Chapter 15 – Chapter 15 – Urban AmericaUrban America

Created by: Ms. P. HicksCreated by: Ms. P. Hicks

August 14, 2008August 14, 2008

Section 1Section 1

ImmigrationImmigration

• Analyze circumstances leading to the Analyze circumstances leading to the wave of immigration in the late wave of immigration in the late 1800s.1800s.

• Evaluate how nativism affected Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies.immigration policies.

ObjectivesObjectives

VoyageVoyage

• SteerageSteerage – the most basic & – the most basic & cheapest accommodations on a cheapest accommodations on a steamshipsteamship

• Overcrowded; filthy; nowhere to sitOvercrowded; filthy; nowhere to sit

• 14 days14 days

New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

• Came from S & E EuropeCame from S & E Europe

• Why?Why?

• Few immigration restrictionsFew immigration restrictions

• Econ. opportunitiesEcon. opportunities

• Avoid forced mil. serviceAvoid forced mil. service

• Avoid religious persecutionAvoid religious persecution

Ellis IslandEllis Island

• NY HarborNY Harbor

• Opened in 1892Opened in 1892

• Subjected to a physicalSubjected to a physical

• Deported if you didn’t passDeported if you didn’t pass

• Then interviews about background, Then interviews about background, job skills, relativesjob skills, relatives

Immigrant CommunitiesImmigrant Communities

• Many immigrants settled in big cities Many immigrants settled in big cities like NY, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroitlike NY, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit

• Settled in neighborhoods where Settled in neighborhoods where neighbors were same ethnicityneighbors were same ethnicity

• Had something in common w/ Had something in common w/ neighborsneighbors

• Language, customs, religionLanguage, customs, religion

Asian ImmigrationAsian Immigration

• Both China & Japan experienced Both China & Japan experienced econ. hardshipsecon. hardships

• Caused immigration to increaseCaused immigration to increase

• Calif. opened a barracks on Angel Calif. opened a barracks on Angel IslandIsland

NativismNativism

• Extreme dislike for immigrants by Extreme dislike for immigrants by native-born pplnative-born ppl

• Blamed them for social problems like Blamed them for social problems like crime & povertycrime & poverty

• Econ. reasonsEcon. reasons

• Culture was too differentCulture was too different

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act

• 18821882

• Banned Chinese immigration for 10 Banned Chinese immigration for 10 yrsyrs

• Prevented Chinese from becoming Prevented Chinese from becoming US citizensUS citizens

• Made permanent in 1902Made permanent in 1902

• Repealed in 1943Repealed in 1943

Section 2Section 2

UrbanizationUrbanization

ObjectivesObjectives

• Explain the technological Explain the technological developments that made the growth developments that made the growth of cities possible.of cities possible.

• Evaluate the role that political Evaluate the role that political machines played in urban politics in machines played in urban politics in the late 1800s.the late 1800s.

UrbanizationUrbanization

• In 1870, about 10 million ppl lived in In 1870, about 10 million ppl lived in urban areasurban areas

• In 1900, that # was 30 millionIn 1900, that # was 30 million

ReasonsReasons

1)1) Immigrants lacked $$ to buy farms & Immigrants lacked $$ to buy farms & ed to get high-paying jobsed to get high-paying jobs

2)2) Farmers sought jobsFarmers sought jobs

3)3) Offered much – bright lights, running Offered much – bright lights, running water, plumbing, things to dowater, plumbing, things to do

SkyscrapersSkyscrapers

• Before mid-1800s, few buildings Before mid-1800s, few buildings exceeded 4-5 stories. Why?exceeded 4-5 stories. Why?

• Steel girders inventedSteel girders invented

• Ran out of spaceRan out of space

• Durable plate glass windows inventedDurable plate glass windows invented

• Mechanized elevator invented in 1853 Mechanized elevator invented in 1853 by Elisha Otisby Elisha Otis

Mass TransitMass Transit

• Horse car was primary in 1890Horse car was primary in 1890

• Then cable cars, then electric trolleysThen cable cars, then electric trolleys

• Caused congestionCaused congestion

• Led to elevated trains & subwaysLed to elevated trains & subways

WealthyWealthy

• Nouveau riche – “newly rich”Nouveau riche – “newly rich”

• Made $$ in new industriesMade $$ in new industries

• Practiced conspicuous consumptionPracticed conspicuous consumption

Middle-ClassMiddle-Class

• Professionalization – schools were Professionalization – schools were formed to set standards, issue formed to set standards, issue licenses, & review practiceslicenses, & review practices

• Included drs, lawyers, engineers, Included drs, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, managers, social workers, architects, & teachers& teachers

• Salaries were about twice the avg. Salaries were about twice the avg. factory workerfactory worker

Working ClassWorking Class

• Lived in tenements – poorly built apt. Lived in tenements – poorly built apt. buildingsbuildings

• Often shared w/ other families to save Often shared w/ other families to save $$$$

• Rent increases; housing shortagesRent increases; housing shortages

ProblemsProblems

• CrimeCrime

• ViolenceViolence

• FireFire

• DiseaseDisease

• PollutionPollution

• ex., improper sewage disposal ex., improper sewage disposal contaminated drinking watercontaminated drinking water

Urban PoliticsUrban Politics

• Pol. machinePol. machine – well-organized pol. – well-organized pol. party designed to gain & keep powerparty designed to gain & keep power

• Jobs, housing, food, heat, & police Jobs, housing, food, heat, & police protection exchanged for votesprotection exchanged for votes

• Party bossesParty bosses – ran the pol. machines – ran the pol. machines

• GraftGraft – acquiring $$ & power through – acquiring $$ & power through illegal or dishonest methodsillegal or dishonest methods

Urban Politics (cont.)Urban Politics (cont.)

• Accepted bribes from contractorsAccepted bribes from contractors

• Sold permits to friends to operate Sold permits to friends to operate utilities, rr, etc.utilities, rr, etc.

Tammany HallTammany Hall

• NY Dem. pol. machineNY Dem. pol. machine• Leader was Wm Marcy Tweed, AKA Leader was Wm Marcy Tweed, AKA

“Boss” Tweed“Boss” Tweed• Estimated that “Tweed Ring” collected Estimated that “Tweed Ring” collected

$200 million in graft between 1865-$200 million in graft between 1865-18711871

• Thomas Nast drew pol. cartoons of Thomas Nast drew pol. cartoons of Tweed to expose corruptionTweed to expose corruption

• Tweed was sent to prison in 1874Tweed was sent to prison in 1874

APPARTSAPPARTS

•AA uthor uthor

•PP lace & time lace & time

•PP rior knowledge rior knowledge

•AA udience udience

•RR eason eason

•TT he main idea he main idea

•SS ignificance ignificance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boss_Tweed,_Thomas_Nast.jpg

““The Tammany Tiger Loose”The Tammany Tiger Loose”

Section 3Section 3

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

ObjectivesObjectives

• Evaluate Social Darwinism & the Evaluate Social Darwinism & the impact it had on industry.impact it had on industry.

• Explain how industrialization Explain how industrialization promoted leisure time & encouraged promoted leisure time & encouraged new forms of entertainment.new forms of entertainment.

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

• Book written by Mark Twain & Book written by Mark Twain & Charles Warner in 1873Charles Warner in 1873

• Something that is covered with gold Something that is covered with gold on the outside but made of a cheaper on the outside but made of a cheaper material insidematerial inside

• Why would they call this era the Why would they call this era the Gilded Age?Gilded Age?

Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger

• Believed in Believed in individualismindividualism – –

• No matter how humble your origins, No matter how humble your origins, you can rise in society & go as far as you can rise in society & go as far as your talents & commitment will take your talents & commitment will take youyou

• Wrote rags-to-riches novelsWrote rags-to-riches novels

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Applied Darwin’s theory of evolution Applied Darwin’s theory of evolution & natural selection to human society& natural selection to human society

• ““survival of the fittest”survival of the fittest”

• The “fit” will become wealthy & The “fit” will become wealthy & powerfulpowerful

Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

• CarnegieCarnegie

• Wealthy Americans bore the Wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in responsibility of engaging in philanthropy –philanthropy –

• Using their $$ to further social Using their $$ to further social progressprogress

• P. 1053P. 1053

RealismRealism

• Attempted to portray ppl realistically Attempted to portray ppl realistically instead of idealizing them as romantic instead of idealizing them as romantic artists had doneartists had done

• Thomas Eakins – painterThomas Eakins – painter

• Wm Dean Howells – wrote novels with Wm Dean Howells – wrote novels with realistic descriptions of Amer. liferealistic descriptions of Amer. life

• Edith WhartonEdith Wharton

The Gross ClinicThe Gross Clinic18751875

BaseballBaseball

• 1869, first pro team, Cincinnati Red 1869, first pro team, Cincinnati Red StockingsStockings

• 1876, Nat’l League organized; 1876, Nat’l League organized; governing body; set rules, contract governing body; set rules, contract guidelines, gambling limitationsguidelines, gambling limitations

• 1903, first World Series1903, first World Series

• No African-Amer. for 60 more yrsNo African-Amer. for 60 more yrs

FootballFootball

• Developed in the late 1800s at Developed in the late 1800s at private colleges in the NEprivate colleges in the NE

• Spread to public univ.Spread to public univ.

• Walter Camp est. rules & principlesWalter Camp est. rules & principles

BasketballBasketball

• Invented in 1891 by James NaismithInvented in 1891 by James Naismith

• Women’s participation was Women’s participation was encouragedencouraged

Amusement ParksAmusement Parks

• Catered to working-class familiesCatered to working-class families

• Amusements cost only a nickel or Amusements cost only a nickel or dimedime

• Ex., Coney Island, NYEx., Coney Island, NY

The SaloonThe Saloon

• Played a major role in the life of male Played a major role in the life of male workersworkers

• Pol. centersPol. centers

• ““free lunch” – salty foods to make free lunch” – salty foods to make patrons thirstypatrons thirsty

VaudevilleVaudeville

• ““light play”light play”

• Variety showVariety show

• Included animal acts, comics, Included animal acts, comics, impersonations, jugglers, magicians, impersonations, jugglers, magicians, singers, skits, acrobats, dancerssingers, skits, acrobats, dancers

RagtimeRagtime

• Created by A-As in the 1890sCreated by A-As in the 1890s

• Scott Joplin, “King of Ragtime”Scott Joplin, “King of Ragtime”

• Wrote “Maple Leaf Rag”Wrote “Maple Leaf Rag”

Section 4Section 4

The Rebirth of ReformThe Rebirth of Reform

ObjectivesObjectives

• Explain the methods that social Explain the methods that social critics advocated to improve society.critics advocated to improve society.

• Evaluate efforts to help the urban Evaluate efforts to help the urban poor.poor.

Reform DarwinismReform Darwinism

• Lester Frank WardLester Frank Ward

• Determined that humans were diff. Determined that humans were diff. than other animals because we have than other animals because we have the ability to think ahead & make the ability to think ahead & make plans to produce outcomes we desireplans to produce outcomes we desire

• Govt. could regulate the econ., cure Govt. could regulate the econ., cure poverty, & promote ed.poverty, & promote ed.

NaturalismNaturalism

• Suggested that some ppl failed in life Suggested that some ppl failed in life simply because they were caught up simply because they were caught up in circumstances they could not in circumstances they could not controlcontrol

Social GospelSocial Gospel

• Protestant ministersProtestant ministers

• Working according to the biblical Working according to the biblical ideals of charity & justiceideals of charity & justice

RevivalismRevivalism

• Dwight L. MoodyDwight L. Moody

• Founded his own churchFounded his own church

• Began to org. revival meetings in Began to org. revival meetings in other citiesother cities

• Believed that the way to help the Believed that the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls & poor was by redeeming their souls & reforming their characterreforming their character

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

• Community service centersCommunity service centers

• Offered ed. opportunities, skills Offered ed. opportunities, skills training, & cultural eventstraining, & cultural events

• Jane Addams was at forefront of Jane Addams was at forefront of movementmovement

• Helped shape the social work Helped shape the social work professionprofession

• Women play a huge roleWomen play a huge role

Jane AddamsJane Addams

EducationEducation

• Compulsory ed laws – laws requiring Compulsory ed laws – laws requiring parents to send kids to schoolparents to send kids to school

• Public schools were crucial to the Public schools were crucial to the success of immigrant childrensuccess of immigrant children

• Americanization – teach them about Americanization – teach them about Amer. cultureAmer. culture

• Parents worried they would forget Parents worried they would forget their own culturetheir own culture

Higher EducationHigher Education

• In 1870, about 50,000 attended In 1870, about 50,000 attended collegecollege

• By 1890, the # had more than tripledBy 1890, the # had more than tripled

• Women’s colleges also openedWomen’s colleges also opened

THE END!THE END!

Any questions?Any questions?