subject usually follows the verb in questions and in sentences that begin with there andhere.
EXAMPLES Were the players tired?
There are six floors in this building.
The contractions there’s and here’s contain the verb is. These contractions are singular andshould be used only with singular subjects.
EXAMPLE Here’s the answer to your question.
EXERCISE Underline the subject in each sentence. Then, underline the correct word or words in parentheses.
Example 1. (There’s, There are) some sponges in that drawer.
1. (Has, Have) your neighbors moved to Phoenix yet?
2. There (is, are) fifty states in the United States.
3. (Here’s, Here are) the train to Culver City.
4. (Is, Are) the loaves of bread in the oven?
5. (Here’s, Here are) the cans of paint for your project.
6. (There’s, There are) more bananas in the fruit basket.
7. (Was, Were) your parents born in Sweden?
8. Where (has, have) they gone for their picnic?
9. (Has, Have) Marie and Nina looked at the map?
10. (There’s, There are) a library and a bus stop near my house.
11. (Has, Have) Hiromi opened her birthday presents?
12. (Here’s, Here are) a gift for Hiromi.
13. (Is, Are) you going to guess what it is?
14. Where (has, have) she put the other gifts?
15. (Does, Do) you like your new doll?
16. (Is, Are) they going to give the doll a name?
17. (There’s, There are) an extra dress for the doll.
18. (Has, Have) her friends seen her other presents yet?
19. (Has, Have) I shown you how to play this game?
20. (Was, Were) we late for the party?
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Don’t and Doesn’tThe word don’t is the contraction of do not. Use don’t with all plural subjects and with the pro-nouns I and you.
EXAMPLES These kittens don’t have homes yet. I don’t want any salad.
The word doesn’t is the contraction of does not. Use doesn’t with all singular subjects except thepronouns I and you.
EXAMPLES Doesn’t he know the answer? That bird doesn’t look healthy.
EXERCISE On the blank in each sentence, write don’t or doesn’t to complete the sentence correctly.
Example 1. My mother ___________ get home until 7:00.
1. You ___________ have my new address.
2. Tanya ___________ like spaghetti.
3. Howard’s gloves ___________ fit me.
4. Earl and Janice ___________ want any more cereal.
5. I ___________ dance very well.
6. Ms. Lowe ___________ play badminton.
7. He ___________ visit us often.
8. Jeff’s grandparents ___________ stay home much.
9. The baby ___________ have any blue booties.
10. That program ___________ come on until 8:00 tonight.
11. Mauricio ___________ live near us anymore.
12. We ___________ get to see him often.
13. His brother ___________ go to our school.
14. They ___________ play soccer on our team.
15. ___________ Miriam play softball?
16. Miriam and Colleen ___________ study with us.
17. ___________ they usually study with Julie?
18. I ___________ like to study alone.
19. ___________ you prefer to study in the library?
20. The library ___________ stay open late on weekends.
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent AA pronoun should agree in gender with its antecedent.
EXAMPLES Anthony said he had done his homework.
One of the girls has lost her book.
Someone in the band left his or her uniform on the bus.
A pronoun should agree with its antecedent in number.
EXAMPLES You may have the last muffin if you want it.
The puppies will thrive if they are cared for well.
EXERCISE A In the following sentences, underline the pronoun or pronoun group in parentheses thatagrees in gender and number with its antecedent.
Example 1. Scurrying across the yard, the chipmunk headed for (their, its) burrow.
1. Derrick asked his neighbor to take care of (his, their) cat for the weekend.
2. Each member of the girls’ volleyball team received (her, his or her) own medal.
3. In the evening the raccoons climbed down from (its, their) nest in the trees.
4. The cat stalked the ball of yarn and then pounced on (it, them).
5. The new keyboards in the computer lab are still in (its, their) boxes.
6. Tanya enjoyed working at the pizza parlor because (she, he or she) met new people there.
7. The three children made breakfast for (his or her, their) dad on his birthday.
8. Every day, one student in the class would describe (his or her, their) progress on the research
report.
9. Ms. Jackson called the boys into her office and gave (him, them) a lecture on responsibility.
10. The house was old but clean, and (she, it) seemed to welcome the new family.
EXERCISE B For each sentence, underline the pronoun form that agrees with the antecedent.
Example 1. The instruments will last longer if you take care of (it, them).
11. My doctor carries (her, their) notepad and pen with her.
12. They brought a tuba with (it, them) to the parade.
13. The plants will grow if you water (it, them).
14. I remember that tree from when (it, they) first sprouted.
15. The vegetables taste better with a little seasoning on (it, them).
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent BA pronoun should agree in gender with its antecedent.
EXAMPLES Betsy can’t leave the house until she has finished cleaning her room.
Each of the boys must carry his own equipment.
Everyone in the play knew his or her lines.
A pronoun should agree with its antecedent in number.
EXAMPLES May I borrow that book when you finish it?
Each year the flowers bloomed, they seemed more colorful.
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, circle the antecedent. Then, underline the pronoun orpronouns in parentheses that agree in gender with the antecedent.
Example 1. Karen left (her, its) jacket at school.
1. One man had an extra ticket, so (he, she) sold it to Marshall.
2. The oak tree in the backyard had lost most of (his, its) leaves.
3. Sharon was eating lunch with (her, his or her) friends.
4. The wasp returned to (her, its) nest.
5. Each student brought (his, his or her) poster to the game.
EXERCISE B On the blank in each sentence, write one or more pronouns that agree in gender and num-ber with the antecedent.
Example 1. One girl wrote ____________________ name on the board.
6. Neither boy remembered to bring ____________________ textbook.
7. Both coaches brought ____________________ whistles.
8. After two weeks off, the girls were glad ____________________ were playing a game Monday.
9. Did either of the men tell us ____________________ name?
10. Jeremy had dropped his hat, but he found ____________________ the next day.
11. Students who are attending the field trip must turn in ____________________ forms today.
12. My brother lent me ____________________ umbrella.
13. Each performer must bring ____________________ own costume.
14. When Diego got home, ____________________ began preparing dinner.
15. The lizard must have injured ____________________ leg.
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Indefinite Pronouns as AntecedentsA pronoun should agree with its antecedent in number.
(1) Use a singular pronoun to refer to the indefinite pronouns anybody, anyone, anything, each,either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone,and something.(2) Use a plural pronoun to refer to the indefinite pronouns both, few, many, and several.(3) The indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most, none, and some may be singular or plural, dependingon their meaning in a sentence.
EXERCISE For each of the following sentences, underline the pronoun form that agrees with theantecedent.
Example 1. Most of the actors remembered (his, their) lines.
1. Anyone who needs help may consult (his or her, their) script.
2. One of the lines loses (its, their) meaning when taken out of context.
3. A few of the dancers brought (her, their) shoes.
4. One of the paintings is losing (its, their) sharpness.
5. Everyone is wearing (his or her, their) costume tonight.
6. Neither of the actresses wore (her, their) hat.
7. Did anyone forget to bring (his or her, their) notes?
8. I don’t know if either of the girls will sing (her, their) lines tonight.
9. Everything on the stage has (its, their) own place.
10. Somebody left (his or her, their) uniform behind the stage.
11. Most of the costumes are missing (its, their) buttons.
12. All of the furniture was put in (its, their) proper place.
13. Everyone sold (his or her, their) tickets last week.
14. More of the material needs to have (its, their) edges trimmed.
15. Some of the fabric is losing (its, their) stitching.
16. One of the seamstresses needs (her, their) sewing kit.
17. Do any of the costumes need (its, their) zippers replaced?
18. Only a few of the actors need (his, their) full costumes tonight.
19. One of the set designers brought (her, their) paintbrush.
20. Is one of the scripts missing (its, their) cover?
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Antecedents Joined by Or, Nor, or AndUse a singular pronoun to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor.
EXAMPLES Carmela or Sindey will present her speech today.
Neither the maple nor the oak has lost all its leaves.
Use a plural pronoun to refer to two or more antecedents joined by and.
EXAMPLES When Jeremy and his brother got home, they practiced with their guitars.
The coach and the players reviewed their game plan.
EXERCISE A Each of the following sentences contains an underlined pronoun that agrees with itsantecedent. Above each underlined pronoun, write S if the pronoun is singular or P if it is plural.
Example 1. Neither Myla nor Margaret has had her lunch.
1. Amelia or Amanda will read her report first.
2. Yolanda and Jaime found their dictionaries.
3. Neither my mother nor my aunt brought her umbrella.
4. The bus driver and the students clapped their hands.
5. Neither Bill nor Todd used his baseball glove today.
EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline the pronoun or pronouns that agree with theantecedent.
Example 1. If the game is played well, (it, they) is very interesting to watch.
6. When Henry and Noriyuki arrived, (he, they) set up the chess pieces.
7. The chessboard and pieces were placed so that (it, they) could be seen well.
8. A beginning player or an experienced player sometimes loses (his or her, their) concentration.
9. The players and the observers looked at (his or her, their) watches.
10. Either the bishop or the knight will lose (its, their) powerful position.
11. Neither Yuri nor Stan brought (his, their) rule book.
12. Neither the players nor the observers expressed (his or her, their) opinions.
13. A marble chess set or a wooden chess set will retain (its, their) value.
14. If either Timothy or Hiroshi plays, (he, they) will expect to use the marble chess set.
15. Natalie or Olga will give (her, their) advice first.
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15o(4).
15o(5).
S
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Review A: Subject-Verb Agreement
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, the verb agrees with its subject. On the line before eachsentence, write S if the subject and verb are singular or P if the subject and verb are plural.
Example ______ 1. Chuck or Tyrell takes out the trash.
______ 1. They have been cheering for the team.
______ 2. A letter from your aunt and uncle is on the table.
______ 3. All of the water in the pail was leaking onto the floor.
______ 4. A woman and two men were sharing a taxi.
______ 5. Here’s your ticket to the game.
______ 6. An after-school snack for your friends is in the refrigerator.
______ 7. Eartha and you have been working hard all afternoon.
______ 8. There’s a green coat in the closet.
______ 9. Jefferson’s plans don’t make sense to us.
______10. Most of the beach has been cleaned.
EXERCISE B Underline the subject in each of the following sentences. Then, underline the form of theverb in parentheses that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. (Is, Are) there any beans left for me?
11. Most of my work (is, are) finished.
12. Songs from the movie (has, have) been on my mind all day.
13. Either his grandparents or his father (comes, come) from Japan.
14. (There’s, There are) two big trucks parked out front.
15. Our trip to the western states (begins, begin) tomorrow.
16. Lucia and Marcus (lives, live) on a farm.
17. Many of the citizens (agrees, agree) with the mayor.
18. (Is, Are) there some empty seats up front?
19. It (doesn’t, don’t) really matter.
20. Either the Germans or the Italians (is, are) playing soccer tomorrow.
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Review B: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
EXERCISE For each sentence below, underline the pronoun or pronouns that agree with the antecedent.
Example 1. The children and their mother went to (his or her, their) neighborhood supermarket.
1. Does anyone have (his or her, their) grocery list?
2. One of the grocery carts is missing (its, their) rear wheels.
3. Most of the shoppers brought (her, their) lists.
4. Neither the mother nor her daughter brought (her, their) purse.
5. I see the laundry detergent, but I can’t find (its, their) price.
6. There are twelve eggs here, but some of (its, their) shells are broken.
7. Did someone lose (his or her, their) calculator yesterday?
8. The sour cream or the yogurt will be fine if (it, they) is refrigerated.
9. Several of the bananas have brown spots on (its, their) peels.
10. One of the jars has a dent in (its, their) lid.
11. All of the items were put back on (its, their) shelves.
12. Neither my sister nor my mother brought (her, their) pen.
13. Both of the frying pans are missing (its, their) handles.
14. Is anyone carrying (his or her, their) backpack?
15. Barbara and Alina found (her, their) favorite spices.
16. Some of the silverware has lost (its, their) shine.
17. Most of the kitchen utensils have (their, its) prices clearly marked.
18. Do any of the customers bring (his or her, their) own shopping bags?
19. Spinach or cabbage will retain (its, their) freshness better if sealed and refrigerated.
20. Most of the vegetables keep (its, their) sharp colors when steamed.
21. Darryl and Kyle found (his, their) school supplies in aisle three.
22. Either Connie or her brother will select (his or her, their) favorite breakfast drink.
23. A father and his son split (his, their) list in two so they could find things twice as fast.
24. One of the checkers needed a manager to help (her, them) fix the till.
25. The manager asked the family if (she, they) had found everything all right.
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Review C: Agreement
EXERCISE A Underline the subject in each of the following sentences. Then, underline the form of theverb in parentheses that agrees with the subject.
Example 1. (Was, Were) any of the animals injured?
1. The bowl of strawberries (looks, look) delicious.
2. Neither you nor he (is, are) strong enough to move that boulder.
3. Members of the club (writes, write) stories for the newspaper.
4. Two cars and a bus (was, were) stopped at the traffic light.
5. Some of the dancers (is, are) in the show.
6. Most of the apartment (needs, need) cleaning.
7. The play about the gods and the goddesses of Greece (opens, open) today.
8. Everybody in the two competing schools (was, were) eager for the game.
9. The fenders and the bumper (was, were) dented.
10. The colors in the material (has, have) faded.
EXERCISE B For each sentence below, underline the pronoun or pronouns that agree with theantecedent.
Example 1. Health clubs offer many benefits to (its, their) members.
11. An exercise bike or a rowing machine requires maintenance to keep (it, them) running well.
12. One of the health clubs offers free classes to (its, their) members.
13. Both weightlifting machines and free weights have (its, their) advantages.
14. My sister or my aunt will find the individual exercise program that serves (her, them) best.
15. The track and the swimming pool both have (its, their) appeal.
16. One of the women left (her, their) towel behind.
17. Neither my mother nor my sister is wasting (her, their) time here.
18. Can each of the swimmers find (his or her, their) goggles?
19. Most of the bicyclists wore (his, their) cycling shoes.
20. A club can expand when (its, their) membership increases.
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Review D: Agreement
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, underline the word or word group in parentheses thatcorrectly completes the sentence.
Example 1. (Has, Have) most of the guests arrived?
1. (Has, Have) everybody finished the chapter?
2. A few of the students (knows, know) computer programming.
3. (There’s, There are) two reasons for my opinion.
4. Her uncle (doesn’t, don’t) have a driver’s license.
5. None of the kittens (has, have) been adopted yet.
6. (Has, Have) any of the milk spilled?
7. (Does, Do) most of your friends play football?
8. One of my gloves (is, are) missing.
9. All of the birds (are, is) singing.
10. Some of the color (has, have) faded.
EXERCISE B For each sentence below, underline the pronoun or pronouns that agree with theantecedent.
Example 1. A new playground gives the park (its, their) appeal.
11. Does anyone know how the park got (its, their) name?
12. Parents love to bring (her, their) children to the park.
13. A child can use (his or her, their) imagination in the park.
14. Some of the seesaws have had (its, their) handles repaired.
15. My mother brings (her, their) books to the park.
16. Neither of the fountains has (its, their) water turned on yet.
17. The squirrels hide (its, their) pecans under the leaves.
18. One of the squirrels made (its, their) home inside a shack.
19. Do all of the pigeons build (its, their) nests under this bridge?
20. One of the girls saw (her, their) favorite kind of bird.
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PROOFREADING ACTIVITY
Find and correct the errors in subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement. Use proofreading symbols such as those on page 767 of Elements of Language to make your corrections.
Example Lazy Days were a play by the sixth-grade class.^was
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Proofreading Application: SpeechGood writers are generally good proofreaders. Readers tend to admire and trust writing that iserror-free. Make sure that you correct all errors in grammar, usage, spelling, and punctuationin your writing. Your readers will have more confidence in your words if you have done yourbest to proofread carefully.
Proofreading speeches is especially important. If you make mistakes in agreement, your listen-ers will not have a chance to go back and re-read a passage in order to understand it. Instead,your audience may just sit there, not listening, but trying to figure out what you meant inprior sentences. Errors in agreement can confuse your listeners and even give them the wrongidea.
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Thanks to our sponsor, we has a first-class production for you
tonight. I and the entire cast of Lazy Days offers our thanks to our
sponsor. Flappy Fabrics have donated all the cloth for our costumes.
Mr. Clement and his daughter Lisa have given us his and her assis-
tance throughout the production. Either Lisa Clement or her assistant
Mary shared their design skills with our students. Moreover, Mr.
Clement and Lisa Clement have graciously given his or her time to
us. The ones who made this production possible was they. All of the
costumes in this play is the product of our sponsor’s hard work.
Each of us gives our thanks to Flappy Fabrics. Several of the cast
have created an award for Flappy Fabrics, and he or she would like
to present it now.
EXERCISE A In his poem “The Sea,”what pronouns does James Reeves use to refer to the sea? (You donot need to write repeated pronouns more than once.)
EXERCISE B
1. What personal pronouns would you usually use to refer to the sea?
2. Is the author trying to get readers to look at the sea differently by using the pronouns he does?How do you think the author wants us to see the sea? Explain your answers.
“The Sea” from Complete Poems for Children (Heinemann) by James Reeves. Copyright © by James Reeves.Reprinted by permission of The James Reeves Estate.
Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 129
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Literary Model: Poetry
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The Seaby James Reeves
The sea is a hungry dog,Giant and gray.He rolls on the beach all day.With his clashing teeth and shaggy jawsHour upon hour he gnawsThe rumbling, tumbling stones,And “Bones, bones, bones!”The giant sea dog moans,Licking his greasy paws.
And when the night wind roarsAnd the moon rocks in the stormy cloud,He bounds to his feet and snuffs and sniffs,Shaking his wet sides over the cliffs,And howls and hollos long and loud.
But on quiet days in May or June,When even the grasses on the dunePlay no more their reedy tune,With his head between his pawsHe lies on the sandy shores,So quiet, so quiet, he scarcely snores.
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Literary Model (continued)
EXERCISE C Think of something in nature that most people think of as an it but that you can see asbeing like a person or an animal. Write a poem in which you use the pronouns he, him, and his or thepronouns she, her, and hers to refer to something that people would usually use it and its to refer to.
EXERCISE D Re-read your poem. Is the comparison you are making between something in nature and aperson or an animal clear? Will your reader be able to see how one is like the other? Revise your poemto better show how your subject is like a person or an animal. Then, answer these questions:
1. What topic did you choose to write about?
2. How is it like a person or an animal?
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Writing Application: Bulletin Board DisplayIn speech, it’s acceptable to use plural third person pronouns like they, them, their, and them-selves to agree with indefinite pronouns like everybody, anyone, somebody, and no one. In fact, italmost sounds strange to hear formal pronoun usage with indefinite pronouns! Read thesesentences aloud.
SOUNDS NORMAL No one noticed the absence of pepperoni on their pizza slices.
SOUNDS ODD No one noticed the absence of pepperoni on his or her pizza slices.
The second sentence is correct in formal English, although it is not what we expect to hear, sobe sure to use the singular pronouns when you write formally. On the other hand, if you wantto avoid the odd sound, you could replace the indefinite pronoun with a plural noun that fitsthe sentence’s meaning: “The guys watching the Superbowl didn’t notice the absence of pep-peroni on their pizza slices.”
WRITING ACTIVITY
You and several other students are putting together a bulletin board display on good study skills. Thebulletin board display will be in the library, where all students can read and benefit from it. Your job is todescribe two good study skills. You will explain each skill in a brief paragraph. Use indefinite pronounsto describe what students should do; and set a great example in your writing by using formal, correctpronoun-antecedent agreement.
PREWRITING Work together with the other students on the project to brainstorm a list of importantstudy skills. Then choose the two that you will describe. For each skill, come up with amini-lesson on how to develop the skill and put it into action. What materials are requiredto carry out the skill?
WRITING You are basically writing two tiny sets of instructions as you tell students how to developthe skill. Remember that students need not only help in learning the skill but also infor-mation on common problems or pitfalls that may temporarily stop their progress. Helpthem learn from others’ mistakes rather than having to make the mistakes themselves!
REVISING Because your information will be presented on a bulletin board, students will not havecopies of the paragraphs to keep with them. They are unlikely to stand in front of the bul-letin board and write down your good advice, either. So write very directly, and try tomake your sentences memorable. You might even create a memory helper for students,to help them recall the most important information from the paragraphs. Indefinite pro-nouns like everyone and anyone will help you stress the idea that all students can benefitfrom your advice.
PUBLISHING Be sure that no mistakes in spelling, punctuation, or agreement go up on that bulletinboard for everyone to see! Then combine your efforts with those of the other students,add illustrations, and, with your teacher’s permission, assemble your bulletin board.
EXTENDING YOUR WRITING
This exercise could lead to a more developed writing project. For a class that is studying possiblecareers, you could explore how getting into the habit of using strong study skills now will help you succeed later in life, in whatever career you pursue.
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50 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Introductory Course
Chapter 15: Agreement, pp. 110–31Choices: Exploring Agreement, p. 110Choices activities are designed to extend andenrich students’ understanding of grammar,usage, and mechanics and to take learnersbeyond traditional classroom instruction. To usethe Choices worksheet, have each student pickan activity that interests him or her. In somecases, you may wish to assign an activity to aparticular student or group of students. Youmay also want to request that students get yourapproval for the activities they choose. Establishguidelines for what constitutes successful com-pletion of an activity. Then, help students planhow they will share their work with the rest ofthe class.
Choices activities can be scored with a pass-fail grade or treated as bonus-point projects.Those activities that require students to researchor create a certain number of items might begraded in a traditional manner.
Number, p. 111
EXERCISE A
1. flowers
2. storm
3. clocks
4. we
5. valley
6. geese
7. taxes
8. people
9. diaries
10. England
11. planet
12. windows
13. children
14. country
15. it
16. idea
17. strawberries
18. doctor
19. freedom
20. I
EXERCISE B
Answers will vary. Sample responses are given.
21. a big
22. four exciting
23. many interesting
24. one green
25. a few tiny
26. an excellent
27. those wonderful
28. twenty old
29. another lucky
30. a funny
31. several important
32. one rare
33. some different
34. three more
35. a bunch of
36. a single
37. too many
38. fewer than ten
39. millions of
40. just one
Subject and Verb Agreement A, p. 112
EXERCISE A
1. The door slams.
2. He has been painting the fence.
3. Our forests need rain.
4. Belize is a small country.
5. My uncles bowl on Wednesdays.P
S
P
S
S
strawberry
stars
marbles
questions
rose
grapes
weeks
thoughts
unicorn
articles
joke
guess
carrots
days
idea
stones
apple
stories
adventures
bear
S
S
S
P
S
S
S
P
P
S
S
P
P
P
P
S
P
P
S
P
6. The radios are too loud.
7. Dr. Rodriguez is writing a letter.
8. The dogs were barking.
9. The twins are swimming.
10. Earl has been practicing.
EXERCISE B
Subject and Verb Agreement B, p. 113
EXERCISE A
[1] Maria (rides, ride) her bicycle almost every
day. [2] She (knows, know) how to take care of
her bike. [3] Maria (oils, oil) the chain whenever
it gets wet. [4] She (pumps, pump) up the tires
once a week. [5] Sometimes the brakes (wears,
wear) down. [6] Her brothers (knows, know) how
to adjust the brakes. [7] Maria (has, have) a new
helmet, too. [8] At night, she (uses, use) a head-
light. [9] Reflectors (makes, make) her more visi-
ble to motorists. [10] Maria (enjoys, enjoy) riding
her bicycle safely.
EXERCISE B
Phrases Between Subject and Verb, p. 114
EXERCISE A
1. The sneakers in the closet (belongs, belong) to
me.
2. A fan in the bleachers (was, were) waving a
large banner.
3. A pile of dirty dishes (is, are) in the sink.
4. Many paintings by Vincent van Gogh
(hangs, hang) in the art museum.
5. The teacher of my science class (was, were)
writing a book.
6. Many houses in my neighborhood (has,
have) wooden porches.
7. The capital of the United States (is, are)
Washington, D.C.
8. The author of these short stories (has, have)
written a play, too.
9. The players on our team (works, work) hard.
10. Five students in my school (plays, play) in a
band.
EXERCISE B
[11] A popular name for Ireland is “The
Emerald Isle.” [12] The green rolling hills and
pastures of Ireland was the source of this name.
[13] Many farmers in Ireland raises cattle, hors-
es, and sheep. [14] Other farm products from
the Emerald Isle include dairy products, wheat,
and potatoes. [15] Shallow waters along
Ireland’s coastline gives the country a rich sup-
ply of fish, too.
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns A, p. 115
EXERCISE
1. Each of these apples (is, are) ripe.
2. During the play, someone (was, were)
whispering.
3. All of the actors (knows, know) their
lines.
4. One of my favorite songwriters (is,
are) Billy Joel.
5. A few from the other class (needs,
need) new textbooks.
6. Some of my cousins (has, have) come
to my party.
P
P
S
P
S
S11. carry
12. keeps
13. protects
14. use
15. support
16. help
17. are
18. is
19. makes
20. want
11. is
12. are
13. has
14. is
15. fits
16. come
17. blows
18. makes
19. create
20. controls
S
P
P
S
PC
opyr
ight
© b
y H
olt,
Rine
hart
and
Win
ston
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice Answer Key 51
C
C
wereraise
give
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52 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Introductory Course
7. Both of my parents (works, work) at
the hospital.
8. All of the bread (was, were) eaten.
9. Neither of my two uncles (speaks,
speak) French.
10. This morning several (was, were) late.
11. Most of the plants (needs, need)
water.
12. Now more of the waiters (seems,
seem) busy.
13. One of my cousins (is, are) on vaca-
tion.
14. In the past month several in that
department (has, have) gotten raises.
15. Something about those people
(seems, seem) suspicious to me.
16. No one in the bleachers (cheers,
cheer) more loudly.
17. Most of the field (needs, need) mow-
ing.
18. Everyone in the club (has, have) read
this book.
19. None of the guests (has, have) left.
20. Many of his classes (requires, require)
homework.
Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns B, p. 116
EXERCISE
Compound Subjects, p. 117
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
Subject After the Verb, p. 118
EXERCISE
1. (Has, Have) your neighbors moved to
Phoenix yet?
2. There (is, are) fifty states in the United
States.
3. (Here’s, Here are) the train to Culver City.
11. are
12. is
13. is
14. provide
15. affects
1. live
2. is
3. stand
4. are
5. know
6. were
7. wants
8. washes
9. help
10. are
1. has
2. has
3. use
4. is
5. seem
6. are
7. is
8. escapes
9. knows
10. needs
11. have
12. needs
13. resembles
14. contain
15. work
16. has
17. Is
18. are
19. is
20. Does
P
P
S
S
S
S
P
S
P
P
P
S
S
P
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4. (Is, Are) the loaves of bread in the oven?
5. (Here’s, Here are) the cans of paint for your
project.
6. (There’s, There are) more bananas in the fruit
basket.
7. (Was, Were) your parents born in Sweden?
8. Where (has, have) they gone for their picnic?
9. (Has, Have) Marie and Nina looked at the
map?
10. (There’s, There are) a library and a bus stop
near my house.
11. (Has, Have) Hiromi opened her birthday
presents?
12. (Here’s, Here are) a gift for Hiromi.
13. (Is, Are) you going to guess what it is?
14. Where (has, have) she put the other gifts?
15. (Does, Do) you like your new doll?
16. (Is, Are) they going to give the doll a name?
17. (There’s, There are) an extra dress for the doll.
18. (Has, Have) her friends seen her other pres-
ents yet?
19. (Has, Have) I shown you how to play this
game?
20. (Was, Were) we late for the party?
Don’t and Doesn’t, p. 119
EXERCISE
Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent A,p. 120
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
11. her
12. them
13. them
14. it
15. them
Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent B,p. 121
EXERCISE A
1. One man had an extra ticket, so (he, she)
sold it to Marshall.
2. The oak tree in the backyard had lost most
of (his, its) leaves.
3. Sharon was eating lunch with (her, his or
her) friends.
4. The wasp returned to (her, its) nest.
5. Each student brought (his, his or her) poster
to the game.
EXERCISE B
Pronouns in some sentences will vary.6. his
7. their
8. they
9. his
10. it
11. their
12. his
13. his or her
14. he and I
15. its
1. his
2. her
3. their
4. it
5. their
6. she
7. their
8. his or her
9. them
10. it
1. don’t
2. doesn’t
3. don’t
4. don’t
5. don’t
6. doesn’t
7. doesn’t
8. don’t
9. doesn’t
10. doesn’t
11. doesn’t
12. don’t
13. doesn’t
14. don’t
15. Doesn’t
16. don’t
17. Don’t
18. don’t
19. Don’t
20. doesn’t
Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents, p. 122
EXERCISE
Antecedents Joined by Or, Nor, or And, p. 123
EXERCISE A
1. Amelia or Amanda will read her report
first.
2. Yolanda and Jaime found their dictionaries.
3. Neither my mother nor my aunt brought
her umbrella.
4. The bus driver and the students clapped
their hands.
5. Neither Bill nor Todd used his baseball
glove today.
EXERCISE B
Review A: Subject-Verb Agreement, p. 124
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
11. Most of my work (is, are) finished.
12. Songs from the movie (has, have) been on
my mind all day.
13. Either his grandparents or his father (comes,
come) from Japan.
14. (There’s, There are) two big trucks parked out
front.
15. Our trip to the western states (begins, begin)
tomorrow.
16. Lucia and Marcus (lives, live) on a farm.
17. Many of the citizens (agrees, agree) with the
mayor.
18. (Is, Are) there some empty seats up front?
19. It (doesn’t, don’t) really matter.
20. Either the Germans or the Italians (is, are)
playing soccer tomorrow.
Review B: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement,p. 125
EXERCISE
Review C: Agreement, p. 126
EXERCISE A
1. The bowl of strawberries (looks, look) deli-
cious.
1. his or her
2. its
3. their
4. her
5. its
6. their
7. his or her
8. it
9. their
10. its
11. their
12. her
13. their
14. his or her
15. their
16. its
17. their
18. their
19. its
20. their
21. their
22. his or her
23. their
24. her
25. they1. P
2. S
3. S
4. P
5. S
6. S
7. P
8. S
9. P
10. S
6. they
7. they
8. his or her
9. their
10. its
11. his
12. their
13. its
14. he
15. her
1. his or her
2. its
3. their
4. its
5. his or her
6. her
7. his or her
8. her
9. its
10. his or her
11. their
12. its
13. his or her
14. its
15. its
16. her
17. their
18. their
19. her
20. its
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Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice Answer Key 55
2. Neither you nor he (is, are) strong enough to
move that boulder.
3. Members of the club (writes, write) stories
for the newspaper.
4. Two cars and a bus (was, were) stopped at
the traffic light.
5. Some of the dancers (is, are) in the show.
6. Most of the apartment (needs, need) cleaning.
7. The play about the gods and the goddesses
of Greece (opens, open) today.
8. Everybody in the two competing schools
(was, were) eager for the game.
9. The fenders and the bumper (was, were)
dented.
10. The colors in the material (has, have) faded.
EXERCISE B
Review D: Agreement, p. 127
EXERCISE A
EXERCISE B
Proofreading Application: Speech, p. 128
Thanks to our sponsor, we has a first-class
production for you tonight. I and the entire cast
of Lazy Days offers our thanks to our sponsor.
Flappy Fabrics have donated all the cloth for
our costumes. Mr. Clement and his daughter
Lisa have given us his and her assistance
throughout the production. Either Lisa Clement
or her assistant Mary shared their design skills
with our students. Moreover, Mr. Clement and
Lisa Clement have graciously given his or her
time to us. The ones who made this production
possible was they. All of the costumes in this
play is the product of our sponsor’s hard work.
Each of us gives our thanks to Flappy Fabrics.
Several of the cast have created an award for
Flappy Fabrics, and he or she would like to
present it now.
Literary Model: Poetry, pp. 129-30
EXERCISE A
he, his
EXERCISE B
Responses will vary.
1. I would use feminine gender pronounssuch as she and her, or sometimes neuterpronouns such as it and its.
2. Yes. The poet is personifying the sea as adog. I think he wants us to see the sea as acreature with a will of its own, a masculine,wild, canine character.
EXERCISE C
Poems will vary. A sample response is given.
The stone sits and bides her time.
For eons she waits,
Her body slowly becoming smooth and rounded,
Her ancient wisdom growing.
She waits to answer the questions
That no one knows to ask.
11. its
12. their
13. his or her
14. their
15. her
16. its
17. their
18. its
19. their
20. her
1. Has
2. know
3. There are
4. doesn’t
5. have
6. Has
7. Do
8. is
9. are
10. has
11. it
12. its
13. their
14. her
15. their
16. her
17. her
18. his or her
19. their
20. its
have
offer
their
their
they
has
her
were
are
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56 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Introductory Course
EXERCISE D
Responses will vary.
1. a stone
2. The stone is like an ancient, wise grand-mother who has knowledge and resourcesthat no one asks about.
Writing Application: Bulletin Board Display,p. 131
Writing Applications are designed to providestudents immediate composition practice inusing key concepts taught in each chapter ofthe Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: LanguageSkills Practice booklet. You may wish to evaluatestudent responses to these assignments as youdo any other writing that students produce. Tosave grading time, however, you may want touse the following scoring rubric.
Scoring RubricEach paragraph clearly and directly describes auseful study skill.
1 2 3 4 5
Indefinite pronouns are used to stress the uni-versal applicability of the study skills.
1 2 3 4 5
The paragraphs employ formal, correct pronoun-antecedent agreement.
1 2 3 4 5
The assignment is relatively free of errors inusage and mechanics.
1 2 3 4 5
Total Score
5 � highest; 1 � lowest