1. 1. The Civil War
2. 2. The Call to Arms President Lincoln Declared rebellion existed in South, after Fort Sumter attack Asked for 75,000 troops Many states begged to send more More States Secede Tennessee, Kentucky, & Missouri Refused to send troops Maryland & Delaware did not respond to call for troops Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina left the Union Western counties of Virginia refused to secede & were admitted into Union as state of West Virginia
3. 3. The Border States Delaware Strong support for Union Kentucky, Missouri, & Maryland supported the South Control of Ohio river & protecting Washington was part of these states Kentucky Declared itself neutral Union did not invade Kentucky Confederates invaded in September 1861 W/ move Kentucky decided to support Union Missouri & Maryland Lincoln used force to hold states in Union Troops were sent in Missouri to break up fighting between Southern supporters & Union supporters Maryland placed under martial law when Southern supporters destroyed railroad & telegraph lines
4. 4. North Against South Southern Advantages: Outnumbered, but had military advantages Northern armies would have to invade & conquer South Would be fighting on their own territory Had most experienced military officers Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, & Robert E. Lee Northern Advantages: Had more factories for producing supplies Twice as much railroad track & farmland Population advantage Able to field, feed, & equip larger armies
5. 5. The Two Sides Plan Strategies North: Win a quick victory Naval blockade on Southern seaports Block supply of manufactured goods & overseas sales of cotton Gain control of Mississippi River South: Did not need to invade the North Defend their land until Northerners got tired of fighting Sought aid from Britain & other European nations British need for cotton would force support towards South
6. 6. Americans Against Americans Civil War War between Americans Families spilt apart: brothers against brothers, father againstson Mary Lincoln 4 brothers who fought for Confederacy Soldiers came from many backgrounds Farmers, immigrants, etc. Most of men between 18-45 years old, some as young as 14
7. 7. First Battle of Bull Run Union Led by General Irvin McDowell 30,000 men (not very well prepared for battle) Confederates Led by General Thomas Jackson 30,000 men Hundreds of people came from Washington to watch thebattle Armies clashed along Bull Run River Northern armies pushed forward at first Southern army rallied & poorly trained Union army began topanic & fled back to Washington
8. 8. A Soldiers Life of time spent in camp, not fighting Trained for 10 hours per day Rest of time they stood guard, wrote home, & gathered firewood Harsh Conditions Camp conditions were miserable Lack of clean water Diseases swept through camps Prisoners of War Prison camps were built by both sides were overcrowded & became deathtraps 10% of those who died during the war, died in prison camps
9. 9. Early Years of the War
10. 10. New Technology in the War New Weapons Previous Wars: charges on the enemy Now: new rifles & cannons were more accurate & hadlonger range; attacking troops could be bombardedbefore reaching defenders Generals were slow to recognize this & change tactics Ironclads: warships covered with protective iron plates Cannon fire bounced off the sides of these ships Confederates used them against the Union blockade Union used them in the effort to gain control of theMississippi River
11. 11. The War in the East George McClellan Placed in command of Union troops after Battle of Bull Run Very organized & cautious general March 1862 McClellan moved 100,000 soldiers by boat to a peninsulasoutheast of Richmond As he moved toward the capital he discovered superiority of his troops to the 15,000 Confederate troops Ordered 37,000 troops to guard Washington, D.C. Waited another month to advance again Gave Confederates time to reinforce May 31, 1862 Confederates stopped Union advance near Richmond In late June McClellan was forced to retreat
12. 12. Lucky Break General Lee decided to invade the North Hoped victory of Union soil would gain support for the South in Europe & turn northern public opinion against the war September: Lees army moved into western Maryland September 1862 45,000 troops slipped into Maryland Union officer found a piece of paper showing Lees battle plan Confederates had divided into two parts McClellan attacked Lee on September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creeknear Sharpsburg, Maryland Bloodiest single day of the war Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia; Confederates suffered14,000 casualties McClellan lost 12,000 men & was too damaged to pursue Lee &finish him
13. 13. The War in the West Ulysses S. Grant General of western Union forces Took chances & was not as cautious as McClellan 1862 Union forces made major advances in western land & naval battles Grant moved forces south from Kentucky capturing Fort Henry in TN & the Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River Two water routes into the Confederacy were now open Grant continued toward Corinth, MS
14. 14. April 6,1862 Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston attacked Grants forces at the Battle of Shiloh South suffered nearly 11,000 casualties & the North more than 13,000. Union forced Confederate army to withdraw from the railroad center Union also gained control of western Tennessee & part of Mississippi River Union fleet under command of David Farragutentered Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico 2weeks after this battle April 26 Farragut captured New Orleans, LA & bysummer nearly all of the Mississippi River was inUnion hands
15. 15. The Emancipation Proclamation
16. 16. Emancipating the Enslaved Abolitionists urged Lincoln to end slavery after start ofwar Feared emancipating slaves would cause border states tosecede Goal: was to restore the Union even if he had to let slaverycontinue Began to realize how important slavery was to Southswar effort Lincoln was going to issue an Emancipation Proclamation Cabinet members advised him to wait until success on thebattlefield
17. 17. A Famous Proclamation September 22, 1862 preliminary proclamation issued January 1, 1863 Final Emancipation Proclamation issued Little effect at first Only freed enslaved people in areas that were fighting the Union(Union had no power) Didnt apply to parts of the South already under Union control orfree anyone in the border states Proclamation criticized & praised Abolitionists: should be applied throughout the country Southerners: accused Lincoln of trying to start a slave revolt Union soldiers: enthusiastic; would weaken the South
18. 18. Effects of the Proclamation Freed few slaves at first Changed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom No longer a fight to save the nation Fight to end slavery Dashed hope that Britain would recognize the Southsindependence Would not help a govt wanting to keep people enslaved United African Americans in support of the war
19. 19. African Americans Help the Union Were not permitted to join Union army at first Only after Emancipation Proclamation were theyallowed to serve 189,000 served in the Union army & navy were former slaves who escaped or freed by fighting If caught they were either returned to slavery or killed; nottreated like prisoners
20. 20. African Americans & white sailors served together onwarships Army: African Americans served in all-black regiments underwhite officers Earned less pay Fought with pride & courage Took part in 40 major battles & 100s of minor ones Many other African Americans worked for Union armies as cooks, wagon drivers, & hospital aides
21. 21. Resisting Slavery South Many enslaved African Americans tried to hurt the Confederate war effort Some provided military information to Union armies Worked slowly or damaged equipment Slaves often also simply refused to work
22. 22. The Civil War and American Life
23. 23. Divisions over the war Nation divided as well as divisions in the North & South Northerners: some did not support the war or want torestore the Union Southerners: some did not support a war to defendslavery or secession
24. 24. Divisions in the South Georgia Only half supported secession North Carolina Held nearly 100 peace protests Supplied second most number of troops to Confederate army Regions w/ large plantations supported the more strongerthan poor black country regions States Rights Created divisions Objections to officers from other states leading troops Objection to Confederate government forcing men to do military service
25. 25. Division in the north Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation Others believed South had a right to secede Northern Democrats Blamed Lincoln & Republicans of forcing the South intoWar Called Copperheads; strongest in Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois;criticized the war & called for peace
26. 26. Dealing with disruptions People on both sides tried to disrupt the war Tried to encourage soldiers to desert Helped prisoners of war escape Southern peace groups worked against the Confederacy Tried to prevent men from volunteering for military service Habeas Corpus suspended Lincoln & Jefferson Davis suspended Habeas Corpus in someplaces (constitutional protection against unlawfulimprisonment) Empowered judges to determine if prisoners were being legally held 13,000 people in the North were arrested and jailed without trials
27. 27. The Draft April 1862 South: men aged 18-35 & later to 50 were drafted into the army March 1863 North: U.S. Congress created a military draft Draft laws Incomplete & discriminatory Could hire a substitute to avoid service Could buy out by paying the government $300.00 Critics began calling the Civil War a rich mans war and a poor mans fight Southern governors helped their citizens evade the draft July 1863 Riots took place in New York City to show opposition to the draft
28. 28. Bounty, or lump sum, of $1,500 was paid for a 3-yearenlistment This led to the practice of bounty jumping A man would enlist, collect his bounty and then desert,only to reenlist somewhere else
29. 29. The war and economic strains Northern Industries boomed during the war; turned out goods Union needed Draft did drain away workers August 1861 Congress levied 1st income tax in history Union printed $400 million of paper money Pay for expenses 1st federal paper money printed Led to inflation; prices of goods in raised 80% during the war in the North South Less able to sustain war Union blockade prevented ability to raise money Shortages made goods more expensive Led to greater inflation than in the North $18 shoes now cost $800 Food production fell as Union armies destroyed farmland &crops Led to riots for food, cloth, & shoes
30. 30. Women in the civil war 400 women disguised as men fought in the war Became spies Took over businesses, farms, plantations for men who werefighting in the war Some women in the South worked the field to meet the needsof workers Work in factories Became teachers & nurses Barriers to women fell Elizabeth Blackwell became 1st female physician Dorothea Dix became head of Union army nurses Harriet Tubman continued to lead enslaved people to freedom Clara Barton cared for wounded soldiers on the battlefield
31. 31. Decisive Battles
32. 32. The Tide Turns 1862 Battle of Antietam After this battle war began to go badly for the North Poor leadership was the result McClellan replaced with General Ambrose Burnside
33. 33. Confederate Victories December 1862 Burnside marched army of 120,000 men toward Richmond General Lee massed 75,000 men at Fredericksburg, VA to block hispath Burnside ordered charge after charge during this battle Union lost 13,000 men to the Confederates 5,000 Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker May 1863 Hooker marched Union army toward Richmond Union army was smashed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by a forcehalf its size Battle was costly for the South; Stonewall Jackson was shot andwounded & later died
34. 34. The Battle of Gettysburg After Lees army defeated Union forces at Chancellorsvillehe gained confidence & headed north to Pennsylvania Union forces now under the command of General GeorgeG. Meade meet Lee accidentally at Gettysburg Confederates were in search of shoes desperately needed in the South Bloody battle marked a turning point in the war Union troops took position on the crest of a low ridge Confederates task was to dislodge them from their position Confederate attempts failed several times, concluding with a suicidal charge across an open field by General George Pickett on July 3 After 3 days 23,000 Union soldiers & 28,000 Confederatesoldiers had been killed or wounded Lincoln wired Meade, Do not let the enemy escape July 4, Lee retreated to Virginia & the Union army failed topursue him
35. 35. Gettysburg Address Both sides suffered heavy casualties at Gettysburg Sparsely populated South could not recover from November 19, 1863 President Lincoln visited Gettysburg to dedicate the battlefield cemetery & to honor the soldiers buried there He promised, these dead shall not have died in vain
36. 36. The Fall of Vicksburg July 4, 1863 Vicksburg surrendered to General grant Was last city on the Mississippi River in Confederate hands Grant was able to capture Vicksburg not by force, but by surrounding the city & cutting it off from supplies Day after day the Union bombarded Vicksburg Residents took shelter in cellars & caves they had dug in hillsides They ate mules & rats to keep from starving After 6 weeks the Confederate troops gave up Last Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson, LA fell a few days later Lees defeat at Gettysburg along with loses at Vicksburg &Port Hudson made July 1863 a major turning point in thewar
37. 37. Closing in on the Confederacy 1864 Grant given command of Union forces Decided to attack Richmond no matter how large the Union losses
38. 38. Grant vs. Lee Grants huge army hammered the Confederates inseveral battles in northern Virginia They were unable to break through, but continued toattack Grants army suffered 55,000 casualties in 7 weeks offighting; Confederates suffered 35,000 Grant knew he could count of a steady supply of men &supplies while Lee was running low on both Petersburg Grant used the same tactic he used a Vicksburg of besieging the Confederate troops While Grant & Lee battled, Union forces undercommand of William T. Sherman advanced toward
39. 39. Shermans March Sherman believed in total war All-out attacks aimed at destroying an enemys army, its resources, & its peoples will to fight Confederates were unable to stop Shermans advance Union troops captured Atlanta, GA on September 2, 1864 Victory gave Lincolns reelection campaign a boost Northerners were growing tired of the war prior to this event & support for Lincoln was also lagging; Lincoln won election victory over General George McClellan November 1864 Sherman ordered Atlanta to be burned & he continued his march to the Atlantic Ocean Along the way Union forces set fires to buildings, seized crops & livestock, & pulled up railroad tracks leaving a 60 mile path of destruction
40. 40. Peace at last March 1865 Grants army continued to besiege Petersburg Grant extended his battle lines east & west Lee knew the city would fall Lincoln also saw end of war too 2nd inaugural address With malice toward none; with charity for all; let us strivetogether to bind up the nations wounds
41. 41. Surrender at Appomattox April 2 Grants troop broke through Confederate lines Richmond was captured by the Union Lee retreated to Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered Grant offered: Confederates to give up their weapons & leave in peace
42. 42. The Wars Terrible Toll Bloodiest conflict U.S. ever fought Confederates: 260,000 men died Union: exceeded 360,000 men including 37,000 African Americans million were wounded Many returned home disfigured for life Key results of the war Reunited the nation Put an end to slavery