chapter 15 the great depression

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

The American NationHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERA

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Chapter 15 THE GREAT DEPRESSIONSection 1: Prosperity ShatteredSection 2: Hard TimesSection 3: Hoover’s Policies

Chapter 16



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Objectives:Why did financial experts issue warnings about

business practices during the 1920s?Why did the stock market crash in 1929?How did the banking crisis and subsequent business

failures signal the beginning of the Great Depression?

What were the main causes of the Great Depression?

Section 1: Prosperity Shattered



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Warnings about business practicesfarm crisis“sick” industriesconsumers’ reliance on

creditstock speculation




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Reasons for the stock market crash of 1929Economic factors such as rising

interest rates began to worry investors.

Investors sold stocks.Stock prices dropped sharply,

fueling panic.Heavy selling continued.




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Events signaling the Great DepressionBanks failed due to heavy

defaults, margin calls, and heavy withdrawals.

Bank failures deprived businesses of necessary resources and customers.

Businesses closed and workers lost their jobs.




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Causes of the Great DepressionThe global economic crisis

decreased exports.Unequal distribution of

income reduced the total purchasing power available in the economy.

Consumer debt undermined individuals and increased economic chaos.


SECTION 1Prosperity Shattered

Question:Why did the stock market crash in 1929?

SECTION 1Prosperity Shattered

The Crash

1. economic factors such as rising interest rates worry investors

2. investors sell stocks

3. stock prices plunge

4. heavy sales continue

Factors That Caused the Stock Market Crash

What do you think Today?• What does this graph

say about the differences in the Great Depression and the stock market down turn in 2008?

• Is there Bias?• What factors would

make this different?• Do you think this

graph is Skewed?• Lets look at the source!

http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3421



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Objectives:How did unemployment during the Great

Depression affect the lives of American workers?What hardships did urban and rural residents face

during the depression?How did the Great Depression affect family life

and the attitudes of Americans?How did popular culture offer an escape from the

Great Depression?

Section 2: Hard Times



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Unemployment during the Great Depressionrose sharplycreated severe financial problemscreated severe emotional problems




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Unemployment Graph

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Unemployment Graph1. Approx. what was the unemployment rate in 1929?2. In what year did unemployment peek?3. Why did unemployment jump in 1937?

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Hardships during the depressionpovertydiminished expectationslow prices or lack of

market for farm products

farm foreclosureshunger homelessnessdeportation for aliens




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Personal Income

15

WWII



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Graph Questions1. How long did it take for incomes to reach their previous high in

1929?2. What event helped

Increase employment?3. What caused the

Dip in income in 1937?

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Great Depression’s effects on family life and attitudes of Americansfractured some families, forced others to band

together for survivaldivorce rates upbirth rates downmany psychological problems




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Popular culture during the depressionmoviesradiocomic books and popular novels


SECTION 2Hard Times

Question:How did the depression affect both urban and rural residents?

SECTION 2Hard Times

The Great Depression in the City and the Country

• received some aid from charities

• formed mutual-aid organizations

• experienced hunger

• experienced homelessness

• faced lower prices for food products

• forced to let crops rot and kill animals

• faced farm foreclosures

• Mexican aliens and immigrants faced deportation

• experienced poverty

• experienced diminished expectations

URBAN RURAL



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Objectives:Why did President Hoover oppose government-sponsored

direct relief for individuals during the Great Depression?How did the Hoover administration attempt to solve the

depression’s economic problems, and how successful were these efforts?

How did radicals and veterans respond to Hoover’s policies?Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt such a popular candidate in

the 1932 election?

Section 3: Hoover’s Policies



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Hoover’s opposition to government relief during the Great DepressionPresident Hoover believed that individuals and businesses should be self-reliant and that government help would create a bureaucracy.




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Hoover’s attempts to solve economic problemsPublic-works programs such as building Boulder Dam failed to relieve entrenched depression.

The Federal Farm Board, which made loans, established cooperatives, and bought surplus goods, avoided some foreclosures, but failed to end the farm crisis.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which loaned taxpayer money to stabilize industries, helped some companies avoid bankruptcy, but used money for businesses, not people.




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Radical response to Hoover’s policiesstaged protestsbecame involved

legally

Veterans’ response

gathered in Washington D.C. to demand payment of their pension bonuses




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Reasons for Roosevelt’s popularityRoosevelt’s optimism

and enthusiasm contrasted with Hoover’s gloom.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had designed new relief programs.




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Chapter 16 THE NEW DEALSection 1: Restoring HopeSection 2: New ChallengesSection 3: Life in the New Deal EraSection 4: The New Deal and the Arts



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Objectives:How did the New Deal provide relief for the unemployed?How did the New Deal promote industrial and agricultural

recovery?What were the New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley

region?How did the Roosevelt administration address the

concerns of African Americans and American Indians?

Section 1: Restoring Hope



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New Deal relief for the unemployedThe FERA provided

direct federal aid.The CWA created jobs

such as raking leaves and picking up litter.

The CCC put young men to work in parks and forests.




IN THE MODERN ERASection 1: Restoring Hope

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New Deal contributions to industrial and agricultural recoveryNIRA passed to stimulate business

activity and reduce unemploymentPWA initiated public works

projects.NRA encouraged businesses to

draw up codes to regulate hours, prices, production levels, and wages.

Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which paid farmers subsidies to grow less.



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New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley regionprovide flood control and

combat soil erosionprovide electricity and improve

the standard of livingcombat malariacombat illiteracyprovide recreational facilities


SECTION 1Restoring Hope

Question:What were the new Deal’s goals for the Tennessee River Valley?

provide electricity

provide flood control provide recreational

facilities

combat malaria

combat illiteracy

combat soil erosion

improve standard of

living

SECTION 1Restoring Hope

TVA Goals for the Tennessee River

Valley



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The New Deal and African Americans African Americans were appointed to government

posts.Federal Council on Negro Affairs was established.Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned her membership

in the DAR and arranged for Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial to protest DAR actions.




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The New Deal and American IndiansJohn Collier was appointed as commissioner of

Indian Affairs.The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was

passed.




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Objectives:What were the criticisms aimed at the New Deal?How did the Second New Deal enable President Roosevelt to

win re-election easily in 1936?How did Roosevelt try to prevent the Supreme Court from

overturning his programs?How did the Second New Deal benefit labor and agriculture?What was Roosevelt’s recession, and what effect did it have?

Section 2: New Challenges



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Criticism of the New Dealclaims that the New Deal was destroying the

Constitution and free enterpriseaccusations of “irresponsible ravings against

millionaires and businessmen”desire for pensions for Americans over 60desire for government to nationalize banks and

return to the silver standarddesire for the Share-Our-Wealth program




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The Second New Deal and Roosevelt’s re-election in 1936included a broad range of programs, such as the

WPA, the NYA, the Social Security Act, the REA, and the Revenue Act of 1935

won FDR support from many different Americans, including African Americans, farmers, labor union members, unemployed workers, and many Republicans




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Roosevelt and the Supreme CourtRoosevelt attempted to prevent the Supreme Court from overturning his programs by asking Congress for the power to appoint one new justice for each justice over 70 years old. This was called “packing” the Court.




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Second New Deal benefits to labor and agricultureThe Wagner-Connery Act guaranteed labor’s right to

organize and bargain collectively.The FSA provided low-interest, long-term loans to help

tenant farmers and sharecroppers buy land.The FSA also established camps providing shelter and

medical care for migrant farmworkers.The AAA of 1938 authorized subsidies to farmers who

practiced soil conservation and crop reduction.




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Roosevelt’s recession In response to criticism about excessive spending, FDR

reduced relief programs and public-works projects.Recession occurred; factories closed and unemployment

rose. In response, FDR and Congress increased government

spending.As a result, unemployment declined and production

increased.




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Objectives:What were the effects of the Dust Bowl?How did the New Deal agencies use photography

to promote their goals?How effective was the New Deal in ending the

Great Depression?

Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era



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Effects of the Dust BowlMany farmers lost their land.Dust Bowl farmers migrated west in search of

work harvesting crops.Migrants to the West Coast faced stiff competition

for jobs.




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Use of photography to promote New Deal goalsNew Deal workers hoped that photographs of

suffering Americans would arouse support for the New Deal attempts at relief.

Photographs were used in government pamphlets.Photographs illustrating the work of the

government were published in magazines.




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The New Deal’s effectivenessnot completely effective in ending the Great Depressionprovided jobs and improved people’s sense of self-worthhelped modernize the Southbroke down class barriersbrought electricity to rural areasboosted family incomes so children could stay in school


SECTION 3Life in the New Deal Era

Question:How did the New Deal improve the lives of ordinary Americans?

SECTION 3Life in the New Deal Era

helped modernize the South

broke down class barriers

brought electricity to rural areas

boosted family incomes so that

children could stay in school

provided jobs, improved people’s sense of self worth

New Deal Programs



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Objectives:How did Federal Project Number One aid writers

and artists?What common themes emerged in the novels,

films, and plays of the New Deal Era?How did music evolve in the 1930s?What subject matter influenced American painters

in the 1930s?

Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts



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Federal Project Number OneThe Federal Writers’ Project hired writers to

produce a number of works.The Federal Theater Project hired theater artists to

produce plays.The Federal Music Project hired musicians to

present musical productions.The Federal Arts Project hired artists and designers

to paint murals, produce posters, and teach art.




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Common themes in novels during the New Deal Erapoverty and economic chaosdepression-era experiences of ethnic minorities




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Common themes in films during the New Deal Era“escapist” themesexploration of social issues




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Common themes in plays during the New Deal Eralabor and class strugglesupper-class greedtraditional American values




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Evolution of music in the 1930suse of folk songs and folktalespopularization of country music, gospel music,

jazz, and swing




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Influences on American paintersJacob Lawrence: African American heroesGeorgia O’Keeffe: the southwestern landscapethe regionalists: rural United StatesGrandma Moses: folk art


CHAPTER 16Chapter Wrap-Up

Can you answer the following?

How did the Roosevelt administration expand the role of the federal government in regulating the economy?

Why might the Supreme Court have declared some New Deal measures unconstitutional?

What effects did migration from the Dust Bowl have on the West Coast?

chapter 15 the great depression

Documents

great depressionrose

great depression12objectives

great depressionbanks

great depressionsection

modern era section

modern erathe american

modern era3warnings

modern era6causes