Chapter 16Chapter 16

Cardiovascular & Respiratory Cardiovascular & Respiratory SystemsSystems

Functions of the Functions of the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system Composed of the heart & all blood Composed of the heart & all blood

vessels of the bodyvessels of the body Function is to circulate blood, Function is to circulate blood,

thereby maintaining an internal thereby maintaining an internal environment in which all the cells environment in which all the cells of your body are nourishedof your body are nourished

Functions of the Functions of the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system The heart pumps bloodThe heart pumps blood Blood carries oxygenated cells Blood carries oxygenated cells

throughout your body to deliver throughout your body to deliver oxygenoxygen

At the same time carbon dioxide At the same time carbon dioxide along with waste is carried away along with waste is carried away from your body via blood cellsfrom your body via blood cells

Functions of the Functions of the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system Oxygen is delivered to your lungs Oxygen is delivered to your lungs

and waste products are sent to and waste products are sent to the kidneys to be removed from the kidneys to be removed from the bodythe body

Structures of the Structures of the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system The heart and the brain are The heart and the brain are

perhaps the most important perhaps the most important organs in your bodyorgans in your body

The heart is made of the The heart is made of the myocardium which is what makes myocardium which is what makes it pumpit pump

Your heart rate increases or Your heart rate increases or decreases automatically based on decreases automatically based on your physical activityyour physical activity

Chambers of the heartChambers of the heart

Your heart has 4 chambersYour heart has 4 chambers Right AtriumRight Atrium Left AtriumLeft Atrium Right VentricleRight Ventricle Left VentricleLeft Ventricle A wall of tissue separates the right A wall of tissue separates the right

& left atria called the septum along & left atria called the septum along with the right & left ventricleswith the right & left ventricles

Chambers of the heartChambers of the heart

The right atrium works as the natural The right atrium works as the natural pacemaker for the rest of the heartpacemaker for the rest of the heart

Small electrical impulses force the Small electrical impulses force the atrium to contract therefore allowing atrium to contract therefore allowing blood to be pumped into the blood to be pumped into the ventriclesventricles

Blood is then pumped out of the heartBlood is then pumped out of the heart

Chambers of the heartChambers of the heart

When blood is flowing it can only When blood is flowing it can only flow one wayflow one way

Once blood is pumped the valves Once blood is pumped the valves close not allowing blood to pump close not allowing blood to pump backback

The sound that you hear when The sound that you hear when your heart is beating is the sound your heart is beating is the sound of the valves closingof the valves closing

Circulation of the Circulation of the heartheart Blood that has been Blood that has been

deoxygenated but has carbon deoxygenated but has carbon dioxide & waste is pumped back dioxide & waste is pumped back to the heart by 2 large blood to the heart by 2 large blood vessels called the vessels called the vena cavavena cava

Deoxygenated blood enters the Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium & is transferred to right atrium & is transferred to the right ventriclethe right ventricle

Circulation of the Circulation of the heartheart Blood is then pumped to the Blood is then pumped to the

lungslungs Inside the lungs the blood drops Inside the lungs the blood drops

the carbon dioxide and picks up the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygenoxygen

Newly oxygenated blood is then Newly oxygenated blood is then returned to the lungs to the left returned to the lungs to the left atrium of the heartatrium of the heart

Circulation of the Circulation of the heartheart The blood is then pumped from The blood is then pumped from

the left atrium into the left the left atrium into the left ventricleventricle

Blood is then pumped out of the Blood is then pumped out of the heart & into the rest of the body heart & into the rest of the body by way of the large artery called by way of the large artery called the the aortaaorta

BloodBlood

Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, & nutrients to the cells & carries & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste that the cells produceaway waste that the cells produce

55% of your blood consists of 55% of your blood consists of plasmaplasma the fluid in which other the fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspendedparts of the blood are suspended

BloodBlood

Red blood cells make up about Red blood cells make up about 40% of blood40% of blood

White blood cells & platelets White blood cells & platelets together make up the remaining together make up the remaining 5% of blood5% of blood

1 milliliter of blood contains 1 milliliter of blood contains millions of each of these types of millions of each of these types of cellscells

Red blood cells & Red blood cells & White blood cellsWhite blood cells Red blood cells – transport Red blood cells – transport

oxygen to cells & parts of the oxygen to cells & parts of the bodybody

Formed in bone marrow, they Formed in bone marrow, they contain contain hemoglobinhemoglobin the oxygen- the oxygen-carrying protein in bloodcarrying protein in blood

Red blood cells also carry carbon Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide away from cells back to dioxide away from cells back to the lungsthe lungs

Red blood cells & Red blood cells & White blood cellsWhite blood cells White blood cells are made to White blood cells are made to

protect our bodies against infection protect our bodies against infection & fight off infection when it occurs& fight off infection when it occurs

White blood cells are also White blood cells are also produced in bone marrowproduced in bone marrow

Production of white blood cells Production of white blood cells increases when an infection is increases when an infection is presentpresent

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

You have more then 60,000 miles You have more then 60,000 miles of blood vessels that transport of blood vessels that transport bloodblood

There are 3 main types of blood There are 3 main types of blood vesselsvessels

ArteriesArteries VeinsVeins CapillariesCapillaries

ArteriesArteries

They are blood vessels that carry They are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heartblood away from the heart

They have thick elastic walls and They have thick elastic walls and contain smooth muscle fiberscontain smooth muscle fibers

Pulmonary arteries carry Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungsright ventricles to the lungs

ArteriesArteries

Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, carry oxygenated blood from the left carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the bodyventricle to all areas of the body

As arteries move away from the heart, As arteries move away from the heart, they branch into progressively smaller they branch into progressively smaller vessels called vessels called arteriolesarterioles

Arterioles Arterioles deliver blood to capillariesdeliver blood to capillaries

CapillariesCapillaries

CapillariesCapillaries are small vessels that are small vessels that carry blood between arterioles carry blood between arterioles and small vessels called venulesand small vessels called venules

Capillaries form an extensive Capillaries form an extensive network throughout tissues and network throughout tissues and organs in the body, reaching organs in the body, reaching almost every body cellalmost every body cell

VeinsVeins

VeinsVeins are blood vessels that are blood vessels that return blood to the heartreturn blood to the heart

Vein walls are thinner and less Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than those of arteries, elastic than those of arteries, veins are still able to withstand veins are still able to withstand the pressure exerted by blood as the pressure exerted by blood as it flows though themit flows though them

PlateletsPlatelets

PlateletsPlatelets are cells that prevent are cells that prevent the body’s loss of bloodthe body’s loss of blood

Platelets produce small thread-Platelets produce small thread-like fibers called fibrinslike fibers called fibrins

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

This system also helps to fight This system also helps to fight infection & plays an important role to infection & plays an important role to the bodies immunity to diseasethe bodies immunity to disease

LymphLymph is the clear fluid that fills the is the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cellsspaces around body cells

LymphocytesLymphocytes are specialized white are specialized white blood cells that provide the body with blood cells that provide the body with immunity & protect the body against immunity & protect the body against antibodiesantibodies

B CellsB Cells

B cells are lymphocytes that are B cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to multiply when they stimulated to multiply when they are come in contact with a are come in contact with a pathogenpathogen

Some B cells produce plasma Some B cells produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies cells, which produce antibodies that attack the pathogen, other that attack the pathogen, other produce memory cellsproduce memory cells

T CellsT Cells

T cells are lymphocytes that are T cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to enlarge & multiply stimulated to enlarge & multiply when they encounter a pathogen.when they encounter a pathogen.

There are 2 main typesThere are 2 main types Killer cellsKiller cells which stop the spread of which stop the spread of

diseasedisease Helper cellsHelper cells aid in the activation of aid in the activation of

B cells & killer T cellsB cells & killer T cells

Structure of the Structure of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System It consists of a network of vessels It consists of a network of vessels

& tissues that are involved in the & tissues that are involved in the movement & filtering of lymphmovement & filtering of lymph

Care & Problems of Care & Problems of the Cardiovascular the Cardiovascular SystemSystem

Lesson 2Lesson 2

Health behaviors Health behaviors associated with good associated with good cardiovascular carecardiovascular care Follow a well balance diet that is Follow a well balance diet that is

low in saturated fats, cholesterol low in saturated fats, cholesterol & salt& salt

Maintain a healthy weight to Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vesselsvessels, and lymph vessels

Participate in regular aerobic Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes 3-exercise for at least 30 minutes 3-4 times a week4 times a week

Health behaviors Health behaviors associated with good associated with good cardiovascular carecardiovascular care Avoid the use of tobacco products Avoid the use of tobacco products

& exposure to secondhand & exposure to secondhand tobacco smoketobacco smoke

Avoid illegal drugs, including Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana, & ecstasystimulants, marijuana, & ecstasy

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

Blood pressureBlood pressure is the measure of is the measure of the amount of force that the the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood places on the walls of the blood vesselsblood vessels

Blood PressureBlood Pressure

As your heart contracts to push As your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries, the blood into your arteries, the maximum pressure, called maximum pressure, called systolic pressure is measuredsystolic pressure is measured

As the ventricles relax to refill, As the ventricles relax to refill, blood pressure is at its lowest blood pressure is at its lowest point, called the diastolicpoint, called the diastolic

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System ProblemsProblems Congenital heart diseaseCongenital heart disease – a – a

condition that is present at birthcondition that is present at birth Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease is actually is actually

a group of the cardiovascular a group of the cardiovascular systems that include systems that include hypertension, heart disease, & hypertension, heart disease, & strokestroke

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System ProblemsProblems Heart murmursHeart murmurs are abnormal are abnormal

sounds that are made as blood sounds that are made as blood flows through the heartflows through the heart

Varicose veinsVaricose veins form if valves in form if valves in the veins do not close tightly the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent backflow of enough to prevent backflow of bloodblood

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System ProblemsProblems AnemiaAnemia is a condition in which is a condition in which

the ability of the blood to carry the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reducedoxygen is reduced

– The most common cause of anemia The most common cause of anemia is is iron deficiencyiron deficiency

Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System ProblemsProblems LeukemiaLeukemia is a form of cancer in is a form of cancer in

which any one of the different which any one of the different types of white blood cells is types of white blood cells is produces excessively and produces excessively and abnormallyabnormally

HemophiliaHemophilia is an inherited is an inherited disorder in which the blood does disorder in which the blood does not clot properlynot clot properly

Lymphatic system Lymphatic system problemsproblems Immune deficiencyImmune deficiency occur when the occur when the

immune system can no longer immune system can no longer protect against infectionprotect against infection

Hodgkin's diseaseHodgkin's disease is a type of is a type of cancer that affects the lymph tissuecancer that affects the lymph tissue

TonsillitisTonsillitis is an infection of the is an infection of the tonsils & can be common in childrentonsils & can be common in children

The Respiratory The Respiratory SystemSystem

Lesson 3Lesson 3

Functions of the Functions of the respiratory systemrespiratory system RespirationRespiration is the exchange of is the exchange of

gases between the body and the gases between the body and the environmentenvironment

Structure of the Structure of the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Lungs are the principle organs of the Lungs are the principle organs of the

respiratory system & the site of the respiratory system & the site of the external respirationexternal respiration

The The diaphragmdiaphragm is the muscle that is the muscle that separates the chest from the separates the chest from the abdominal cavityabdominal cavity

The structure of the lungs can be The structure of the lungs can be compared to the structure of a compared to the structure of a branching treebranching tree

The breathing processThe breathing process

The breathing process is made The breathing process is made possible by creating a pressure of possible by creating a pressure of difference between the lungs and difference between the lungs and outside of the bodyoutside of the body

When your lungs expand the When your lungs expand the pressure inside of them becomes pressure inside of them becomes lower than the pressure outside lower than the pressure outside your bodyyour body

Other Respiratory Other Respiratory StructuresStructures PharynxPharynx – or throat – or throat Trachea Trachea - or windpipe- or windpipe BronchiBronchi – the airways that – the airways that

connect the trachea and the connect the trachea and the lungslungs

The larynx & epiglottisThe larynx & epiglottis

Neither of these are directly associated Neither of these are directly associated with the respiratory system but have with the respiratory system but have important functionsimportant functions

LarynxLarynx or voice box connects the or voice box connects the throat to the tracheathroat to the trachea

The The epiglottisepiglottis is a flap of cartilage is a flap of cartilage located above the larynx, it closes off located above the larynx, it closes off the passageway to the larynx & the passageway to the larynx & trachea when you swallowtrachea when you swallow

Care & Problems of Care & Problems of the Respiratory the Respiratory SystemSystem

Lesson 4Lesson 4

Health Behaviors & the Health Behaviors & the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Your nasal passageway contains Your nasal passageway contains

mucus & cilia that help to prevent mucus & cilia that help to prevent particles from entering your bodyparticles from entering your body

However, your respiratory system However, your respiratory system is still vulnerableis still vulnerable

Asthma, Cancer can result from Asthma, Cancer can result from air pollution being let into your air pollution being let into your bodybody

Respiratory System Respiratory System ProblemsProblems BronchitisBronchitis – is an inflammation of – is an inflammation of

the bronchi causes by infection or the bronchi causes by infection or exposure to irritants such as exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke or air pollutiontobacco smoke or air pollution

PneumoniaPneumonia an inflammation of an inflammation of the lungs commonly caused by a the lungs commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infectionbacterial or viral infection

Respiratory System Respiratory System ProblemsProblems PleurisyPleurisy an inflammation of the an inflammation of the

lining of the lungs and chest lining of the lungs and chest cavitycavity

Asthma an inflammatory Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the trachea, condition in which the trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles become bronchi, & bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in narrowed, causing difficulty in breathingbreathing

Respiratory System Respiratory System ProblemsProblems SinusitisSinusitis an inflammation of the an inflammation of the

tissues that line the sinusestissues that line the sinuses TuberculosisTuberculosis is a contagious is a contagious

bacterial infection that usually bacterial infection that usually affects the lungsaffects the lungs

EmphysemaEmphysema is a disease that is a disease that progressively destroys the walls progressively destroys the walls of the alveoliof the alveoli